ICT200

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

By :
Miss Noorfadzilah Arifin

Chapter 1 Database Concept

 Data Vs Information

 Data raw facts (means the facts that have

not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning)

 Information facts /data that have been

process to reveal the meaning.
 Data Vs Information

Key Points:

• data constitute the building blocks of information

• information is produced by processing data

• information is used to reveal the meaning of data

• accurate, relevant and timely information is the key to

good decision making

• good decision making is the key to organizational

survival in a global environment
 Data Vs Information

data must be generated, stored properly in a

format that easy to access & process.

Data
Management

is a discipline that focuses on

the proper generation,
storage and retrieval of
data.
 Database & DBMS

is a shared, integrated
computer structure
that contains :

Metadata (data about data)

end user data ➔ raw facts & ➔ description of data
characteristic and the set
of relationship that link the
data.
Database & DBMS
 DBMS Advantages

Improved data sharing users have better access to more & better-managed
data .
Better data integration wider access to well-managed data promotes an
integrated view.
Minimized DATA can be reduced in a properly designed dtbs
INCONSISTENCY
Improved data access it is possible to produce quick answer to ad hoc
queries.
Improved decision better decision, quality information are based from
making better-managed and improved data access.

Increased end-user availability of data, transformation to usable

productivity information will produce better productivity.
Database & DBMS

Data Inconsistency

when different versions of

the same data appear in
different places.
Database & DBMS

Query

a specific request for data

manipulation.
 Types of Databases

Single Dtbs (support

Desktop Dtbs (dtbs run on a
only one user at a
personal computers)
time)
Number of Workgroup Dtbs (support small
User Multiple Dtbs (support number of users (<50) / specific
multiple user at the department)
same time) Enterprise Dtbs (support many
users (>50) /entire organization)
Centralized Dtbs (support data located at a single site)
Location Distributed Dtbs (support data distributed across several
different site)
Transactional Dtbs (support day to day operation)
How it
used Data Warehouse Dtbs (focus on storing data used to generate
information required to make strategic/tactical decision)
Why Dtbs Design is Important..??

Dtbs design refers to the activities for designing dtbs

structure.
A good dtbs is a dtbs that meet all user
requirements.
A good DBMS will perform poorly with a badly
designed dtbs.
A well designed dtbs facilitates data management &
generate accurate, valuable information. A poorly
designed dtbs may lead to bad decision making and
also lead to failure of an organization.
Historical Roots of Database

Conventional filing system now are obsolete, but

we still have to understand the basic concept of file
system.
For easier to develop a firm database.
Awareness of problem in file system, helps to avoid
any pitfall / problem with dtbs.
Report generation from manual file system is slow
and not intensive.
To convert from manual file system to dtbs system
can be done by Data Processing Specialist (DP).
Historical Roots of Database

Who is Data Processing

Specialist…??

•Create computer file structure

•Wrote software to manage
data
•Design the application program
to produce report
 Files & File System

Data Raw facts; have little meaning

Information Data that have been processed

Environment Organization where dtbs being develop

Entity One unique object found in the environment

Attribute Description of entity

A / group of character (alphabetic/numeric) that has a specific

Field
meaning; use to define and store data.

Record A logical connected set of one or more fields.

File A collection of related record.

Problems With File System Data Management

• Even simple data retrieval task, it require extensive

programming in a 3rd Generation Language (3GL).

• 3GL must specify both “what must be done” and “how it to

be done”. Eg 3GL : COBOL, BASIC, C++, FORTRAN

• 3GL programming is time consuming, need high skill

activity.

• 4GL easier and allow user only to specify “what must be

done”. More modern database use 4GL because it can
save an average of 60% of lines of codes compared to
3GL.
Problems With File System Data Management

• When the number of files expands, system administration

becomes more difficult.

• Making changes in an existing structure also can be

difficult in a file system environment because it forces
modifications in all of the programs the data in that file.

• Security features is also limited in scope and

effectiveness.
Problems With File System Data Management

Limitation of File System Data Management:

It requires extensive programming
There are no ad hoc query capabilities
System administration can be complex and difficult
It is difficult to make changes to existing structures
Security features are likely to be inadequate

Those limitations lead to problems of structural and data

dependency.
 Structural & Data Dependence

Structural Data Dependence

Dependence

access to a file is access to a file is dependent on

dependent on its its data type/characteristic
structure

Data Independence
Structural
Independence

exist when it is possible to make

exist when it is possible to
changes in the data storage
make changes in the file
characteristic without affecting
structure without affecting the
the application program’s
application program’s ability to
ability to access the data
access the data
Field Definition & Naming Conventions
•

 Selecting proper field name must reasonable

descriptive
 With proper naming convention, the file structure is
self-documenting
 Must have unique identifier
 Eg: CIRD / Cust_Renew_Date /
Customer_Renewal_Date
 Data Redundancy

 File system structure promote the storage of same

basic data in different locations.

 Terms used by professional→ islands of information

for scattered data locations.

 Having the same data occur in more than one places

will produces data redundancy.

Data Data
Anomalies Inconsistency
 Data Redundancy

Uncontrolled data redundancy sets the stage for:

• Data Inconsistency ➔ exist when different and conflicting
version of the same data appear in different places
– Referred as lack data integrity.
• Data Anomalies ➔ mean abnormality
– It happens when all of the required changes in the
redundant data are not made successfully
– Ideally a field value change should be made only at
single place.
– There are 3 types of data anomalies :
• Update Anomalies
• Insertion Anomalies
• Deletion Anomalies
 Database Environment System

Dtbs Environment Components

Hardware Data

Procedures
Software People

Sys. Admin
OS DBMS
Dtbs Admin

App. Prog Dtbs Designer

Utilities Prog
SA & Programmer

End User
DBMS Functions