Mastering CSEC English: A Comprehensive Study Guide

T. Thomas

Summary Writing
Informative Discourse
Story Writing
Pervasive Writing
 Summary Writing

A summary is a concise overview of the main points of a text, written in your own words and
significantly shorter than the original work. It aims to capture the essential information and key
ideas while omitting supporting details and examples.

Rules of Summary Writing:

➔ A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text's main point or
overall main idea.
➔ Do not include specific examples, illustrations, or background sections.
➔ Focuses on the main argument of the original, usually omitting all but the most important
and relevant details.
➔ Don’t repeat information, even if it’s repeated in the text.
➔ Use key vocabulary from the text when you can.
➔ Combine ideas or events that go together.
➔ Use category words instead of lists of words (e.g. vegetables instead of carrots, beans and
corn).
➔ Write the summary in your own words.

How to Write a Summary

1. Read and understand:

● Begin by thoroughly reading the original text, whether it's an article, book chapter, or
other material. Pay attention to the main idea, supporting arguments, and overall purpose
of the author.

2. Identify the main ideas.

● The first thing you should do when writing your summary is identify the main ideas.
CSEC will ask you to identify 5 before you write the summary.

Ask Yourself…WHO or WHAT

Is this passage about?”

The main idea can be found in three places: In the beginning, perhaps the first sentence.
In the end, maybe the last sentence. Not stated, but inferred) through all the sentences.

3. Organize and plan:

● Once you've identified the key points, organize them in a logical order. This will
 ensure your summary flows smoothly.

● Depending on the length of the original text, decide how many sentences or
paragraphs your summary will be.

4. Write the summary:

● Start with an introductory sentence that mentions the title (if relevant), author, and main
idea of the original text.
● Use your own words to rephrase the main points and supporting arguments you identified
earlier.
● Maintain a neutral and objective tone, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations.
● Use transition words like "first," "next," "furthermore," and "finally" to connect ideas and
improve flow.

5. Revise and proofread:

● After writing your summary, read it carefully and revise it for clarity, conciseness, and
accuracy.
● Ensure your summary captures the essence of the original text without unnecessary
details or distortions.
● Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
 Sample Summaries

Read the following passage carefully. LIST the five main points then write a brief account of not
more than 120 words, describing the usefulness and harmfulness of the various kinds of fungi
mentioned in the passage.

Whenever we see stale bread or fruits turning mouldy, fungi are at work. When trees die and
their dead trunks start to decompose, fungi are the masterminds. Most of us tend to associate
fungi with the decomposition of dead plants or animals. In actual fact, fungi can also attack
living things.
The fungi that cause decay are known as the Saprobe. They are actually yeasts that feed on the
dead remains of plants and animals. While they can be a nuisance in the kitchen, as they turn our
food bad, Saprobe can also assist man. For instance, by breaking down the dead bodies of plants
and animals, these leftovers are removed from the living world. In addition, yeasts can be used to
make wine, beer and also as raising agents in bread.
The parasitic fungi are the ones which feed on living things. The powdery mildew, downy
mildew or rust are the few which attack plants. Usually, these fungi deposit themselves on the
leaves or flowers of the plants. Their hyphaes (slender, feeding branches) then squeeze
themselves into the gaps between the plant's cells and soak up their nutrients. After which, a
hard, black fruiting body called the ergot is left in the flower replacing the seeds. The ergot
contains toxins which causes serious illnesses if eaten. Despite its poisonous nature, the ergot
contains active ingredients which when purified and used in small amounts, are treatments for
migraine. Parasites attacking living animals, especially man, are rarer as most animals have their
own immune system. In special cases like an AIDS patient, where his immune system is very
weak, parasites may find their chance to attack.
The most aggressive kind of fungi is the predatory one. As the name suggests, they catch and
feed on their preys, usually smaller than themselves. Some predatory fungi dwell in ponds to
catch amoebae or rotifers. In capturing the amoebae, the fungi use their sticky hyphaes to hold
down the creatures before feasting on them. To capture rotifers, the fungi usually hide among the
algae, stretching out their sticky hyphaes again. An unaware rotifer which mistakes one of the
hyphaes as the blob of the algae will grab it, only to find itself trapped and absorbed by the fungi.
Some predatory fungi which live in the soil, set traps to capture victims like the nematodes.
Thus we see that fungi are not only the ones which turn our food mouldy. Besides these, there are
also other kinds. In addition we also understand that fungi, like most other living things, have
their usefulness and harmfulness too.

Answer:
Five main points:
 ● Saprobe is yeast fungi that break down dead bodies but can also make wine, beer and
bread
● Parasitic fungi like mildew attack plants and feed on their nutrients
● Predatory fungi are the most aggressive and ambush their prey
● Ergot which is usually poisonous is used as medicine
● Fungi don’t usually attack animals since they have an immune system

Fungi can be both harmful and useful. Firstly, the fungi called Saprobe turns food mouldy. On
the other hand, it helps man by decomposing dead plants and animals. Additionally, it's an
essential ingredient in alcohol and bread. Secondly, parasitic fungi are the ones that feed on
living things. Their ergot contains toxins that cause serious illnesses if eaten. However, they
contain active ingredients that when purified and used in small amounts, can treat migraine.
Thirdly, the most aggressive kind of fungi is the predatory one. Predatory fungi are the most
aggressive and get their prey by ambushing them. They usually go for organisms that are smaller
than themselves.
107

Summary 2
Read the following passage carefully. LIST the five main points then briefly describe Uncle
Chin's charcoal manufacturing process. Your account, which should be continuous, must not be
longer than 100 words.

Charcoal was made by burning wood in a charcoal-kiln. Uncle Chin's charcoal kiln was about
fifteen feet tall and it had an arched cross-sectional opening. Clay made, the top of the kiln was
always covered with attap leaves. The daily charcoal-making work was well divided among the
workers. Every morning, the workers took turns to collect mangrove woods from the nearby
swamps. Upon returning, they sawed the wood into appropriate lengths to fit the kiln. Uncle
Chin would then stack the pieces of wood vertically in the kiln. When the kiln was full, the fire
would be started and the woods were burnt from the top, downwards, just like a burning joss
stick.

Staying by the kiln, Uncle Chin would explain that the fire must not be red hot; otherwise, the
wood pieces would be reduced to ashes. Instead, a slow, greenish fire should be maintained for
the wood to be sufficiently smouldered.

Main ideas
 ● Charcoal was made by burning woods in a charcoal-kiln
● The daily charcoal-making work was well divided among the workers.
● Uncle Chin would then stack the pieces of wood vertically in the kiln.
● When the kiln was full, the fire would be started and the woods were burnt from the top,
downwards, just like a burning joss stick.
● The fire must not be red hot; otherwise, the wood pieces would be reduced to ashes.
Instead, a slow, greenish fire should be maintained for the wood to be sufficiently
smouldered.

The everyday charcoal production was very much split between the labourers. Each day the
labourers alternated gathering mangrove woods from the close by swamps. The wood was then
sawed and stacked vertically to fit the kiln. Once this was completed the burning process began.
To prevent the wood from becoming ashes, Uncle Chin instructed that the fire must not be
extremely hot. To ensure the wood is adequately smouldered a slow green flame should be
maintained.
77
 Informative Discourse
Letter Writing
Email
Report Writing( incident, statistic, news)
Memo

Letter of Complaint

Complaint Letters are used to raise concerns about unfair things and seek a productive
outcome.
● It is professional.
● It is formal.
● Must be written like a business letter.

Information that should be included.

● Store name and location

● Name and type of product/item you have an issue with!!
● Relevant dates, such as when you bought goods or services and when the problem began.
● Names of sellers, customer service representatives, or managers with whom you’ve
addressed the issue previously.
● Copies of receipts, invoices, and warranties
● Your contact information.

Business Letter Block Format Outline

1. Sender’s address.

2. Date (One Line Below Sender Information or Letterhead)

Write the complete date (month, day, year) aligned to the left margin.

3. Recipient Information (One Line Below Date)

Include the recipient's name and title (if known).
Include the company name and full address (street address, city, state, zip code).
Align information to the left margin.

4. Salutation (One Line Below Recipient Information)

Use a professional salutation like "Dear [Name]" (if known) or "Dear Sir/Madam."
Place a colon (:) after the salutation. Align left.

5. Body of the Letter (One Line Below Salutation)

Single-space the body text.
Leave a blank line between paragraphs.
Use clear and concise language.
Maintain a professional tone.

6. Closing Salutation (One Line Below Body)

Use a closing like "Sincerely," "Respectfully," or "Best regards."
Align left.

7. Signature (Four Lines Below Closing Salutation)

Type your name first, then your title (optional).
Sign above your typed name.

Writing the Letter:

● Formatting: Use a formal business letter format, including your address, date, recipient's
address, salutation (Dear Sir/Madam or specific name if known), body, closing, and
signature.
● Introduction: Briefly state the purpose of your letter. Mention the nature of your
complaint and the product or service involved.
● Describe the issue: Clearly and concisely explain the problem you encountered, including
relevant dates, names, and specific details. Maintain a professional tone and avoid
emotional language.
● Explain the impact: Briefly explain how the issue has impacted you (e.g., inconvenience,
financial loss, inconvenience).
● Proposed solution: Clearly state what you want the company to do to resolve the
situation. Be specific and reasonable in your request.
● Closing: Thank the recipient for their time and consideration. Mention your preferred
method of contact for further communication (e.g., phone number, email). Use a closing
like "Sincerely" or "Yours faithfully."
Additional Tips:

● Be professional and courteous: Maintain a respectful and professional tone throughout

the letter. Avoid using inflammatory language or accusations.
● Focus on facts: Stick to the facts of the situation and avoid including irrelevant
information or opinions.
● Be concise: Get straight to the point and avoid unnecessary elaboration.
● Proofread carefully: Proofread your letter thoroughly before sending it to ensure it is free
of errors and typos.
Sample Letter of Complaint

Pretend you went to your favourite fast-food restaurant and while there you received poor
service. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant in which you describe in
detail what happened and how you would like the situation to be addressed.

13 Union Street
Montego Bay
St. James

June 6, 2021

The Manager
Sakura Express
Baywest Plaza
Monte go Bay

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to complain about the poor service I received while trying to purchase at your
restaurant.

On June 5, 2021, I went to the Sakura Express located at the Baywest Plaza in Montego Bay.
While I was standing in the line I noticed that the security was allowing a few persons to cut the
line. I immediately alerted one of the servers who rudely told me to mind my business. I argued
that it was not fair for them to allow people to cut the line and the security and server proceeded
to tell me to leave if I didn't like the service.

Customer service is an important aspect of any business and your staff members were not
executing good customer service. I would like a written apology from the restaurant. Also, I
recommend you host a customer service training session for your employees.

Thank you and I hope to receive the apology soon. I can be reached at 876383-09873.

Sincerely,
Kim Jones
You recently stayed at one of a chain of large hotels and encountered several problems during
your stay. Write a letter to the company’s head office detailing the problems you had and
describe what happens when you complain to the hotel staff.

13 Maple View Road

Kingston 11

June 8, 2021

The CEO
Royalton White Sand
Mountain Spring
Trelawny

Dear Sir/ Madam,

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the poor amenities and customer service at
Royalton White Sand in Trelawny.

My family and I checked into Royalton White Sand on June 2 at 3 pm. Upon entering our room
we realised that the sheets had not been changed and the bathroom was filthy.

To make matters worse, when I spoke to the manager about it, he had a very nonchalant attitude
about the matter. The room was eventually cleaned, but it took three hours and we sat in the
waiting room area for the entire time.

I believe such a service is unacceptable. I would like a written apology from Royalton and I
recommend that you provide your staff with customer care training.

Thank you for reading this letter and I can be contaced at 876383-09873.

Yours sincerely,
T. Kafash Thomas
 Email
An email, short for electronic mail, is a method of sending and receiving messages electronically
using connected devices like computers and smartphones. It allows for quick and convenient
communication over the internet, regardless of location or time zone.

Here's a breakdown of its key aspects:

● Delivery: Emails travel through email servers, which act as intermediaries, storing and
forwarding messages between senders and recipients.
● Structure: An email typically consists of four main parts:
● Sender: The email address of the person sending the message.
● Recipient: The email address(es) of the person(s) receiving the message.
● Subject line: A brief description of the email's content.
● Body: The main content of the message. Additionally, emails can include attachments
like documents, images, or videos.

Writing an effective email involves clarity, professionalism, and following specific steps:

1. Subject Line:
Clear and concise: Briefly summarize the email's purpose in a few words.
Informative: Give the recipient an idea of what to expect in the message.
Actionable (if applicable): Encourage the recipient to take a specific action (e.g., "Meeting
request: Project X").

2. Recipient(s):
Double-check addresses: Ensure you're sending to the intended recipient(s).
Use BCC for multiple recipients (optional): If you're sending to a large group and don't want
everyone to see each other's email addresses, use the "BCC" (Blind Carbon Copy) field.

3. Salutation:
Formal: Use "Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name" if you don't know the recipient well.
Informal: If appropriate, use "Hi [First Name]" or "Hello".

4. Body:
★ Introduction: Briefly state the purpose of your email and any relevant context.
★ Body paragraphs: Keep them concise and well-organized, focusing on one main point per
paragraph. Use bullet points or numbered lists for clarity if needed.
 ★ Professional tone: Use clear and professional language, avoiding slang, informal
language, or excessive exclamation points.
★ Proofread: Before sending, carefully proofread the email for any typos, grammatical
errors, or unclear wording.

5. Closing:
★ Formal: Use "Sincerely," "Regards," or "Best regards."
★ Informal: If appropriate, use "Best," "Thanks," or "Talk soon."

6. Signature:
★ Include your name and title (optional): This helps the recipient identify you.
★ Contact information (optional): You can include your phone number or website if
appropriate.

Sample Email

You recently visited a local sports centre and were dissatisfied with the service provided. You
have decided to write to the manager.
Carefully read this advertisement for the sports centre and the notes you have made. Write an
email to the manager, complaining about the service you received and suggesting improvements.

From: Teddense Thomas ([email protected])

To: Newton Sports Center ([email protected])
Date: June 6, 20201
Subject: False advertising and poor services.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing following a recent visit to the Newtown Sports Centre. I would like to express my
disappointment with the service I received.

Although the staff were generally polite and helpful, they seemed to lack basic sports knowledge.
None of them could offer any advice to me on choosing a tennis racket.
Another cause for complaint was that the swimming pool was closed. I understand that repairs
and maintenance need to be carried out. However, when I called for information the day before
my visit, the receptionist did not mention that the pool was closed. If I had known, I would have
visited the sports centre at another time.

Regards,
T. Thomas
You are the principal of a high school and the school's current internet provider is not providing
the school with reliable internet. You decided to try a new provider. Send an email to the internet
provider seeking information about their product. Ensure to provide information about your
school and the amount of coverage you might need.

From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Cc: [email protected]
June 6, 2021
Subject: Requesting information

Dear Sir/Madam,
My name is May Lin, the Principal of Jane High School, and I am writing to request information
on your company’s internet services.

Due to the poor services we are receiving from our current internet provider, we are exploring
different suppliers. We are a school with 33 classrooms, 2 staff rooms, 5 middle manager's
offices, and 3 admin offices. We would love to have stable internet access in all those rooms.
Therefore, I am requesting that you please provide details about your services, prices and any
additional offerings that you feel may meet our needs.

Thank you for your time and I look forward to finding out if your company may satisfy our
requirements. You may reach the school at 8763563542 from Mondays to Thursdays between the
hours of 10: am to 2: pm

Best regards,

May Lin
Principal,
Jane High School
 Incident Reports
An incident report is a formal document used to record and document any event that results in, or
has the potential to result in, harm or damage. This can include:

● Accidents: Injuries to people or property damage.

● Near misses: Situations that could have resulted in harm but didn't.
● Equipment failures: Malfunctions or breakdowns of equipment.
● Safety hazards: Situations or conditions that pose a potential risk of harm.
● Security breaches: Unauthorized access to information or systems.

Incident reports are crucial for several reasons:

● Documentation: They create a record of the event for future reference and investigation.
● Safety improvement: They help identify patterns and trends that can be used to improve
safety practices and prevent future incidents.
● Legal purposes: They may be required for legal or insurance purposes, depending on the
nature of the incident.

How to write an Incident Report

Memo Heading

● To: Recipient: Clearly identify the intended recipient(s) by name and title (if applicable).
Multiple recipients: If the memo has multiple recipients, list them in alphabetical order, separated
by commas or semicolons.
● From:
Sender: Clearly identify the sender of the memo by name and title (if applicable).
● Date
Current date: Include the current date the memo is written, usually in month-day-year format
(e.g., February 26, 2024).
● Subject:
Brief description: Briefly describe the main topic or purpose of the memo in a clear and concise
manner.

Characteristics of a good report

● Accurate and specific

● Factual
 ● Objective
● Clear
● Complete
● Concise
● Well-organized
● Grammatically correct

Introduction
Briefly state the nature of the incident and the date and time it occurred.
Mention the location where it took place, if relevant.

Example:
This report details an equipment malfunction that occurred on February 25, 2024, at 10:00 AM
in the West Wing server room.

Describe the incident:

Provide a chronological narrative of the events leading up to and during the incident.
Be as detailed and specific as possible, including:
Actions taken by individuals involved.
Any contributing factors or environmental conditions.
Specific details of the equipment involved (e.g., model, serial number) if applicable.

Example:
During routine maintenance in the West Wing server room, a technician noticed a burning smell
emanating from Server #3. Upon closer inspection, they observed smoke and flames coming
from the power supply unit. The technician immediately shut down the server and activated the
fire alarm.

Report any injuries or damage:

If there were injuries, detail the nature and severity of the injuries, including the individuals
involved and any medical treatment provided.
If there was any damage, describe the extent and type of damage sustained by property or
equipment. Include estimated costs for repairs or replacements if available.

Example:
Fortunately, due to the swift action of the technician, the fire was contained before it spread, and
there were no injuries. However, the power supply unit of Server #3 was completely destroyed,
and the server itself sustained minor smoke damage. The estimated cost for repairs is $2,500.
Conclude with recommendations (optional):

Based on the incident, you can propose recommendations for preventing similar occurrences in
the future. This could include changes in procedures, training, or equipment maintenance
schedules.

Example:
To prevent similar incidents in the future, it is recommended to schedule regular inspections of
server power supply units and implement stricter maintenance protocols.

Be objective and factual:

Stick to the facts and avoid expressing personal opinions or biases.
Use clear and concise language, avoiding technical jargon unless necessary.
Focus on what happened and why, not who is to blame.

Proofread carefully:
Before submitting your report, proofread it carefully for any spelling or grammatical errors.

Sample Incident Report

Examine the scenarios below and construct an incident report.

One day during lunchtime you witnessed an altercation between two students. The altercation
left one student injured. Write a report to the Dean describing what happened.
Provide information on what led to the incident, what happened during the incident and the
injuries the student received.

To: The Principal

From: Leya James (8th-grade student)
Date: June 15, 2011
Subject/ RE: A Fight in the School Canteen

On 14 June 2011, I was in the canteen during recess between 10 and 10.20 in the morning. The
canteen was noisy and packed. Many students were frantically pushing and shoving to get their
food. As usual, there were prefects around to control the students and make sure they were
orderly and moved quickly.

I was standing in the queue waiting to buy a plate of fried rice. Just as I was about to get my
plate of rice, I heard an angry yell behind me. One of the boys in the queue accused another of
cutting the queue. They began to shout angrily at each other. The boy insisted he had not cut the
queue. Before we could do anything, the two boys began to fight.

Many students gathered around, yelling at them to stop fighting. Fortunately, two prefects were
able to grab one boy each and pull them apart. The prefects kept a hold on them to make sure
they did not begin fighting again. By the time the discipline teacher arrived, the boys were sitting
apart. Both of them were bruised on their faces. One had a sore eye and was bleeding from his
nose. The teacher escorted them both to the dean’s office.
Statistical Report

Statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.

The Statistical Report involves stating the trends or patterns seen in the table as well as
indicating when the numbers do not necessarily fall within the general pattern or patterns. When
writing a statistical report one should use language in order to give a clear idea of the details seen
in the table.

Statistical Patterns
● Increase: Increase occurs when the figures get bigger; this may happen gradually as in
three or four successive figures.
● Decrease: Decrease, on the other hand, occurs when the numbers gradually, or in an
isolated instance get smaller.
● Consistency : When there is consistency, the figures are flat. There is no rise of fall in the
numbers.
● Fluctuation : There are instances when the figures may rise and fall and rise again or
when there is no detectable pattern. In such cases we say the figures fluctuate.
Fluctuation is not a pattern so one should refrain from saying “pattern of fluctuation”.

Starting the report

Determine the topic of the chart. This will help you determine the subject of the sentences you
write. The first question we must ask is: what is being measured?
Determine the trends/ pattern of the data. The second question we must ask is: what is the trend
in the data?

The Introduction
This is where you provide a brief overview of the diagram.

Example
A survey was conducted on the number of people who use social media apps (Facebook,
Instagram and Twitter) in Jamaica over a 10 year period (from 2010-2020).

Body:
● Interpret the data: Analyze the trends or patterns in the chart, highlighting key
observations and insights.
 ● Comparisons: If applicable, compare different categories or groups represented within the
chart.
● Trends and relationships: Discuss any specific trends, patterns, or relationships depicted
in the data.
● Focus on clarity: Explain the data and findings in a clear and concise way, avoiding
technical jargon unless necessary.
● Conclusion: Briefly summarize the key takeaways from the chart and its analysis.

Sample Statistical Report

The graph above illustrates the Top Three Non-Rape Cases reported to CISCOA from the year
2014-to 2016.

‘Sex with Person Under 16’ throughout the 3 years (2014-2016) had a major fluctuation. In
2014,440 cases were accounted for, while there was a slight increase in the following year to 511
cases, then in 2016, the cases decreased to 469.

Additionally, ‘Sexual Touching' was another offence that was reported over the three years
(2014-2016), with the cases being gradually diminished each year. Cases that were uncovered in
2014, were at a maximum number of 64 and were slightly reduced to 57 reports in 2015. The
following year it continued to decrease and went to 42 reported cases. This clearly signifies that
there was a reduction over the years.

The Second-ranked Non raped case reported to CISCOA was ‘Grievous Sexual Assault’.
This case showed a slight fluctuation during the three years (2014-2016). 68 cases were reported
in 2014. In 2015, 72 cases were accounted for while in 2016 the reported cases decreased to 62.
 In contrast to the other two cases“Sex with person under 16” not only had the majority of
reported cases but also had the highest rate of fluctuation among the top three cases, with a total
of 1420 for the 3 years investigated. Following was “Grievous Sexual Assault” which had an
accumulated amount of 202 reported cases. Lastly, ranked third was “Sexual Touching” with 163
cases being reported.
 News Report

Structure of a News Report

A news report should include the following:
● Headline: informs the reader what the report is about. Your headline should be interesting
and capture the readers’ interest.
● Byline: It gives the name of the writer, their title and date.
● Place line: informs the location of the incident
● Lead: Covers the most important factor/gives an overview of the story. It should answer
who, what, where, when. It should have the names of the people involved, the date, place,
and time of what happened.
● Body: Includes a detailed account of the event/occurrence. The body should have the
details of the things that were mentioned on the lead. It should be written from a
third-person neutral point of view.
● Tail: conclusion

Putting the information in the report together.

● Lead Paragraph (Introduction): Present the most crucial information. Answer the key
questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how.
● Supporting Details Paragraphs: Arrange paragraphs in descending order of importance.
Include additional relevant information, quotes, and facts. Develop the story with more
context and background.
● Quotes and Expert Opinions: Incorporate quotes from relevant sources.Attribute quotes
and opinions to specific individuals. Use expert opinions to add depth to the story.
● Additional Facts and Statistics: Include any relevant data or statistics to support your
story. Ensure accuracy and cite your sources.

Things to note:
When introducing quotes from sources in a news report, follow these guidelines:
Attribution: Attribute the quote to the source. Mention the person's name and their role or
expertise. For example: "According to John Smith, a spokesperson for XYZ Corporation, ..."

Context: Provide context for the quote. Briefly explain the relevance of the source or why their
perspective is important to the story. For example: "In response to the recent development,
Professor Jane Doe, an expert in the field, stated, '..."
Smooth Integration:Integrate the quote smoothly into your sentence structure. Avoid abrupt
transitions, and ensure the quote fits seamlessly within the flow of your narrative. For example:
"Addressing the issue, Mayor Johnson commented, '..."

Punctuation: Use quotation marks to set off the exact words spoken by the source. Place the
punctuation (commas, periods) inside the quotation marks. For example: "We are committed to
this initiative," said Sarah Johnson, the project manager.

Factual Check
A news report is different from an opinion piece in that only factual information is provided in a
news report. Therefore, while writing a news report, make sure to collect all the facts and
evidence and present them well in your report.
 Sample News Report
Principal's Decision to Extend School Day Sparks Heated Debate
January 26, 2024
By Kafash Thomas (School Journalist)

In a surprising move, the principal of James High, Mark Tom announced on January 24, 2024, to
extend the school day, triggering a divisive debate within the school community. The move,
aimed at addressing various educational concerns, has sparked a wave of reactions from students,
parents, and faculty.
In an email sent to parents, Mr Tom outlined several key reasons behind the decision to extend
the school day. Citing the need for improved academic performance, he emphasized that the
additional time would allow for more in-depth coverage of the curriculum, increased focus on
core subjects, and enhanced opportunities for student engagement.
Additionally, in a statement to the school during the general assembly on January 25, 2024, Mr
Tom stated, "This decision is driven by a commitment to academic excellence.”
However, the announcement has ignited a fervent debate among students, parents, and faculty
members. While some see the extension as a positive step towards academic improvement,
others oppose the change, expressing concerns about its impact on students' well-being and
extracurricular activities.
Students, who were taken aback by the news, expressed mixed reactions. One grade 11 student
who wanted to remain anonymous acknowledged the potential benefits, but also she voiced
concerns about increased stress. Lacain Rose, the students’ council president, started a petition
against the extension, arguing the move would significantly affect students’ mental health.
Parents, too, have joined the conversation, flooding the many parent WhatsApp groups with
their concerns. They believe that the extended day will overwork students. However, some
welcomed the extra hour of school.
We weren't able to speak to the staff rep to hear the teachers’ official stance on the matter, but we
were told by the grade 9 coordinator, Ms Moodie, that the teachers will not be teaching beyond
2:30.
The Journalism Society of James High will continue to follow this development.
 MEMORANDUM

A memorandum, also known as a memo, is a concise written communication used within an

organization to inform, request, or update colleagues, departments, or management on various
matters. It's a formal document but less formal than a letter and typically used for internal
communication.

Key features of a Memo:

● Conciseness: Memos are meant to be brief and to the point, focusing on the essential
information.
● Formal tone: While less formal than a letter, it maintains a professional and respectful
tone.
● Clear structure: Memos follow a specific structure for easy navigation and
comprehension.

How to Write a Memo:

Here's a step-by-step guide on writing an effective memo:

Heading:

Title: Clearly label the document as "Memorandum" or "Memo" at the top.

To: List the recipient(s) by name and title, separated by commas or semicolons if multiple
recipients.
From: Include your name and title.
Date: Mention the current date the memo is written.
Subject: Briefly describe the main topic of the memo.

**To**: John Smith, Marketing Director

**From**: Jane Doe, Project Manager

**Date**: February 26, 2024

**Subject**: Collaboration on Upcoming Marketing Campaign

Body:
Introduction: Briefly state the purpose of the memo and provide any relevant context.
Body paragraphs: Clearly present the details of your message, using bullet points or numbered
lists for better organization. Maintain a clear and concise writing style.
Call to action (optional): If you require any specific action from the recipient, state it clearly in
this section.

Closing:

Closing salutation: Use a professional closing like "Sincerely," "Regards," or "Best regards."
Your signature (optional): Depending on your organization's style guide, you may include your
typed signature below the closing.

Additional Tips:
● Proofread carefully: Ensure the memo is free of grammatical errors and typos before
sending it.
● Formatting: Use a professional font and consistent formatting for easy reading.
● Respectful language: Maintain respectful and professional language throughout the
memo, avoiding informal language or personal opinions.
● Length: Aim for a concise memo, ideally no more than one page. If the information
requires more space, consider an alternative format like a formal report.
 Sample News Report
To: Mr. Jame, Teacher

From: Mark Thomas, Principal, Jones High School

Date: February 26, 2024

Subject: Consistent Tardiness

I am writing to address the recent pattern of you arriving late to school on a consistent basis. I
understand that unforeseen circumstances can occasionally cause delays, however, your tardiness
has become a recurring concern.

According to school records, you have been late to school 20 times in the past school term. This
consistent tardiness disrupts the flow of your classes and can negatively impact your academic
performance and classroom engagement. Additionally, it sets an inconsistent example for your
fellow students.

I urge you to prioritize arriving at school on time each day. This means being in your first class
by the designated start time. To achieve this, I encourage you to:

Develop a consistent morning routine: Set an earlier alarm, prepare your belongings the night
before, and allow ample time for unexpected delays.
Communicate any potential issues: If you anticipate being late due to unforeseen circumstances,
inform your teachers or the school office as soon as possible.
I am confident that you can take the necessary steps to address this issue and ensure your timely
arrival at school. However, if the pattern of tardiness continues, further disciplinary action may
be necessary, as outlined in the school handbook.

Please schedule a meeting with me at your earliest convenience to discuss this matter further and
explore any potential support the school can provide. You can reach me by email at
[email protected].
Thank you for your cooperation in this matter.
 Story Writing

A short story is a brief work of fiction that typically focuses on a single plot, a few characters,
and a concise narrative. It aims to evoke a specific mood or emotion and is shorter in length
compared to novels. Short stories often have a central theme, character development, and a
resolution, all within a limited word count, making them a quick and impactful literary form.

Key Elements of Storytelling:

A story must have all the elements below:
● Setting: The time and place where your story unfolds. This includes physical details like
landscape, climate, atmosphere, and social context. Setting can influence characters,
create mood, and drive the plot.

● Plot: The sequence of events that propel your story forward. It typically follows a
structure with an introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. The
plot showcases the conflict and how characters respond.

● Characters: The individuals (or sometimes creatures) who inhabit your story. They drive
the plot and engage readers through their motivations, goals, flaws, and personalities.
Characters can be static (unchanging) or dynamic (evolving).

● Conflict: The struggle or tension that drives the story's action and suspense. Conflict can
be internal (within a character's mind) or external (between characters, against nature,
societal forces, etc.). It pushes characters to make choices and face challenges.

● Dialogue: The conversations between characters, revealing their personalities,

relationships, and motivations. Dialogue can advance the plot, add humor, and create
emotional connections.

● Narrative Perspective: The point of view from which the story is narrated. Common
options include:
➔ First Person: Narrated by a character using "I" and revealing their limited perspective.
➔ Third Person Limited: Focuses on one character's thoughts and feelings.
➔ Third Person Omniscient: The narrator knows everything about all characters and events.

How to organize a short story

Beginning: (100 words)
Introduces the setting and characters: Establishes the world where the story takes place and sets
the stage for the reader's understanding of the environment and individuals involved. Use
descriptive language and imagery to bring the setting to life.
Hooks the reader: Draws the reader in with a captivating opening, often hinting at the conflict or
central question to pique their interest and encourage them to continue reading.
Establishes the tone: Gives the reader a sense of the overall feel and style of the story, preparing
them for the type of experience they can expect.

Middle: (250 words)

Develops the plot: Explores the main conflict and its impact on the characters. Events unfold,
raising stakes and building tension.
Deepens character development: Characters face challenges, make choices, and experience
growth or change, revealing their personalities and motivations in greater detail.
Provides twists and turns (optional): Unexpected events or revelations keep the reader engaged
and guessing, adding suspense and excitement.

End: (100 words)

Resolves the conflict: Offers a satisfying conclusion to the main problem or question presented
in the story. This can involve victory, defeat, compromise, or even ambiguity, depending on the
genre and intended message.
Offers closure: Ties up loose ends and provides a sense of completion for the characters and the
reader. This doesn't always mean a happily-ever-after ending, but a resolution that feels
believable and leaves the reader feeling satisfied.
Leaves a lasting impression: Ideally, the story's ending leaves the reader with something to
ponder, remember, or feel, adding depth and resonance to the overall experience.
Overall, the beginning, middle, and end work together to create a cohesive narrative where each
part builds upon the other, forming a logical and engaging journey for the reader.

Tips:
● Spark an Idea: Brainstorm! Consider themes, genres, personal experiences when given a
prompt. What excites you?
● Outline or Mind Map: Briefly plot key events, turning points, and the desired ending.
This helps maintain direction
● Focus on a Single Scene or Event: 450 words limit your scope. Choose a crucial moment
in your character's journey.
● Show, Don't Tell: Immerse the reader through vivid descriptions, sensory details, and
action. Paint a picture with words.
● Develop Your Characters: Introduce their desires, flaws, and motivations. Use dialogue
and actions to reveal their personalities.
● Create Conflict: External struggles (obstacles, antagonists) or internal battles (doubts,
fears) drive the story's tension.
● Emotional Arc: Aim for a change in your character, an emotional evolution throughout
the story.
● Deliver a satisfying and meaningful experience: Leaves the reader feeling invested in the
story and its conclusion.
● Meaningful dialogue : Dialogue when used should be meaningful. It should aid character
development or help to develop the plot.
● Narrative techniques: They help to create suspense and tension, develop characters and
enhance the story.

Narrative techniques
● Plot twist: An unexpected turn of events that significantly alters the reader's
understanding of the story, creating surprise and raising the stakes. It can involve a
hidden truth, character betrayal, or unforeseen consequences.
● Foreshadowing: Subtle hints or clues planted throughout the story that hint at future
events, creating suspense and building anticipation. It can involve imagery, dialogue,
character observations, or even seemingly insignificant details.
● Flashback: A temporary shift in the narrative timeline to depict a past event relevant to
the present story. It can provide backstory, explain character motivations, or add depth to
the plot.
● Flash forward: A brief jump into the future, offering a glimpse of what might happen
later in the story. It can heighten tension, create mystery, or foreshadow future outcomes.
● Symbolism: When an object, character, or event represents something beyond its literal
meaning, often conveying deeper ideas, themes, or emotions. Symbolism adds layers of
interpretation and encourages readers to think critically.
● Irony: A contradiction between expectation and reality. This can be situational irony
(unexpected outcome), verbal irony (saying the opposite of what you mean), or dramatic
irony (characters unaware of something the reader knows).
● Pathetic fallacy: Attributing human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects or
non-human entities. This can create humor, personify nature, or emphasize emotions
within the setting. However, overuse can feel forced or unrealistic.
 Sample Story
Where is Ashley?

Sunlight filters through the leaves of a lush garden, dappling the ground in a mosaic of light and
shadow. Ashley, barely 9 years old, skips along a winding path. Her laughter rings out with pure
joy as her Nana watches her in the distance. Her gaze seemed to bore into the child's very soul,
searching for something only she knew. The smile that played on her lips was thin and brittle,
cracking at the edges like ice.

“Be careful now Ash, don't fall.”

“Yes Nana,” replied Ashley.

Nana was in the garden collecting herbs which she used to make herbal medicine and herbal tea
she sells . Ashley usually accompanies her because she loves the smell of the herbs and the
beauty of the garden. The garden was only 5 minutes away from their home and Ashley usually
heads home when she’s tired without her grandma.

That afternoon, Grandma watched as her daughter's heart lay still in her chest when she came
home without Ashley.
“Where is Ashley Mom? She left with you?”
“ She came down by herself like she usually does.”
“She didn't!”

The mother’s vision blurred with tears, as She lurched to her feet, her voice choking with fear as
she called “Ashley!!”.
She dashed through the garden, calling “Ashley!”
Nana slowly appeared behind her out of breath, “ come on now dear,” she said “Ashley must be
at home hiding.”

“I don't think so, Mom.” she said crying.

She went home and searched the house, but there was no sign of Ashley. She decided to call the
police against her mother's protest.
The police came with bloodhounds to search the garden and surrounding areas.

At the sight of this Nana started fidgeting with her hands, and looked very unsettled.

“Mom, are you okay?” the mother asked.

“I'm okay child, just worried about Ash,” she replied, “ Do you think we need all this? She must
be playing hide and seek.”
“Mom…Ashley wouldn't play such a joke on us.”

The air crackled with a desperate energy as paws pounded and voices called out. Then, a bark,
sharp and insistent, sliced through the tension. A scruffy terrier stood nose pointed towards a
treeline. It found something. The mother watched as officers dug. The shout “We got
something!” sent her running. She looked down at the lifeless child’s face. It wasn't Ashley. Her
mind couldn't understand what was happening.

Suddenly there was an explosion of sound. It was deep, booming barks from giant dogs. The
mother looked at her mother who froze.

“What did you do!?”

“It had to be done, my herbs, they need nourishment!

Under the garden lay the bodies of children.

“Children! Children, mother !” she shouted.

“...The innocents provide the best nutrients” Nana said as she turned to run, but was tackled to
the floor by an officer.

“It had to be done!” she shouted.

How do you think my herbs sell!

“Where is Ashley's mother !”

“Herb food.” she cried

The mother’s knees couldn't hold her as she fell to the dirt. She wailed as the police took her
mother away.
Story Breakdown
Characters and Personality:

Ashley: Playful, innocent, carefree (shown through her laughter and skipping), trusting of her
grandmother.
Nana: Deceptive, manipulative, cold-hearted (shown through her thin smile, watching Ashley
intently, and the contrast between her concern and later actions).
Ashley's mother: Loving, caring, protective (shown through her worry for Ashley, searching for
her, and her emotional breakdown).

Conflict:
External conflict: The search for Ashley reveals Nana's dark secret and the danger she poses to
the children.

Climax:
The discovery of the dead child and Nana's confession mark the climax. The suspense builds
with the police search, the barking dogs, and the mother's growing fear. The climax reveals the
true nature of the conflict and Nana's motivations.

Resolution:
Nana's arrest resolves the immediate threat. However, the emotional impact of the revelation and
the loss of Ashley leaves the mother and community facing a longer-term resolution of grief and
trauma.

Show, Don't Tell Examples:

Nana's smile: Described as "thin and brittle, cracking at the edges like ice" instead of directly
stating her deceitfulness.
Nana's behavior: Fidgeting and appearing unsettled at the police presence, hinting at her guilt
before the confession.
Mother's reaction: Her breakdown upon finding the child, not just stating her sadness.
Garden description: Lush and beautiful contrasting with the dark secret it hides.
 Persuasive Writing

When writing a persuasive essay, you should follow these 7 steps.

Step 1. Organizing your Thoughts (Brainstorming)

Step 2. Research your Topic/ identify evidence to support your ideas.
Step 3. Write the Introduction
Step 4. Develop a Thesis Statement
Step 5. Write the Body of the Essay
Step 6. Write the counterclaim and rebuttal.
Step 7. Writing the Conclusion

How to organize the essay:

Introduction
Body paragraphs 1
Body paragraph 2
Body paragraph 3
Counterclaim & Rebuttal
Conclusion

Writing the Introduction:

Attention Grabber
Quote
Stats
Anecdote
Analogy
Example
Rhetorical questions

Background information
Definition
Show the importance of your topic or relevance.

Thesis:
Provide your position and combine your three claims/reasons in one sentence.

Sample:
Hook
Background
Thesis

School uniforms and grooming policies play a crucial role in fostering a positive learning
environment. These policies typically outline the acceptable standards and expectations
regarding personal appearance and hygiene for students. These policies are important because
they promote a positive and focused educational environment. Therefore, school grooming
policies should never be removed from schools because they promote a sense of equality among
students, contribute to a focused and disciplined atmosphere, and prepare students for the world
of work.

Body Paragraphs (At least 3)

Point: Clearly state your main idea or argument.

Evidence: Support your point with relevant facts, examples, statistics, expert opinion etc.

Explanation: Elaborate on how the evidence supports your point, providing context or
clarification.

Link: Connect your point and evidence back to the main theme or thesis, reinforcing the
coherence of your argument.

Sample:

Point: One paramount reason supporting the importance of school policies is that these policies
play a pivotal role in fostering a sense of equality among students.

Evidence: According to Senior Educator Marcel Deer, by establishing a standardized dress code
and grooming expectations, schools ensure that all students, regardless of socioeconomic
backgrounds, share a common appearance.
Explanation: This uniformity helps diminish visible markers of economic disparities, fostering an
environment where students are judged based on their abilities and character rather than their
clothing or grooming choices.

Link: In this way, school grooming policies contribute significantly to creating an inclusive
atmosphere.

Counterclaim and rebuttal

Counterclaim: Clearly state the opposing viewpoint or argument.

Rebuttal: Present your response or counterargument. Support your rebuttal with evidence or
reasoning.

Counterclaim: Proponents argue that removing school grooming policies could enhance
individual expression and independence among students. They contend that forcing a
standardized appearance may stifle students' creativity and self-expression, hindering the
development of their unique identities.

Rebuttal: However, grooming policies encourage students to express themselves within

reasonable bounds. Establishing guidelines for appearance doesn't necessarily impede the
development of unique identities; instead, it instils a sense of responsibility and professionalism.

Conclusion:
Summarize key points, restate your thesis, and leave a lasting impression. Emphasize the
significance of your argument and encourage readers to reflect on the topic. Avoid introducing
new information and maintain a confident tone throughout.

Use Persuasive techniques and appeals throughout the essay:

Techniques:
Rhetorical questions
Hypophora
Anecdote
Analogies
Power of three
Emotive language
Inclusive language

Appeals:
Logos- Appeal to logic ( statistics, facts)
Pathos- appeal to emotions (emotive language, inclusive language, appeal to pity)
Ethos: appeal to ethics (expert opinions and testimonials),