CHAPTER 3

Methodology

Methodology

The study will rely on verified statistical techniques that promote

accuracy, objectivity, and the development of significant understanding, involving the
evaluation of quantitative data via surveys with questionnaires and hypotheses based
on an in-depth evaluation of the literature and a conceptual framework to guide the
study.

Methodology is comparable to a recipe or a collection of principles

that assist you in doing something. It describes a technique or system for
accomplishing tasks that helps anyone achieve a certain objective as well as perform a
task efficiently. Think of language proficiency as a road map that guides you to your
objective through established actions.(Deb et al., 2022).

This study describes methodology as the collection of guidelines that

define the acceptance or disinformation of statements instead of a particular strategy
that addresses an issue, which involves and becomes particularly significant in
industries that include the economy along with sociological research, in which
methodical discussion plays a major role in developing concepts alongside
recognizing arguments (Lila R. Gleitman1, John C. Trueswell,...31 Dec 2019).A
carefully designed framework serves as crucial to helpful issue-solving as well as
examination due to how it provides accurate and relevant findings while
compromising strength and preciseness. The papers contain a thorough overview of
the topics being investigated, providing details concerning the individuals being
studied, recommendations, and techniques, which include collecting information, data
analysis, and questionnaires.(Mohammed Rahman,31 Dec 2018).

This article explained that the main aim of the method for research is
to give researchers a wide range of resources and methods for obtaining and analyzing
information to ensure the accuracy and significance of all the findings(Vida
Davidavičienė,31 Dec 2017). The article described the methodological process, so at
the beginning of the undergraduate study offered by the university, abilities in issue
commitment, analyzing problems, demonstrating and identifying many potential
remedies, and determining the appropriate confirmation methodology have proven
indispensable to developing a professional identity (Arya Adiningrat,11 Mar 2017).

Importance of Methodology

The importance of methodology is that it provides structure, consistency,

efficiency, and quality to numerous jobs and processes. It assists businesses and
individuals in achieving their objectives, resolving difficulties, and continuously
improving their processes.The presents an organized approach to addressing research
difficulties and maintains that investigation takes place in an accurate and organized
approach (N. Muthukumar, K Venayagamoorthy Ganesh, S. R. P. Mohapatra, K.
Tamizhjyothi,04 Apr 2022). Moreover, applying the principles of a carefully
developed methodology plays an important role in organizing the systematic
documentation as well as the mathematical analysis of studies and findings (Dr.
Santosh N. Belavadi M.D31 Dec 2021-Vol. 01, Iss: 02, pp 23-33).

Research Philosophy

Merging modern concepts with ordinary methods of thought inside an organized

structure is the main objective of research philosophy.A framework for investigation
is a collection of perceptions as well as assumptions derived from the disciplines that
underlie philosophy(Ponterotto, 2005). The main two research philosophy used in
studies.

First philosophy,Interpretivism is depend on a philosophical

phenomenology-based approach(Sandberg, 2005).It is a rather uncommon view in the
fields of human resource management and qualitative analysis (e.g. Caprar, 2011;
Sandberg, 2000).Interpretivism as a strategy focuses on the conceptual understanding
utilized by social scientific scholars, with the assumption of having access to
realities.The use of language, reasoning, frequently encountered ideas, and
instruments constitute various socially constructed things(Myers, 2013, p. 39). The
Interpretivism philosophy is focused to understand about the subjective experiences of
individual,because it is unable to be measured or encountered with the same accuracy
as the natural world, this part of everything has been considered subjective as well as
separate from reality.
 "Interpretivism has been critiqued regarding a lack of objectivity and analytical
accuracy."

Second philosophy,The positivism philosophy supports evidence from experience as

well as scientific methods, maintaining that expertise must be obtained by means of
inquiry and experimental positivism, which believes that the existence of an objective
world can be accurately expressed through conceptions and arguments, and the
deductive phenomenological view maintains that we all engage amid numerous
generated opinions that constitute societal reality(Babones, 2016; Lee, 1991; Yanow
and Schwartz-Shea, 2015). When applying the concept of positivism, one has to
assess the context because it is a philosophy of study that highlights the significance
of experimental evidence and scientific methods in exploring the environment of
society.

“The researcher adopted a positivist perspective and gathered quantitative data

by conducting surveys”

So,this research adopts the positivism philosophy for the following reason:the study's
dissertation identified a relationship between multiple variables and the effect they
have on the information technology (IT) industry.

The concept of research philosophy is described as a framework of

opinions leading to gathering information, analysis, and utilization of issues, whereby
the current investigation utilizes positivism to methodically evaluate legislation
toward the information obtained.And also this study is performed with the aim of
specific objectives and generating fresh understanding, which leads to assumptions
and convictions regarding hypothetical relations in an effort to identify details to
current issues (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2012) and the positivism philosophy
maintain that the external environment is unbiased, easily quantifiable, and
observable, and they maintain that there are principles and rules reducing the way it
behaves that could have been established by scientific inquiry(Guba and
Lincoln,1994)by concentrating on accurate proof gathered while monitoring
occurrences while developing hypotheses according to relevant theories, positivist
research produces legal-like inferences on the general population and particular target
organization as well, identical to the manner in which scientists studying nature
extend physical principles (Lee,1991;Welch et al.,2011).Positivism develop
understanding by recognizing logical relationships (Cascio, 2012; Edmondson and
McManus, 2007).

Research Approach

The research approach has based of two types including an inductive and
deductive approach.The inductive approach starts from observation and develops into
theory, providing investigators with the ability to adapt and change the direction of
the research while maintaining a smaller framework, resulting in it being appropriate
for small-scale investigations.The inductive method concentrates on the
recommendations of the theory's observations and findings that guide the logic
procedure (Ahmed et al. 2022).

So,in this quantitative study, the researcher will implement an deductive

approach as supported through positivism philosophy, because it’s generating a
hypothesis based on useful literature and concepts. While the deductive approach will
be utilized throughout the present investigation, prior research as well as concepts are
going to be assessed through gathering quantitative information, and discoveries can
be evaluated objectively using the testing of hypothesis.

This investigation explored about the deductive approach is about

creating a hypothesis using the available literature and evaluating it by gathering
information and deducing outcomes from arguments(Chen, Tang, Jin, Li, & Paillé,
2015).This Investigations represent probably the most successful means of collecting
information on the multiple choices that are available. The survey technique is the
most widely utilized, typical, and practicable technique for accurately evaluating the
project that has been suggested. The research method is accepted and acceptable, and
it very quickly explains quantitative information (Saunders, 2007).The researcher
used a questionnaire method in order to gather evidence and acquire information for
this particular analysis. A survey that can be administered by itself will be conducted
and also the survey leads to working in the information technology (IT) industry.
Participants in the survey are going to be represented as different units of analysis,
without every person who responded being considered an independent means of
collecting information (El-Kassar and Singh, 2019).The research adopts a deductive
approach, typically involving utilizing literature to create a framework and careful
investigation to verify the hypothesis that was proposed(Saunders et al., 2009, p. 124).

Purpose of Research

The current investigation implemented a applied-based method and

descriptive survey design to examine senior, middle, and employee staff members in
the IT industry, with a sample size of 228 individuals (H.Johnson Nenty,..07 Apr
2009).Furthermore,the descriptive method is an analytical method that aims to
entirely represent the nature of present-day conditions or situations through the
gathering of data and subsequent evaluation, such as testing, interpretation,
comparison, identification of trends, and correlations (mojtaba poursalimi,..11Dec
2011).In other words,descriptive study design is focused on presenting a picture of an
idea and its strengths and weaknesses, with quantitative analysis being applied as a
means of finding relationships.(Hossein Nassaji,28 Feb 2015).

However, evaluations that can be quantitative or qualitative in

nature and create meaningful statistics tend to be utilized in studies that are
descriptive in nature.(Eunsook T.Koh ,..31Dec 1999). Descriptive analysis in the form
of a thesis is defined as investigations that provide a specific and accurate
representation of an issue or situation, which usually include real-life cases, cross-
sectional studies, and observation (David A.Grimes,..11Jan 2002),because a
descriptive investigation in the form of a quantitative thesis involves diligently
analyzing and presenting specific quantitative information to evaluate a particular
event or population.(Li Tang,..13 Apr 2021).

This research contains an accurate and comprehensive

representation of the issue, augmenting up-to-date information in the field of GHRM.
(Naglaa Fathy El Dessouky,..10 Nov 2020). In this research, it is determined different
type of relationship between top management green commitment and sustainable
practices as a independent variable impact on the environmental performance as a
dependent variable with the help of mediator green human resource management
(GHRM) and artificial intelligence as a moderator.
Descriptive Studies and Criteria for Correlation

In this thesis refers to the descriptive research purpose with correlation,

because they analysis objectivity,systematically and description about the relationship
as a independent variables top management green commitment and sustainable
practices on the dependent variable environmental performance and green human
resource management working as a mediator and artificial intelligence helping as a
moderator that are included in research to have a significant impact on the
relationship between independent and dependent variables (Hasanein,&Elshaer,
2020).

A descriptive correlation study is a different kind of analysis designed

in order to clarify our understanding of the connection between variable (JF
Mercer,..27 Jan 2016). Descriptive analysis involves collecting data, analyzing it, and
preserving a condition or phenomenon, while correlational studies conducted under
the context of descriptive research investigate also determine the relationship between
variables (Eunsook T. Koh,..31 Dec 1999).

Instead, the descriptive method employs the direct observation of

human behavior in the natural environment in order to gather information related to
connected phenomena in the environment (KimberlyN.Sloman,31Dec 2009).

Furthermore,descriptive correlation research, a type of quantitative

research approach that was utilized in GHRM, which is thesis writing, is aimed at
revealing the causal association between variables and prediction results (Jincheng
Wang,..31 Dec 2021) and also this study supports evaluating the significance and
influence of a variety of variables on the outcome of the study(Guanjun
Liu1,Yongding Su,23 May 2011).The researcher can utilize descriptive correlational
studies to gather quantitative information to support their hypothesis and create
evidence-based opinions on how there is a connection between the practices of
GHRM and the impact on the environment(Jincheng Wang, Ningxuan Wu, Ziyi
Yu,31 Dec 2021).Contextual correlations play a crucial role in the analysis of data for
the GHRM thesis because they evaluate the degree of significance of the relationship
connecting factors (Patrick Schober,..31 Jan 2020).
During GHRM, descriptive correlation is a useful technique to measure the
significance of the connection between two variables are;

• by analyzing data received from many sources

• reviewing the relationships as well as similarities between variables
• to calculate the strength, as well as the direction, of a relationship.
• appreciate the significance of these relationships on many different outcomes.
• maintain validity and reliability (Mahreen Maqsood,..29 Mar 2022)

Data Collection Method

In this investigation, resources from the library have been utilized for
researching the research's past times, and a questionnaire created on google form and
was implemented for evaluating the variables associated with the research. This
research's information-collecting instruments were created primarily as a
questionnaire. The scale known as the Likert scale was implemented in this
questionnaire, with a 5-point difference that varied from highly elevated to incredibly
low.

The current investigation's instrument has been created through a

combination of literature reviews and questionnaires on innovative technologies,
environmentally friendly human resources management techniques, and performance
sustainability. Five items were used in the study, according to the research
questionnaire's development ( Alraja et al. (2022).According to this study findings,
sustainable organizational performance can be measured by decreasing usage of
paper, waste products, and gas, forming agreements with green enterprises and
providers, developing compliance with environmental requirements, and making use
of materials that are sustainable (Chege,Wang, 2020).

A total of five items were implemented in the study. They were used
to evaluate the variable of innovative technologies to generate high-quality goods,
deliver support, advertise innovative goods, expand the customer base, modify
products, integrate work with internet-based services, and evaluate the value of green
human resource management techniques (Guerci et al,....2016).

A questionnaire survey technique is implemented in the present

investigation to identify the particulars of the population that is being studied, and the
findings are used by investigators to create judgments about the group being
studied(Marin-Garcia, Alfalla-Luque, 2019).

Time Horizon

There are two various types of study patterns: longitudinal studies, in which
information is gathered from the same sample all over a period of time, and cross-
sectional studies, in which information is gathered from an entire population at an
identifiable point in a period.

While, in this study was considered a cross-sectional research

investigation because it gathered information all at once, making use of questionnaires
and evaluating previous investigations. Every one of them were rated on a Likert scale
with five points.The findings of the research for additional investigations on the
relationship between corporate sustainability, creativity, and environmentally friendly
human resources management include the information technology related to those
who participated and the cross-sectional structure of the study

The current study is quantitative-based and utilizes a cross-

sectional method with a relational inquiry that includes gathering information from a
number of participants and indicating the population as a whole with the goal of
making inferences from the outcomes of the sample to the entire population. The
current research population contains all information technology (IT) industries in
Pakistan (Malik, Yukun, Kundi and Ramayah,..2020).

Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis is the specific object or point of investigation in

which scholars engage their efforts. It is responsible for establishing the scope and
limitations of the study,which influence observations and conclusions and can differ
in accordance with the framework and hypothesis (Alfredo Jornet,31 Jul 2019). In
other words,in research the unit of analysis is a person, location, or thing, and there
are main units of analysis are the individual, group, or organization,but in the current
study applied individual.

While evaluating Green Human Resource Management (GHRM)

strategies in IT organizations, the significance of individuals as a central focus for
data collection becomes visible.(Shobhana N,23 Feb 2022),because an individual can
only be considered a meaningful unit in the analysis of the relationship between the
practices of GHRM and the performance of IT organizations.(Adolfo Carballo-
Penela,30 Sep 2023).

Therefore, the unit of analysis of this investigation is top managers,

middle managers, employees, any individual member belonging to IT’s fields and
industry.

Sample Size

The sample size is defined as the total number of individuals or objects that are
required to be investigated during the study you are conducting.In other words,a
sample size is the number of individuals, objects, or points of information selected
from an overall population.

The amount of sample to be examined dictates the accuracy of the data

and predictability. When obtaining information, researchers have to carefully
determine how many individuals they want to include in the research investigation (N
Gopi Chander,...30 Jun 2017).

In this research, the formulas that are used to calculate sample size with
the help of G-Power software,because in present there is one and an important tool
used to less chances of errors.

G*Power is a scientific software system that helps the researcher identify a

suitable sample size for their studies by additionally generating different power
calculations related to sample size calculations. It helps the researcher make sure that
they've collected adequate information in order to identify relevant results in their
studies or questionnaires.
 The implementation of G*Power software for calculating sample sizes and
analyzing power in the testing of hypotheses has been addressed in the thesis (Sigurd
Hofsmo Jakobsen,...31,Dec 2012).The method used for downloading and installing
G*Power software has been described in the information, as well as how it can be
utilized in calculating sample sizes and power analysis in the testing of hypotheses
(Ali Kharrazi,...31 Dec 2014).The G*Power version provides free software that
calculates sample sizes and measures effectiveness in research studies (Jai Prakash
Verma,...31 Dec 2019).

G*power is a free statistical program that allows users to compute sample size by
selecting the hypothesis nature, desired performance level, and alpha level. The
processes for calculating the sample size required for a paired sample t-test are
outlined in the following steps:

• open the G*Power

• After opening the software, scroll to the Test family drop-down option and click
the suitable figure; for a paired sample t-test, select the t-test option.
• When we perform a paired sample t-test, we are going to select Means: The
difference between two independent means (matched pairs)
• After having selected the test you want to conduct, you will be able to enter the
effect size, power, and alpha levels. (For more information, keep in mind that
depending on the test, you may also need to be familiar with the group sizes, etc.)
• After that, choose the alpha level. Unless a a prior investigation provided them
lead to to reduce the value, it is a good bet to always keep alpha=.05.
• In the end, input your selected power level. The recognized level of strength in
most studies is 80 or above. As a result, unless the preceding important indicates
otherwise, always use 80.
• Finally, the given sample size is 228 respondents in this research

Data Collection Instrument

In research methods and programs, instruments are utilized to

collect and store data for evaluation purposes (Zhao Yaoqiang,..18 Jun 2013).While
the choosing a primary data collection instrument to be used in research activities, it is
important that you consider the stability, validity, and reliability of useful gadgets (H
R Ganesha,09 Nov 2022).

The primary data collection instrument will be determined on the basis of

the research objectives, confidentiality of the participants, accuracy of the data, and
presented collaboration times (Maíra Rosa Apostólico,30 Nov 2013).

Therefore,This research data collection instrument based on primary data;

because there are identified and explored unique concept about green human resource
management as mediator can be making relationship between the independent
variable (top management green commitment and sustainable practices) and
dependent variable (environmental performance) as well as artificial intelligence
impact on the both as a moderator.

The questionnaire first analyzes information about demographics

such as race, gender, level of education, age, and experience, which can be helpful in
understanding the educational attainment of the participants.

Top management green commitment, sustainable practices and

environmental performance are applied in research (Afum et al.,2021).Top
management green commitment six items, sustainable practices including five items
and environmental performance included 10 items.A moral motivation questionnaire
is adapted from
All questions are rated on a Likert scale of five points (1 = strongly
disagree and 5=strongly agree). The data collection instrument is attached as
Appendix V to this study
Sampling Technique

The sample consisted of 314 respondents at the executive/managerial level and any
persons from the public/government as well as the private sector belonging to the
information technology (IT) industry in Pakistan.

In this study,the convenience sampling technique was used; that refers

to a non-probability sampling method,because during study findings,the term
"convenience sampling"using is frequently helpful for study purposes because it is
lightning-fast and simple. Can choose individuals or information that is simple to find.

Select our convenience sample (Information Technology industry)

• Find a group of individuals or information belong to IT industry that has been

easily accessible to them. This could be defined as closeness, availability, or
efficiency.

The most prevalent sources for convenience sampling (IT industry) include:

• Friends and relatives

• Colleagues
• People are available in area
• Online communities
• Social media groups (Instagram,Facebook,Linked-In,Ask.com)

Therefore, the researchers applied the convenience sample technique, in which they
selected only individuals those were part of the 134 respondents surveyed who
belonged to the field of information technology. As a result, 134 questionnaires were
distributed (in which participants were each related to information technology) and
649 (96.9%) were used in the analysis.

The individuals who actively took part in gaining acceptance of green human resource
management and sustainable practices helped provide information to the IT industry
through GHRM. Green reported Organizational Guidance, Green Technological
Workplace Conduct, and Environmental Performance in Pakistan's Institute of Social
and Human Sciences, utilizing convenience sampling technique(Pakistan Journal of
Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 2023).The criterion is to choose a
convenience that is either useful to the research or can be representative of the study
criteria. This sampling technique is also called as grab, accidental or opportunity
sampling (Ramayah, and Molla,...2013).The convenience sampling method is a
method of collection utilized by the field of education that identifies respondents on
the basis of their simplicity of obtaining information as well as their willingness to
participate (Charles Kivunja,..05 Jan 2015).The aim of this investigation is to
establish the variables and procedures that will improve the credibility of sampling for
convenience reports in second-language acquisition studies ( Farahman Farrokhi,...03
Jan 2012). Easy sampling is a method of exploring a larger area with the same
collecting duration that decreases time as well as improves species diversity values
(Andrew Speak,..31 Aug 2018).

The implemented of the convenience sampling for this research are

engineering, technical and IT-related expertise, are working in IT industries.
Moreover, Information Technologies is also selected because software development
companies will work with mixed industries and explored unique artificial intelligence
concept,because IT industry is based on diverse participants of the research is IT
support specialists, project managers, software designers,engineers etc.