APSC173 Assignment #1: Basic integration formulas, integration by

parts, trigonometric integrals

Due date: midnight on Friday, Jan. 26th, 2024

Assignment Information
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Exercises
1. (Basic integration formulas) Many integrals can be solved by first manipulating the integrand into a form
that permits direct application of a basic integration formula. Besides using your intuition, in lecture you have also
learned the following ‘tricks’ for manipulating integrals:
• substitution
• complete the square
• apply trigonometic identities

• using conjugate multiplication

• long division
• separating integrands
Evaluate the following integrals by first manipulating the integrand into a form that allows you to use a basic
integration formula:
Z 1
x2
i. 2
dx
0 x +1
Z 0 2
x −1
ii. √
5
dx
−1 x+1
Z 0
1 + tan(x/2)
iii. dx (Hint: use a sum-of-angles trig identity for tan(α + π/4))
−π/2 1 − tan(x/2)
Z −2
1
iv. √ dx
−3 x2 + 6x + 10

1
 Z 0
sin x
v. dx
−π/4 cos2 x
Z −2
2x + 4
vi. dx
−3 x2 + 6x + 13
Z π/2
dx
vii.
π/4 cos x − 1
√ √ √
The answers (not in order) are −95/126, − 2, 1 − π/4, ln(5/4) − tan−1 (1/2),1 − 2, ln(2), and ln(1 + 2).
Solution:
i. Use long division
1 1
x2
Z Z  
1
2
dx = 1− dx
0 x +1 0 x2 + 1
 1
−1
= x − tan (x)
0
= 1 − π/4

ii. Use substitution u = x + 1 and then separate the integrand

Z 0 2 Z 1
x −1 (u − 1)2 − 1
√5
dx = √ du
−1 x+1 0
5
u
Z 1 2
u − 2u
= √ du
0
5
u
Z 1
= [u9/5 − 2u4/5 ]du
0
  1
5 14/5 5
= u − 2 · u9/5
14 9 0
5 10
= −
14 9
95
=−
126
iii. Using the hint and then u = x/2 + π/4,
Z 0 Z 0
1 + tan(x/2) tan(π/4) + tan(x/2)
dx = dx
−π/2 1 − tan(x/2) −π/2 1 − tan(π/4) tan(x/2)
Z π/4
= tan(x/2 + π/4)dx
0
Z π/4
=2 tan udu
0
π/4 √
= ln | sec u| = 2 ln 2 = ln 2
0

iv. Complete the square then use u = x + 3

Z −2 Z −2
1 1
√ dx = p dx
2
x + 6x + 10 (x + 3)2 + 1
−3 −3
Z 1
1
= √ du
2
u +1
0
1
= sinh−1 (u)
√ 0
= ln(1 + 2)

2
 v. Using trig identities,
Z 0 Z 0 0 √
sin x
dx = sec x tan xdx = sec x =1− 2
−π/4 cos2 x −π/4 −π/4

vi. Complete the square, use u = x + 3, separate the integrand, and then use w = u2
Z −2 Z 1
2x + 4 2x + 4
2 + 6x + 13
dx = dx
−3 x 0 (x + 3)2 + 4
Z 1
2u − 2
= 2
du
0 u +4
Z 1 Z 1
2u 1
= 2
du − 2 2
du
0 u +4 0 u +4
Z 1 1
1
= dw − tan−1 (u/2)
0 w+4 0
1
= ln(w + 4) − tan−1 (1/2)
0
= ln(5/4) − tan−1 (1/2)

vii. Multiply by the conjugate function

Z π/2 Z π/2
dx cos x + 1
= dx
π/4 cos x − 1 π/4 cos2 x − 1
Z π/2
cos x + 1
=− dx
π/4 sin2 x
Z π/2
=− [csc x cot x + csc2 x]dx
π/4
π/2
= (csc x + cot x)
π/4
√
=− 2

2. (integration by parts) The challenge when using integration by parts is identifying what to use for u and dv.
Many times it involves trial and error. Evaluate the following integrals:
Z
2
i. x3 e−x dx (Hint: use a substitution first)
Z
ii. sin−1 xdx
Z
iii. (ln x)2 dx (Hint: use dv = dx twice)

Solution:
i. First let z = −x2
Z Z
2 1
x3 e−x dx = zez dz
2
then use integration by parts with u = z and dv = ez dz
Z  Z 
1 1 1 1 2
zez dz = zez − ez dz = (z − 1)ez = − (x2 + 1)e−x + C
2 2 2 2

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 ii. Use u = sin−1 x and dv = dx
Z Z
x
sin−1 xdx = x sin−1 x − √ dx
1 − x2
√ √
Now use w = 1 − x2 and dw = −(x/ 1 − x2 )dx,
Z Z
−1 −1
sin xdx = x sin x + dw

= x sin−1 x + w + C
p
= x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + C

iii. Using the hint, u = (ln x)2 , du = 2 ln(x)/xdx, v = x

Z Z
(ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2 ln xdx

Applying the hint a second time, u = ln x, du = (1/x)dx, v = x,

Z  Z 
(ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2 x ln x − dx

= x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C

3. (drug release) A certain capsule is designed to release a drug at a rate of r(t) = 4te−2t units per minute. If the
capsule is ingested at t = 0 find a formula for the amount of drug that has been released at t = T .
Solution: The amount of drug is the integral of the rate (according to the Funadamental Theorem of Calculus).
Using u = 4t, du = 4dt, dv = e−2t dt, and v = −(1/2)e−2t
Z T
Q= r(t)dt
0
Z T
= 4te−2t dt
0
T Z T
−2t
= −2te +2 e−2t dt
0 0
T
= −2T e−2T + (−e−2t ) 0
= −2T e−2T − e−2T + 1

4. (trigonometric integrals) Evaluate the following integrals

Z
i. sin 3x cos 4xdx
Z
ii. cos5 2x sin5 2xdx
Z
sin 2x
iii. dx
cos2 x
√ √ √
Z
iv. 1 − sin 2xdx (Hint: 1 + sin 2x/ 1 + sin 2x = 1)

Solution:
i. Using the sum of angles identity,
Z Z
1
sin 3x cos 4xdx = (− sin x + sin 7x)dx
2
1 1
= cos x − cos 7x + C
2 14

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ii. First, use cos2 2x = 1 − sin2 2x then use u = sin 2x,
Z Z
cos5 2x sin5 2xdx = (cos2 2x)2 cos 2x sin5 2xdx
Z
= (1 − sin2 2x)2 cos 2x sin5 2xdx
Z
= (sin5 2x − 2 sin7 2x + sin9 2x) cos 2xdx
Z
1
= (u5 − 2u7 + u9 )du
2
1 6 1 8 1
= u − u + u10 + C
12 8 20
1 1 1
= sin 2x − sin8 2x +
6
sin10 2x + C
12 8 20

iii. Using the double angle identity,

Z Z Z
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
dx = dx = 2 tan xdx = 2 ln | sec x| + C
cos2 x cos2 x

iv. Using the hint,

Z √ √
√ 1 − sin 2x 1 + sin 2x
Z
1 − sin 2xdx = √ dx
1 + sin 2x
p
1 − sin2 2x
Z
= √ dx
1 + sin 2x
| cos 2x|
Z
= √ dx
1 + sin 2x

Assume that cos 2x ≥ 0 (if cos 2x < 0 then the result is simply negative) and use the substitution u = sin 2x,
Z Z
cos 2x 1 1
√ dx = √ du
1 + sin 2x 2 1+u
√
= 1+u+C
√
= 1 + sin 2x + C, cos 2x ≥ 0