Part One

Instructional aids are tools used in the classroom to make learning easier and more interesting. They
include things like charts, maps, models, and technology such as projectors, radios, and televisions. These
aids help teachers effectively teach and engage students in the learning process. They're like helpful tools
that make learning enjoyable.

 Teaching aids and teaching language:

There are many aids we can use when we want to teach language for example :
1-You can use a projector to display videos on it.
2-Write the new vocabulary on the board.
3-Stick cards that help during the lesson.
4- Write grammar on it that help in learning language.

 Teaching aids and teaching skills:

The skills are different, so the methods of teaching them must be different. We have four skills in
English language, they are reading, writing, listening, and speaking. For each skill, we have several aids
that help us in the teaching process. You can use visual aids when teaching writing skills, they are an
essential tool for teaching writing skills. By incorporating them into your lessons, you can enhance
student engagement, comprehension, and retention of important concepts. Whether you're using graphic
organizers, images, or videos, visual aids are a powerful way to help your students become better writers.

Teaching reading depends on written materials like handouts ( reading text with its questions ), printed
text and written authentic materials. In listening we use auditory aids to enhance listening skills for
example, recordings, podcasts, real conversations ( realia ), and we can also use visual auditory like
videos. Speaking is an essential skill to learn so in teaching speaking we use different kind of materials
such as written texts, visual aids, audible and handouts ( questions to practice speaking ).

 Teaching aids and classroom management:

Class room management are the base of your successful lesson, they should be suitable for your lessons
timing and they should be related to the subject of the lesson. Some of them can be useful for the whole
class, some are useful for pairing, but some can be okay with both grouping and pairing. For example
some handouts are good for pairing and grouping like discussing questions.

 Teaching aids and motivation:

Using authentic materials has a big advantage. They give learners a real-life context for language use,
which makes learning more interesting and relevant. Instead of textbook language, authentic texts have
the language that native speakers actually use. When students see real examples, it helps them understand
how to use language in practical ways. This boosts their motivation and engagement in learning.

For example:
1. Using videos motivate learners and make them want to watch and learn more. Using engaging
materials such as videos can enhance the learning process.
 2. Audible materials can also motivate your students by making them want to act like the speaking
people in the materials and this can be useful in learning language.
3. Also flashcards are perfect for learners specially young and teens.

Part Two
Explain appropriate use of:

a) Flash cards

 Objective:

Flashcards are like magic tools that students use to remember words, grammar, and expressions. They
have a word or phrase on one side and a picture or translation on the other. They're versatile and easy to
carry around and effective because they encourage active recall, which means actively engaging with the
material and stimulating our memories. So, it's a great way to study and retain knowledge.

 Procedures:

Here are some tips for using flashcards effectively:

1. Keep it simple: Use clear images or texts that match what you want to learn.
2. Customize the content: Make flashcards for specific goals like vocabulary or verb conjugation.
3. Play games: Have fun with memory games or quick Q&A sessions to compete and collaborate.

b) Pictures and realia

 Objective:

Pictures and real objects are physical materials that can be used as visual aids to help with language
learning. By using photographs, drawings, or actual items, we can spark learners' curiosity and make it
easier for them to understand and connect with the language.

 Procedures:

Here are some ways to use these resources effectively:

1. Show a picture before reading to encourage predictions and discussions.
2. Use real objects in role-plays for better understanding and engagement.
3. Set up a gallery walk with objects for observation and description.

c) Feely bags

 Objective:

Feely bags are simply bags or containers filled with a variety of objects that students can touch and feel
without seeing. They provide a hands-on, multi-sensory experience that promotes experiential learning
and encourages active participation.
  Procedures:

The teacher can put an object in a bag and have a student feel it without seeing it. The student then
describes the feel, shape, size, texture, etc. Using their words, the student tries to guess what they are
touching. If other students know what it is, they can use gestures to help convey the answer.

d) Story time

 Objective:

Story time is a fantastic method to improve language skills by listening to and understanding narrated
stories. It also helps in expressing oneself effectively. It's a fun and engaging way to enhance listening,
comprehension, and expression abilities.

 Procedures:

Here are some tips for creating engaging story time sessions:
1. Pick stories suitable for the age group, with vocabulary and grammar that match their proficiency.
2. Encourage interaction by asking questions, making predictions, and inferring meaning from context.
3. Use visuals like pictures, posters, puppets, or real objects to bring the story to life.

e) White boards

 Objective:

White boards are very important instrument in classrooms, it serves as a common platform for
presenting information, practicing language skills, and giving feedback. There are also another kinds of
boards like black or interactive boards.

 Procedures:

Here are some tips for using the board effectively:

1. Organize the board with clear headings and a logical flow to aid learning and memory.
2. Use a combination of written content and visuals to enhance understanding and accommodate different
learning styles.
3. Engage students by involving them in class activities, such as writing, drawing, or solving problems on
the board.

f) Video

 Objective:

Videos are a great way to engage EFL/ESL learners with dynamic content. They combine both sound
and visuals, allowing learners to process information in their preferred style.

 Procedures:

To make the most of videos:

1. Pick videos that match students' language level and focus on specific areas like grammar or vocabulary.
2. Engage students actively by introducing new words and providing questions to answer while watching.
3. Foster discussion and reflection to encourage verbal communication and critical thinking skills.
 Part Three
Evaluate three teaching aids in the modern classroom. (You can choose from the previously
mentioned ones)

1-Boards:
Criteria Evaluation
Suitability Boards are almost the base of classrooms, so the suitability is important. It should be
large and positioned in a way that all students can see clearly, and the surface of the
board should be suitable for writing and erasing easily.
Clarity It can vary and it depends on factors like the size, the quality of markers and the distance
from where students are sitting. But teachers try to make sure that boards are clear and
visible for everyone.
Availability Boards are almost available in all classrooms in different types.
Variety There are many different types of boards such as black, white, or interactive.
Motivation Students can contribute by writing, drawing, or solving problems, so they get actively
involved and engaged in the learning process.
2-Stories:
Criteria Evaluation
Suitability Teachers should choose age-appropriate stories that engage students and promote
learning. The story should help students develop their language skills, imagination, and
love for reading.
Clarity It’s important for the stories to be clear and easy to understand , but also have a plot to be
interesting, and teachers should choose a story fits with the students’ ages.
Availability Stories are widely available in classrooms, teachers can have books from libraries, online
resources or stories from real life.
Variety Stories come in all kinds of genres like adventure, fantasy, mystery, and more. They can
cover themes like friendship, courage, and the environment. You can find them in
different formats like picture books, chapter books, and even audio stories.
Motivation Stories in classrooms can motivate students by sparking their curiosity and imagination,
teaching valuable lessons, and fostering a love for reading.
3-Pictures and realia:
Criteria Evaluation
Suitability Pictures and realia are incredibly suitable for classrooms because they can visually
represent information and concepts in a way that is easily understandable for students.
They can help to engage students, spark discussions, and enhance comprehension.
Clarity Clear pictures and realia are essential in classrooms. They help students understand
concepts better and make learning more engaging. So, it's important to choose high-
quality visuals and recognizable objects for effective learning.
Availability There are many resources available to access pictures, such as online image databases,
textbooks, and educational websites. As for realia, teachers can bring in everyday objects
or use props to make lessons more hands-on.
Variety Variety in pictures and realia is key for engaging classrooms. Use different types of
visuals like photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Bring in real objects like maps, artifacts,
or models. It keeps learning interesting and caters to different learning styles.
Motivation Pictures and realia in classrooms motivate students by capturing their attention, sparking
curiosity, and making learning more exciting and engaging. They create a dynamic and
stimulating environment that keeps students motivated to explore and understand the
 concepts being taught.

Part Four
a) What are authentic materials?

Authentic materials are found everywhere around us. They can be printed or audited to enhance the
process of learning. Printed Authentic materials are job applications, menus, or even written emails.
Audited materials can be podcasts , interviews or radio programs. They are very helpful for learners
because they expose the learner to some daily-life situations.

b) Why are they important?

1. Language changes over time, so teaching materials should reflect that. Authentic resources show the
current state of the language, giving students relevant and up-to-date examples. It's a great way to keep
the learners involved and improve their skills.

2. Authentic materials provide learners with a wider range of vocabulary, including everyday language
and specialized terms. They offer diverse and contextually rich examples of words in action, which helps
learners acquire new vocabulary naturally. As learners encounter unfamiliar words, they can deduce their
meaning from the context and gradually incorporate them into their own vocabulary. It's a fantastic way
to expand language skills.

3. Using authentic materials can help teachers take a more comprehensive approach to teaching language
skills. For example, when your students are discussing a current news article, you are making your
students practice more than one skill at once reading, speaking and critical thinking. Practicing more than
one skill at once can help your students to improve their fluency and enhance their language skills.

4. Authentic materials not only benefit students but also promote the professional development of
EFL/ESL teachers. By using authentic materials, teachers constantly enhance their own language skills,
stay updated with current events, and gain insights into real-world language usage. This helps them
improve their instructional practices and provide more effective language instruction. It's a win-win
situation for both teachers and students.

 References:

-Tefl Handbook.

-How to teach English.