8.1.

(a) What is the magnitude of the momentum of a 10,000-kg truck whose

speed is 12.0 m/s? (b) What speed would a 2000-kg SUV have to attain in
order to have (i) the same momentum? (ii) the same kinetic energy?

8.8. Force of a Baseball Swing. A baseball has mass 0.145 kg. (a) If the
velocity of a pitched ball has a magnitude of 45.0 m/s and the batted ball’s
velocity is 55.0 m/s in the opposite direction, find the magnitude of the
change in momentum of the ball and of the impulse applied to it by the bat.
(b) If the ball remains in contact with the bat for 2.00 ms, find the magnitude
8.2. In a certain men’s track and field event, the shotput has a mass of 7.30 kg of the average force applied by the bat.
and is released with a speed of 15.0 m/s at 40.0° above the horizontal over a
man’s straight left leg. What are the initial horizontal and vertical components
of the momentum of this shotput?

8.3. (a) Show that the kinetic energy K and the momentum magnitude p of a
particle with mass m are related by K = p^2/2m. (b) A 0.040-kg cardinal 8.9. A 0.160-kg hockey puck is moving on an icy, frictionless, horizontal
(Richmondena cardinalis) and a 0.145-kg baseball have the same kinetic surface. At t = 0 the puck is moving to the right at 3.00 m/s. (a) Calculate the
energy. Which has the greater mag nitude of momentum? What is the ratio of velocity of the puck (magnitude and direction) after a force of 25.0 N
the cardinal’s magnitude of momentum to the baseballs? (c) A 700-N man directed to the right has been applied for 0.050 s. (b) If, instead, a force of
and a 450-N woman have the same momentum. Who has the greater kinetic 12.0 N directed to the left is applied from t = 0 to t = 0.050s, what is the final
energy? What is the ratio of the man’s kinetic energy to that of the woman? velocity of the puck?

8.4. Two vehicles are approaching an intersection. One is a 2500-kg pickup

traveling at from east to west (the x-direction), and the other is a 1500-kg
sedan going from south to north (the + y-direction) at 23.0 m/s. (a) Find the x-
and y-components of the net momentum of this system. (b) What are the 8.10. An engine of the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) on a space
magnitude and direction of the net momentum? shuttle exerts a force of ( 26,700 N )j for 3.90 s, exhausting a negligible
mass of fuel relative to the 95,000-kg mass of the shuttle. (a) What is the
impulse of the force for this 3.90 s? (b) What is the shuttle’s change in
momentum from this impulse? (c) What is the shuttle’s change in velocity
from this impulse? (d) Why can’t we find the resulting change in the kinetic
energy of the shuttle?

8.5. One 110-kg football lineman is running to the right at 2.75 m/s while
another 125-kg lineman is running directly toward him at 2.60 m/s. What are
(a) the magnitude and direction of the net momentum of these two athletes,
and (b) their total kinetic energy?

8.11. CALC At time t = 0, a 2150-kg rocket in outer space fires an engine

that exerts an increasing force on it in the +x-direction. This force obeys the
equation Fx = At^2, where t is time, and has a magnitude of 781.25 N when
t = 1.25s. (a) Find the SI value of the constant A, including its units. (b) What
impulse does the engine exert on the rocket during the 1.50-s interval
8.6. BIO Biomechanics. The mass of a regulation tennis ball is 57 g starting 2.00 s after the engine is fired? (c) By how much does the rocket’s
(although it can vary slightly), and tests have shown that the ball is in contact velocity change during this interval
with the tennis racket for 30 ms. (This number can also vary, depending on
the racket and swing.) We shall assume a 30.0-ms contact time for this
exercise. The fastest known served tennis ball was served by “Big Bill” Tilden
in 1931, and its speed was measured to be 73.14 m/s. (a) What impulse and
what force did Big Bill exert on the tennis ball in his record serve? (b) If Big
Bill’s opponent returned his serve with a speed of 55 m/s, what force and
what impulse did he exert on the ball, assuming only horizontal motion?

8.12. A bat strikes a 0.145-kg baseball. Just before impact, the ball is
traveling horizontally to the right at 50.0 m/s, and it leaves the bat traveling to
the left at an angle of 30 degree above horizontal with a speed of 65.0 m/s. If
the ball and bat are in contact for 1.75 ms, find the horizontal and vertical
components of the average force on the ball.

8.7. Force of a Golf Swing. A 0.0450-kg golf ball initially at rest is given a
speed of 25.0 m/s when a club strikes. If the club and ball are in contact for
2.00 ms, what average force acts on the ball? Is the effect of the ball’s weight
during the time of contact significant? Why or why not?
8.13. A 2.00-kg stone is sliding to the right on a frictionless horizontal surface at
5.00 m/s when it is suddenly struck by an object that exerts a large horizontal
force on it for a short period of time. The graph in Fig. E8.13 shows the
magnitude of this force as a function of time. (a) What impulse does this force
exert on the stone? (b) Just after the force stops acting, find the magnitude
and direction of the stone’s velocity if the force acts (i) to the right or (ii) to the
left.

8.14. BIO Bone Fracture. Experimental tests have shown that bone will rupture
if it is subjected to a force density of 1.03 x 10^8 N/m^2. Suppose a 70.0- kg
person carelessly roller-skates into an overhead metal beam that hits his
forehead and completely stops his forward motion. If the area of contact with the
person’s forehead is what is the greatest speed with which he can hit the wall
without breaking any bone if his head is in contact with the beam for 10.0 ms?

8.15. To warm up for a match, a tennis player hits the 57.0-g ball vertically with
her racket. If the ball is stationary just before it is hit and goes 5.50 m high, what
impulse did she impart to it?

8.16. CALC Starting at t = 0, a horizontal net force F = (0.280 N/s) ti + (-o.450

N/s^2) tj is applied to a box that has an initial momentum p = (-3.00 kg m/s) i +
(4.00 kg m/s) j. What is the momentum of the box at t = 2.00s
8.17. The expanding gases that leave the muzzle of a rifle also contribute to the 8.21. On a frictionless, horizontal air table, puck A (with mass 0.250 kg) is
recoil. A .30-caliber bullet has mass 0.00720 kg and a speed of 601 m/s relative moving toward puck B (with mass 0.350 kg), which is initially at rest. After the
to the muzzle when fired from a rifle that has mass 2.80 kg. The loosely held rifle collision, puck A has a velocity of 1.120 m/s to the left, and puck B has a
recoils at a speed of relative to the earth. Find the momentum of the pro pellant velocity of 0.650 m/s to the right. (a) What was the speed of puck A before
gases in a coordinate system attached to the earth as they leave the muzzle of the collision? (b) Calculate the change in the total kinetic energy of the
the rifle. system that occurs during the collision

8.18. A 68.5-kg astronaut is doing a repair in space on the orbiting space station. 8.22. When cars are equipped with flexible bumpers, they will bounce off
She throws a 2.25-kg tool away from her at 3.20 m/s relative to the space station. each other during low-speed collisions, thus causing less damage. In one
With what speed and in what direction will she begin to move? such accident, a 1750-kg car traveling to the right at 1.50 m/s collides with a
1450-kg car going to the left at 1.10 m/s. Measurements show that the
heavier car’s speed just after the collision was 0.250 m/s in its original
direction. You can ignore any road friction during the collision. (a) What was
the speed of the lighter car just after the collision? (b) Calculate the change in
the combined kinetic energy of the two-car system during this collision.

8.19. BIO Animal Propulsion. Squids and octopuses propel themselves by

expelling water. They do this by keeping water in a cavity and then suddenly
contracting the cavity to force out the water through an opening. A 6.50-kg squid
(including the water in the cavity) at rest suddenly sees a dangerous predator. (a)
If the squid has 1.75 kg of water in its cavity, at what speed must it expel this
water to suddenly achieve a speed of 2.50 m/s to escape the predator? Neglect
any drag effects of the surrounding water. (b) How much kinetic energy does the
squid create by this maneuver?
8.23. Two identical 1.50-kg masses are pressed against opposite ends of a
light spring of force constant 1.75 m/s, compressing the spring by 20.0 cm from
its normal length. Find the speed of each mass when it has moved free of the
spring on a frictionless horizontal table

8.19. BIO Animal Propulsion. Squids and octopuses propel themselves by

expelling water. They do this by keeping water in a cavity and then suddenly
contracting the cavity to force out the water through an opening. A 6.50-kg squid
(including the water in the cavity) at rest suddenly sees a dangerous predator. (a) 8.24. Block A in Fig. E8.24 has mass 1.00 kg, and block B has mass 3.00 kg.
If the squid has 1.75 kg of water in its cavity, at what speed must it expel this The blocks are forced together, compressing a spring S between them; then
water to suddenly achieve a speed of 2.50 m/s to escape the predator? Neglect the system is released from rest on a level, frictionless surface. The spring,
any drag effects of the surrounding water. (b) How much kinetic energy does the which has negligible mass, is not fastened to either block and drops to the
squid create by this maneuver? surface after it has expanded. Block B acquires a speed of 1.20 m/s. (a) What
is the final speed of block A? (b) How much potential energy was stored in the
compressed spring?

8.20. You are standing on a sheet of ice that covers the football stadium parking
lot in Buffalo; there is negligible friction between your feet and the ice. A friend
throws you a 0.400-kg ball that is traveling horizontally at 10.0 m/s. Your mass is
70.0 kg. (a) If you catch the ball, with what speed do you and the ball move
afterward? (b) If the ball hits you and bounces off your chest, so afterward it is
moving horizontally at 8.00 m/s in the opposite direction, what is your speed
after the collision?
8.25. A hunter on a frozen, essentially frictionless pond uses a rifle that shoots
4.20-g bullets at 965 m/s. The mass of the hunter (including his gun) is 72.5 kg,
and the hunter holds tight to the gun after firing it. Find the recoil velocity of the
hunter if he fires the rifle (a) horizontally and (b) at 56.0° above the horizontal.
8.26. An atomic nucleus suddenly bursts apart (fissions) into two pieces. Piece
A, of mass travels off to the left with speed VA. Piece B, of mass mB, travels off
to the right with speed VB (a) Use conservation of momentum to solve for VB in
terms of mA, mB, and VA. (b) Use the results of part (a) to show that KA/KB =
mB/mA, where KA and KB are the kinetic energies of the two pieces

8.27. Two ice skaters, Daniel (mass 65.0 kg) and Rebecca (mass 45.0 kg), are
practicing. Daniel stops to tie his shoelace and, while at rest, is struck by
Rebecca, who is moving at 13.0 m/s before she collides with him. After the
collision, Rebecca has a velocity of magnitude 8.00 m/s at an angle of 53.1
degree from her initial direction. Both skaters move on the frictionless, horizontal
surface of the rink. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of Daniel’s velocity
after the collision? (b) What is the change in total kinetic energy of the two
skaters as a result of the collision?

8.28. You are standing on a large sheet of frictionless ice and holding a large
rock. In order to get off the ice, you throw the rock, so it has velocity 12.0 m/s
relative to the earth at an angle of 35 degree above the horizontal. If your mass is
70.0 kg and the rock’s mass is 15.0 kg, what is your speed after you throw the
rock? (See Discussion Question Q8.7.

8.29. Changing Mass. An open-topped freight car with mass 24,000 kg is

coasting without friction along a level track. It is rain ing very hard, and the rain is
falling vertically downward. Originally, the car is empty and moving with a speed
of 4.00 m/s (a) What is the speed of the car after it has collected 3000 kg of
rainwater? (b) Since the rain is falling downward, how is it able to affect the
horizontal motion of the car?

8.30. An astronaut in space cannot use a conventional means, such as a scale

or balance, to determine the mass of an object. But she does have devices to
measure distance and time accurately. She knows her own mass is 78.4 kg, but
she is unsure of the mass of a large gas canister in the airless rocket. When this
canister is approaching her at 3.50 m/s, she pushes against it, which slows it
down to 1.20 m/s (but does not reverse it) and gives her a speed of 2.40 m/s.
What is the mass of this canister?

8.31. Asteroid Collision. Two asteroids of equal mass in the asteroid belt
between Mars and Jupiter collide with a glancing blow. Asteroid A, which was
initially traveling at 40.0 m/s is deflected 30.0° from its original direction, while
asteroid B, which was initially at rest, travels at 45.0° to the original direction of A
(Fig. E8.31). (a) Find the speed of each asteroid after the collision. (b) What
fraction of the original kinetic energy of asteroid A dissipates during this collision
DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF CALAPAN
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

PLATE NO. 26
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Submitted by:
Rivero, Reyline Jhoy B.
BSCE 2 - ENS 02 - B
Submitted to:
Engr. Darwin Froilan M. Paduada
Instructor
Date Submitted:
May 10, 2024