PROJECT REPORT

(Submitted for the Degree of B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance under
the University of Calcutta)

Title of the Project :-

UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
(SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WEST BENGAL)
: PRE, DURING & POST COVID PERIODS

Submitted By
Name of the Candidate : MRINMOY PAKHIRA
Registration No. : 431-1112-1154-20
CU Roll No. : 201431-21-0096
Name of the College : LALBABA COLLEGE
College Roll No. : 20200639

Supervised By
Name of the Supervisor : AMIT MITRA
Name of the College : LALBABA COLLEGE

Month & Year of Submission

MAY 24
Annexure- IA

This is to certify that Mr. MRINMOY PAKHIRA , a student of

B.Com Honours in Accounting & Finance of LALBABA
COLLEGE under the University of Calcutta has worked under
my supervision and guidance for his/her Project Work and
prepared a Project Report with the title:
UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA (SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
WEST BENGAL) : PRE, DURING & POST COVID PERIODS
which he/she is submitting, is his/her genuine and original
work to the best of my knowledge.

Place : Belur
Date :
Signature : ……………………..
Name : AMIT MITRA
Designation: FACULTY MEMBAR OF
COMMERCE
College Name: LALBABA COLLEGE

2
Annexure- IB

I hereby declare that the Project Work with the title :

UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA(SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
WEST BENGAL) : PRE, DURING & POST COVID PERIODS
submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the degree of
B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance under the University
of Calcutta is my original work and has not been submitted
earlier to any other University /Institution for the fulfilment of
the requirement for any course of study.

I also declare that no chapter of this manuscript

in whole or in part has been incorporated in this report from any
earlier work done by others or by me. However, extracts of any
literature which has been used for this report has been duly
acknowledged providing details of such literature in the
references.

Signature : …………………………..
Date: Name : MRINMOY PAKHIRA
Address : LILUAH
Registration No. : 431-1112-1154-20
CU Roll No. : 201431-21-0096

3
 This report is an outstanding prospectus to convey my
respect to those many people whose timely help and guidance
went a long way in finishing the project work from
commencement to achievement.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr.
SANJAY KUMAR (principal of our college) for giving me an
opportunity for pursuing the project.
This project could not be completed without the
guidance and support of Sir AMIT MITRA (Project
Supervisor).
I am grateful to many people for helping me to get the
information and an invaluable experience.
I also but not least to like thank my family, friends and
all of those people who helped me for completion and deeper
understanding to the concept of performance appraisal.
Working on this project has proved to be an enlightening
experience for me.

Thanking all…………

4
Sl. No. Particulars Page
No.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 6 - 16
 What is Unemployment ? 7
 Types of Unemployment 8-9
 Classification of Unemployment in India 10
 Causes of Unemployment in India 11-12
 How to measure Unemployment Rate 13
 Impact of Unemployment in India 14
 Government Initiative To Control Unemployment 15-16
Brief Review of Literature 17
Objectives of Study on Unemployment 18
Research Methodology 19
Limitations of this Project
20

Chapter 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 21 - 25

 Scenario of Unemployment Rate in India Pre Covid 22
Periods
 Scenario of Unemployment Rate in India Post 23
Covid Periods
 Indian’s Economy Battles Widespread 24
Unemployment
 West Bengal’s Economy During Covid-19 & 25
Post Covid-19
Chapter 3 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATAION & FINDINGS 26 - 39

Chapter 4 SURVEY REPORT 40 - 51

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS 52 - 54

Chapter 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBLIOGRAPHY 55 - 56

Annexure QUESTIONNAIRE 57 - 59

5
Chapter – 1

6
  What is Unemployment ?
The term unemployment refers to a situation when a person
who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
Unemployment is considered to be a key measure of the health of the
economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment is the
unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided
by the number of people in the labor force. Many governments offer
unemployment insurance to certain unemployed individuals who meet
eligibility requirements.
Unemployment is a key economic indicator because it
signals the ability (or inability) of workers to readily obtain gainful work
to contribute to the productive output of the economy. This doesn't
include people who leave the workforce for other reasons, such as
retirement, higher education, and disability. More unemployed workers
mean less total economic production will take place than might have
otherwise.

Unemployed workers must maintain at least subsistence

consumption during their period of unemployment. This means an
economy with high unemployment has lower output without a
proportional decline in the need for basic consumption. High, persistent
unemployment can signal serious distress in an economy and even lead
to social and political upheaval.

A low unemployment rate, on the other hand, means that

the economy is more likely to be producing near its full capacity,
maximizing output, driving wage growth, and raising living
standards over time. However, extremely low unemployment can also
be a cautionary sign of an overheating economy, inflationary pressures,
and tight conditions for businesses in need of additional workers.

While the definition of unemployment is clear, economists

divide unemployment into many different categories. The two broadest
categories of unemployment are voluntary and involuntary
unemployment. When unemployment is voluntary, it means that a
person has left their job willingly in search of other employment. When it
is involuntary, it means that a person has been fired or laid off and must
now look for another job.

7
 Types of Unemployment :-

1. Disguised Unemployment : It is a phenomenon wherein

more people are employed than actually needed.

• It is primarily traced in the agricultural and

the unorganised sectors of India.

2. Seasonal Unemployment : It is an unemployment that

occurs during certain seasons of the year.

• Agricultural labourers in India rarely have work

throughout the year.

3. Structural Unemployment : It is a category of

unemployment arising from the mismatch between the jobs
available in the market and the skills of the available workers in
the market.

• Many people in India do not get jobs due to lack of

requisite skills and due to poor education level, it becomes
difficult to train them.

4. Cyclical Unemployment : It is a result of the business cycle,

where unemployment rises during recessions and
declines with economic growth.
• Cyclical unemployment figures in India are negligible. It is
a phenomenon that is mostly found in capitalist
economies.

5. Frictional Unemployment : The Frictional Unemployment

also called as Search Unemployment, refers to the time lag
between the jobs when an individual is searching for a new
job or is switching between the jobs.
• In other words, an employee requires time for searching a
new job or shifting from the existing to a new job, this
inevitable time delay causes frictional unemployment.
• It is often considered as voluntary
unemployment because it is not caused due to the
shortage of job, but in fact, the workers themselves quit
their jobs in search of better opportunities.

8
 6. Vulnerable Employment : Vulnerable employ ment is often
characterized by inadequate earnings, low productivity and
difficult conditions of work that undermine workers'
fundamental rights. It is defined as the sum of the
employment status groups of own account workers and
contributing family workers.
• These persons are deemed ‘unemployed’ since records
of their work are never maintained.
• It is one of the main types of unemployment in India.

7. Institutional Unemployment : Institutional unemployment

results from long-term or permanent institutional factors and
incentives in the economy.

• Government policies, such as high minimum wage floors,

generous social benefits programs, and restrictive
occupational licensing laws.
• Labor mar et phenomena,k such as efficiency wages and
discriminatory hiring.
• Labor mar et institutions, such
k as high rates of
unionization.

9
  Classification of Unemployment in India :-

Generally, any person who is not gainfully employed

in any productive activity is called unemployed. Unemployment
may be frictional unemployment, structural unemployment,
cyclical unemployment, and voluntary and involuntary
unemployment. Broadly, unemployment in India can be classified
into two groups.

Flow Chart on Classification of Unemployment in India

Disguised
Unemploymet
Rural
Unemployment Seasonal
Unemployment
Unemployment
in India
Industrial
Urban Unemployment
Unemployment
Educated
Unemployment

10
 Causes of Unemployment in India :-

1. Social Factors : In India the caste system is prevalent. The

work is prohibited for specific castes in some areas.
• In big joint families having big business, many such
persons will be available who do not do any work and
depend on the joint income of the family.

2. Rapid Growth of Population : Constant increase in

population has been a big problem in India.
• It is one of the main causes of unemployment.

3. Dominance of Agriculture : Still in India nearly half of the

workforce is dependent on Agriculture.
• However, Agriculture is underdeveloped in India.
• Also, it provides seasonal employment.

4. Immobility of Labour : Mobility of labour in India is low. Due

to attachment to the family, people do not go to far off areas for
jobs.
• Factors like language, religion, and climate are also
responsible for low mobility.

5. Defects in Education System : Jobs in the capitalist world

have become highly specialised but India’s education system
does not provide the right training and specialisation needed
for these jobs.
• Thus many people who are willing to work become
unemployed due to lack of skills.

6. Fall of Cottage and Small industries : The industrial

development had adverse effects on cottage and small
industries.

11
 • The production of cottage industries began to fall and
many artisans became unemployed.

7. Promoting Labour Intensive Industries : There are a

number of labour intensive manufacturing sectors in India
such as food processing, leather and footwear, wood
manufacturers and furniture, textiles and apparel and
garments.
• Special packages, individually designed for each industry
are needed to create jobs.

8. Decentralisation of Industries : Decentralisation of

Industrial activities is necessary so that people of every region
get employment.
• Development of the rural areas will help mitigate the
migration of the rural people to the urban areas thus
decreasing the pressure on the urban area jobs.

9. Drafting National Employment Policy : There is a need

for a National Employment Policy (NEP) that would
encompass a set of multidimensional interventions
covering a whole range of social and economic
issues affecting many policy spheres and not just the areas of
labour and employment.
• The underlying principles for the National Employment
Policy may include:
 Enhancing human capital through skill
development.
 Creating sufficient number of decent quality
jobs for all citizens in the formal and informal
sectors to absorb those who are available and
willing to work.
 Strengthening social cohesion and equity in the
labour market.
 Coherence and convergence in various
initiatives taken by the government.

12
  How to measure Unemployment Rate :-
Unemployment is a situation when a person actively
searches for a job and is unable to find work. Unemployment indicates
the health of the economy.
The unemployment rate is the most frequent measure
of unemployment. The unemployment rate is the number of people
unemployed divided by the working population or people working
under labour force.
Unemployment rate = (Unemployed Workers / Total labour
force) × 100

National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines

employment and unemployment on the following activity statuses of
an individual. NSSO, an organization under MoSPI – Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation measures India’s
unemployment on three approaches:

1. Daily Status Approach : Unemployment status of a person

under this approach is measured for each day in a reference
week. A person having no gainful work even for one hour in a
day is described as unemployed for that day.
2. Status Approach: This approach highlights the record of those
persons who did not have gainful work or were unemployed
even for an hour on any day of the week preceding the date of
the survey.
3. Usual Status Approach: This gives the estimates of those
persons who were unemployed or had no gainful work for a
major time during the 365 days.

13
 Impact of Unemployment in India :-

 There is a direct connection of poverty to unemployment in the

country.

 Indulgence in illegal activities due to money shortage and thus

increase in crime.

 Unemployed persons can easily be

enticed by antisocial elements. This
makes them lose faith in the
democratic values of the country.

 Loss of human resources of the nation.

 Increasing the socio-economic cost of the state government by

bearing their expenses.

 The government suffers extra borrowing burden because

unemployment causes a decrease in the production and less
consumption of goods and services by the people.

 People unemployed for a long time may indulge in illegal and

wrong activities for earning money which increases crime in the
country.

 Unemployment affects the economy of the country as the

workforce that could have been gainfully employed to generate
resources actually gets dependent on the remaining working
population, thus escalating socio-economic costs for the state.
For instance, a 1 % increase in unemployment reduces the
GDP by 2 %.

 It is often seen that unemployed people end up getting addicted

to drugs and alcohol or attempts suicide, leading to losses to
the human resources of the country.

14
  Government Initiative To Control Unemployment :-
Several policies have been initiated by the
government to reduce the unemployment problem in the economy.
The policies to reduce unemployment are highlighted below:
 In 1979 the government launched TRYSEM – Training of Rural
Youth for Self-Employment The objective of this scheme was to
help unemployed youth of rural areas aged between 18 and 35
years to acquire skills for self-employment. The priority under this
scheme was given to women and youth belonging to SC/ST
category.

 The Government launched the IRDP – Integrated Rural

Development Programme (IRDP) in the year 1980 to create full
employment opportunities in rural areas.
 A new initiative was tried namely RSETI/RUDSETI in 1982 jointly
by Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Educational Trust,
Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank. The aim of RUDSETI, the
acronym of Rural Development And Self Employment Training
Institute was to mitigate the unemployment problem among the
youth. Rural Self Employment Training Institutes/ RSETIs are
now managed by Banks with active cooperation from the state
and central Government.
 The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was started in April 1989 by
merging the two existing wage employment programme i.e.
RLEGP – Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
and NREP – National Rural Employment Programme on an
80:20 cost-sharing basis between the state and centre.
 SGRY – Sampoorna Grameen Yojana was launched in
September,2001. The aim is to provide wage employment to
poor, unskilled workers. In rural areas and this program
encourages labour-intensive work among the rural people who
are willing to render manual or unskilled services—the costof the
program is shared the cental and state.
 MNREGA – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act launched in 2005 providing the right to work to
people. An employment scheme of MGNREGA aimed to provide
social security by guaranteeing a minimum of 100 days paid work

15
 per year to all the families whose adult members opt for unskilled
labour-intensive work.
 National Skill Development Mission was set up in November
2014 to drive the ‘Skill India’ agenda in a ‘Mission Mode’ in order
to converge the existing skill training initiatives and combine
scale and quality of skilling efforts, with speed.
 PMKVY – Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana was launched in
2015. The objective of PMKVY was to enable the youth of the
country to take up industry-relevant skill training in order to
acquire a secured better livelihood.
 The government launched the Start-Up India Scheme in 2016.
The aim of Startup India programmes was to develop an
ecosystem that nurtures and promotes entrepreneurship across
the nation.
 Stand Up India Scheme also launched in 2016 aimed to facilitate
bank loans to women and SC/ST borrowers between Rs 10 lakh
and Rs. 1 crore for setting up a greenfield enterprise.

Reconstruction of
Agriculture

Rural
Rapid Steps to reduce
Industrialization
Development
Unemployment Schemes

Population
Control

16
 Brief Review of Literature
Literature review shows the previous track record
of researches and helps trace the future track of research work that can
be undertaken by research scholars. A brief description of some of the
important works of research has been given as under.

 John A. Rockwell (2013), in his paper based on the

contribution of unorganized sector in Indian economy, has focused
on the generation of employment in Indian economy. Unorganized
sector has provided employment to the teaming millions of India. But
employment generated by this sector is relatively of insecure nature
and provides lower wage rates in comparison to the organized
sector. Economic reforms have been responsible for lower wage
rates and retrenchment in organized sector of the economy.

 Divyang Nath Verma (2015) has done his research on

the implications of economic reforms and has forcefully put forward
maxims and three pillars of economic reforms namely privatization,
liberalization and globalization, which have brought about short-term
improvements in employment scenario of the economy. Even after
increased amount of foreign direct investment in economy,
employment could not receive benefits of the foreign direct
investment done in Indian economy. Increase in domestic
investments went in vain and did not bring desired results for labour
force of the economy. This calls for collaborating economic reforms
with political and administrative efforts to bring about stabilization in
the economy. Moreover, reforms should also be targeted to bring
about desired improvements in governmental machinery so that
adopted reforms can be implemented in an efficient manner.

 Raksha Pal Sharma (2015), in her article based on

technological advances and the employment generation, has
discussed the beneficial effects of technological advances in the field
of employment generation. According to her paper, technology and
its usage in productive activities of all the sectors lead to more and
more adoption of capitalintensive techniques of production, which
lead to further downsizing of economic activities. In her view,
technology should be used in a manner so that it does not reduce
number of people getting employment; secondly, more and more
people should be provided training in latest technology and its usage
so that people and their labour do not become obsolete.

17
 Objectives of Study on Unemployment

I. To know about Unemployment.

II. To understand the history behind Unemployment.
III. To distinguish the various types of unemployment.
IV. To figure out the impact and causes of
unemployment.
V. To evaluate the current situation of Unemployment.
VI. To gain the knowledge about Unemployment in
India deeply.
VII. To know the effects of Unemployment in Indian
economy.
VIII. To know the causes behind inflation, unemployment
and growth trend.

18
 Research Methodology

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the

methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical
analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with
a branch of knowledge. The research methodology comprises
of two parts:-
Method of Data Collection:-

1. Primary Data :- The Primary Data for the project is

collected through questionnaire filled by the responds.

2. Secondary Data :- The secondary data used in the

project has been collected from articles, websites &
Books.

19
 Limitations of this Project

I have to complete the project within the limited period

of my B.COM 6th Semester course. The time period is
too limited to complete the project.
Responds can be bias towards some personal liking or
disliking which restricts them giving their frank and fair
opinion.
Since the perception and attitudes varies with each
individual so this effect has been reflected in the study.
Data available a limited for the analysis. If we could
study more years it would have been more effective.
It was quite impossible to consult various library
references due to shortage of time.
Due to political issue it is not possible for me to go into
deep and collect data .

20
Chapter – 2

21
 Scenario of Unemployment Rate in India
Pre Covid Periods
The unemployment rate in India and other countries is
defined as the number of unemployed people as percent of the labor
force. The labor force includes the people who are either employed or
unemployed, i.e. who don't have a job but are actively looking for one.
The labor force does not include people who are not looking for work,
children and the retired.

The unemployment rate seldom declines below 4-5

percent even during boom times. There are always people who move
between different sectors of the economy or between cities. When the
economy goes into recession, then unemployment can reach much
higher numbers, sometimes even in the double digits.
Unemploym ent refers to the share of the lab or force that is
without work but available for and seeking employment.

India: Unemployment rate, 1991 - 2019:

We provide data for India from 1991 to 20 19. The
average value for India during that period was 5.36 percent with a
minimum of 5.27 percent in 2019 and a maximum of 5.44 percent in
2014. The latest value from 2019 is 5.27 percent.

Rate is shown with the help of a Graph below:

Recent Values

Longer Historical Series

22
 Scenario of Unemployment Rate in India
Post Covid Periods
In April 2020, the International Labour Organisation
(ILO) estimated that nearly 2.5 crore jobs could be lost worldwide due to
the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Further, it observed that more than 40
crore informal workers in India may get pushed into deeper poverty due
to the pandemic. In this blog post, we discuss the effect of COVID-19 on
unemployment in urban areas as per the quarterly Periodic Labour
Force Survey (PLFS) report released last week, and highlight some of
the measures taken by the central government with regard to
unemployment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental effect on

the labour market worldwide, causing many individuals to lose their jobs
and businesses to close. The CMIE also reported that the
unemployment rate for the urban areas increased from 8.21% to
9.3%, and from 6.44% to 7.28% for the rural areas.

Unemployment Rate (in %)

Unemployment Rate for Last 6 Months

23
 Indian’s Economy Battles Widespread
Unemployment
The unemployment rate in India, Asia's third-largest economy, rose to
7.9% in December, which corresponds to about 35 million people,
Mahesh Vyas, managing director of the Centre for Monitoring Indian
Economy (CMIE), told DW.

The Indian economy is suffering from long COVID. Lockdown

strategies helped to flatten the curve but it has created almost
irreversible economic disruptions.

The regression of unemployment and economic growth

as an explanatory variable, for India, confirms only 6 per cent impact of
economic growth on unemployment and are inversely related to
each other, while the remaining 94 per cent are by other factors.

One version of Okun's law has stated very simply that

when unemployment falls by 1%, gross national product (GNP) rises by
3%. Another version of Okun's law focuses on a relationship between
unemployment and GDP, whereby a percentage increase in
unemployment causes a 2% fall in GDP.

Relationship Between GDP And Unemployment :-

GDP and unemployment rates usually go together because a
decrease in the GDP is reflected in a decrease in the rate of
employment. A rise in employment levels is a natural result of increased
GDP levels caused by an increase in consumer demands for goods and
services.

24
 West Bengal’s Economy During Covid-19 &
Post Covid-19

GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) :- West Bengal’s GSDP

(at current prices) is estimated to grow at 14.6% rate in 2019-20,
as compared to the 7.5% growth rate estimated to India’s GDP
(Gross Domestic Product). While the country’s GDP growth
declined from 11.2% in 2018-19 to7.5% in 2019-20, GSDP growth
of West Bengal is estimated to increase marginally to 14.6% in
2019-20.
West Bengal’s GSDP (at constant prices) grew by 1.1% in
2020-21, which is less than the growth rate of 2020-21, the
manufacturing sector contracted by 1.2%. West Bengal’s growth
rate in 2020-21 was the higher than the growth in national GDP
(which registered a negative growth of 6.6% in 2020-21).

For 2020-21, the GDSP of West Bengal (at current prices)

is estimated to be Rs.14,44,174 crore. This is based on a GSDP
growth rate of 11.3% expected over the previous year (2019-20).
In 2020-21, GSDP is estimated to grow at a rate of 15% over the
previous year.

The GSDP of West Bengal for 2021-22(at current prices) is

projected to be Rs.15,10,762 crore. This is an annual increase of
10%over the actual GSDP of 2019-20. The GSDP for 2021-22 is
estimated to be 11.5% higher than the revised estimate of GSDP
for 2020-21 (Rs. 13,54,518 crore) . In 2020-21, the GSDP of West
Bengal is estimated to grow by 8% over the previous year.

25
Chapter – 3

26
 Unemployment Rate in India Pre Covid Periods (Monthly Time Series in %)

States Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020

Andhra 5.2 5.8 5.2 4.0 4.4 3.3 4.3 3.7 5.4 3.9 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8
Pradesh
Assam 5.1 5.4 6.8 5.0 4.8 5.9 4.1 6.5 5.1 5.8 4.9 0.9 4.7 4.4

Bihar 8.7 11.5 11.3 12.2 10.6 10.6 13.8 11.8 10.1 12.7 13.1 10.7 10.6 10.3

Chhattisgarh 7.9 7.3 3.7 3.4 9.8 8.1 5.5 5.1 8.6 7.8 4.2 5.4 9.7 8.4

Delhi 12.2 11.6 13.1 8.4 12.3 12.7 14.6 13.6 20.4 12.5 16.0 11.2 22.2 14.8

Goa 7.5 7.1 8.9 9.3 2.8 10.7 11.8 3.7 3.5 10.4 24.7 11.8 8.9 2.8

Gujrat 5.8 5.5 4.5 3.0 3.4 5.5 4.8 3.9 6.2 5.2 5.9 4.4 5.5 6.4

Haryana 17.9 21.3 19.0 26.4 18.3 22.1 19.5 28.7 20.2 23.0 20.4 27.6 20.3 25.8

Himachal 13.9 13.8 18.8 19.6 13.4 12.6 20.7 19.2 15.6 16.7 23.3 20.2 16.8 16.8
Pradesh
Jammu & 17.1 15.2 15.2 10.6 16.3 14.7 16.3 22.4 19.9 20.7 14.6 12.5 21.1 20.8
Kashmir
Jharkhand 9.1 6.9 13.6 12.2 9.9 11.7 11.5 14.3 10.3 9.9 10.6 17.0 10.6 11.8

Karnataka 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.5 5.9 5.6 1.3 0.7 3.3 5.8 2.2 0.9 2.9 3.6

Kerala 6.6 7.4 6.4 8.8 6.4 8.0 6.2 9.1 5.4 7.4 5.8 9.2 5.3 7.6

Madhya 4.8 6.5 5.4 6.5 3.7 4.9 4.9 5.5 4.4 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.6
Pradesh
Maharashtra 5.7 3.7 3.3 4.1 4.7 5.3 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.0 4.7

Meghalaya 2.6 6.4 2.0 2.3 4.1 5.1 1.7 1.6 1.2 4.3 1.8 2.5 1.7 3.6

Odisha 4.2 6.6 2.8 6.4 4.0 4.3 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 1.9 3.1

Puducherry 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.8 1.2 0.9 4.0 0.6 1.8

Punjab 10.5 12.4 9.8 7.5 10.7 12.6 10.4 8.7 11.3 13.0 8.3 8.4 11.1 11.0

Rajasthan 7.7 10.6 9.7 12.6 6.6 13.9 10.2 13.1 7.5 14.2 11.5 15.0 11.0 15.2

Sikkim 13.2 8.3 6.8 4.8 13.3 9.0 6.8 2.1 6.4 7.1 9.7 3.3 NA NA

Tamil Nadu 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.2 0.9 1.2 4.8 5.8 1.8 1.3 2.5 5.7 1.6 2.1

Telengana 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.0 4.4 2.9 2.4 4.8 7.1 6.1 2.3 5.5 8.3

Tripura 32.6 26.2 23.0 25.4 30.9 26.4 23.4 27.9 31.2 27.3 25.8 28.6 32.7 28.4

Uttar 9.6 9.5 8.9 11.1 11.3 11.2 9.8 12.3 8.1 10.2 8.1 9.4 7.6 9.0
Pradesh
Uttarakhand 3.5 5.1 5.0 6.4 3.6 4.7 6.1 6.5 5.1 4.8 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.0

West Bengal 7.0 6.5 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.1 6.2 6.9 4.9

Source - CMIE

27
  Situations of WEST BENGAL :-

Table : Unemployment Rate (in %) in PRE Covid Periods

States Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020
West 7.0 6.5 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.1 6.2 6.9 4.9
Bengal

WEST BENGAL
WEST BENGAL
8
7
6
5
RATE

4
3
2
1
0

MONTH

Column Chart
Jan-19

7%
West Bengal Feb-19
7%
Mar-19
7% Apr-19
8%
May-19
7% Jun-19
7%
Jul-19
7% Aug-19
36% 7%
Sep-19
Oct-19
7% 8%
Nov-19
Dec-19
7% 6%
Jan-20
7% 8% Feb-20

Pie Chart

28
 Unemployment Rate in India During Covid Periods (Monthly Time Series in %)

States Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021

Andhra 5.8 20.5 17.4 3.3 8.3 7.0 6.4 6.6 6.0 6.7 4.5 3.7 5.9 4.9
Pradesh
Assam 4.8 11.1 9.6 0.6 3.8 5.5 1.2 3.0 4.0 7.6 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.2

Bihar 15.4 46.6 46.0 17.8 12.8 13.4 11.9 9.8 10.0 12.7 10.5 11.5 14.6 11.5

Chhattisgarh 7.5 3.4 10.5 14.2 10.3 5.6 2.0 6.7 3.4 7.2 6.4 6.0 2.7 3.0

Delhi 17.0 16.7 42.3 18.2 20.3 13.8 12.5 6.3 6.6 7.6 12.5 8.0 9.4 27.3

Goa 5.2 13.3 21.2 10.0 17.1 16.2 15.4 10.9 15.9 13.2 16.0 20.6 22.1 25.7

Gujrat 6.7 18.7 12.1 3.2 1.8 1.9 3.4 4.0 3.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.2 1.8

Haryana 25.1 43.2 29.0 26.7 24.2 33.5 19.3 27.3 25.6 32.5 17.6 26.3 27.6 35.1
Himachal 18.8 2.2 26.9 13.5 24.3 15.8 11.4 13.5 15.9 7.9 11.6 15.6 14.2 11.1
Pradesh
Jammu & 15.5 NA 18.7 17.9 10.9 11.1 16.2 16.1 8.6 16.6 21.9 14.2 9.5 11.4
Kashmir
Jharkhand 8.2 47.1 59.2 20.9 7.6 9.8 9.3 11.8 9.5 12.4 11.3 12.2 12.8 16.5

Karnataka 3.5 29.8 20.0 8.4 4.0 0.5 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.4 3.3 2.5 1.2 2.0

Kerala 9.0 17.0 17.9 9.7 7.1 11.0 5.9 3.9 5.8 6.5 5.5 4.3 5.9 7.5

Madhya 2.2 12.4 22.0 6.5 5.1 4.7 3.9 3.3 4.3 4.0 6.2 2.0 1.5 1.4
Pradesh
Maharashtra 5.8 20.9 15.5 9.2 3.9 6.2 4.5 4.2 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.5 5.5
Meghalaya 1.6 10.0 5.9 1.1 2.1 3.7 4.3 4.6 1.1 6.6 3.3 3.8 1.3 1.4

Odisha 13.1 23.8 11.4 3.8 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.2 1.7 0.2 3.0 2.5 1.6 1.9

Puducherry 1.2 75.8 58.2 4.2 15.5 5.0 10.9 6.2 2.2 2.7 7.6 5.8 1.4 2.7

Punjab 10.3 2.9 28.3 16.6 9.2 11.0 9.6 9.8 7.6 4.4 8.1 7.2 7.3 5.3

Rajasthan 11.9 17.7 15.7 14.4 15.8 17.5 15.3 24.1 18.5 28.2 17.7 25.6 19.7 28.0

Sikkim 23.6 2.3 24.5 4.5 4.5 12.5 5.7 0.9 1.9 0.7 0.0 4.3 1.7 1.8

Tamil Nadu 6.4 49.8 33.2 12.2 6.8 2.6 5.0 2.2 1.1 0.5 4.0 4.8 3.0 2.3

Telengana 5.8 6.2 14.7 10.6 5.4 5.8 3.3 2.9 1.6 7.0 4.3 5.6 3.7 5.0

Tripura 29.9 41.2 21.5 21.7 18.2 27.9 17.4 11.6 13.1 18.2 18.1 11.1 13.9 17.3

Uttar 10.1 21.5 20.4 9.5 5.6 5.8 4.2 3.8 5.2 14.9 4.9 4.1 4.1 6.3
Pradesh
Uttarakhand 19.9 6.5 8.0 8.6 12.4 14.3 22.3 9.2 1.5 5.2 4.5 4.7 3.3 6.0

West Bengal 6.9 17.4 17.4 7.3 6.8 14.9 9.3 10.2 11.2 6.0 5.2 6.2 7.5 7.6

Source - CMIE

29
  Situations of WEST BENGAL :-
Table : Unemployment Rate (in %) in DURING Covid
Periods

States Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021
West 6.9 17.4 17.4 7.3 6.8 14.9 9.3 10.2 11.2 6.0 5.2 6.2 7.5 7.6
Bengal

WEST BENGAL WEST BENGAL

20
18
16
14
12
RATE

10
8
6
4
2
0

MONTH

Column Chart

WEST BENGAL Mar-20

8% Apr-20
7% May-20
8%
4% Jun-20
11% Jul-20
4% Aug-20
Sep-20
5% 5%
25% Oct-20
Nov-20
5% 6%
Dec-20
Jan-21
6% Feb-21
13%
5% Mar-21
13% Apr-21

Pie Chart

30
Unemployment Rate in India Post Covid periods (Monthly Time Series in %)

States May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

Andhra 12.8 7.4 8.7 6.5 6.1 5.4 6.3 5.6 6.2 7.1 9.2 5.3
Pradesh
Assam 0.1 0.6 1.9 6.7 3.5 3.7 4.1 5.8 8.5 10.2 7.7 1.2

Bihar 13.8 10.5 13.0 13.6 10.0 13.9 14.8 16.0 13.3 14.0 14.4 21.1

Chhattisgarh 8.0 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.4 3.0 1.8 2.1 3.0 1.7 0.6 0.6

Delhi 45.6 8.8 10.7 11.6 16.8 11.0 9.3 9.8 14.1 9.3 8.9 11.2

Goa 20.5 17.9 21.7 12.6 7.4 12.0 12.7 12.0 11.6 12.0 NA 15.5

Gujrat 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.2 2.5 1.8 1.6

Haryana 28.7 27.8 28.1 35.7 21.1 30.7 29.2 34.1 23.4 31.0 26.7 34.5

Himachal 7.7 16.9 15.0 3.7 8.7 14.1 13.8 9.4 13.9 11.7 12.1 0.2
Pradesh
Jammu & 11.9 10.6 15.4 13.6 21.4 22.2 21.2 15.0 15.0 13.2 25.0 15.6
Kashmir
Jharkhand 16.0 12.7 9.4 16.0 13.1 18.1 11.2 17.3 8.9 15.0 14.5 14.2

Karnataka 5.3 5.5 2.0 1.5 3.1 1.5 2.8 1.4 2.9 2.0 1.8 2.7

Kerala 23.5 15.8 7.5 7.8 8.9 5.4 7.1 6.7 5.0 5.0 6.7 5.8

Madhya 5.2 2.3 2.3 3.5 3.1 1.8 1.6 3.4 3.2 2.7 1.4 1.6
Pradesh
Maharashtra 5.8 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.7 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.1
Meghalaya 6.5 2.8 0.4 0.6 2.1 1.8 0.7 3.0 1.5 1.4 1.8 2.2

Odisha 7.0 3.6 1.1 2.2 2.8 1.1 0.6 1.6 1.8 1.0 9.7 1.5

Puducherry 24.0 47.1 9.6 8.6 11.2 6.0 6.3 6.2 7.8 3.7 4.2 5.6

Punjab 8.8 8.3 6.9 6.0 9.3 11.4 6.7 6.8 9.0 9.0 7.0 7.2

Rajasthan 27.6 26.3 21.1 26.7 17.9 29.5 20.2 27.1 18.9 32.3 25.0 28.8

Sikkim 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA 10.0 NA NA NA NA NA 8.7

Tamil Nadu 28.0 8.3 4.8 6.3 7.0 4.9 5.1 6.9 5.3 3.2 4.1 3.2

Telengana 7.2 4.8 4.0 4.7 3.6 4.1 4.1 2.2 0.7 12.9 6.8 9.9

Tripura 19.9 9.6 13.3 15.6 15.3 9.9 13.4 14.7 17.1 9.8 14.1 14.6

Uttar 6.9 4.3 5.0 7.0 5.0 4.2 4.8 4.9 3.0 2.7 4.4 2.9
Pradesh
Uttarakhand 5.5 4.8 3.2 6.2 4.1 3.3 3.1 5.0 3.5 4.6 3.5 5.3

West Bengal 19.3 22.1 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.6 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.2

Source - CMIE

31
  Situations of WEST BENGAL :-
Table : Unemployment Rate (in %) in POST Covid Periods

States May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

West 19.3 22.1 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.6 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.2
Bengal

WEST BENGAL
25

20 WEST BENGAL
15
RATE

10

MONTH

Column Chart

WEST BENGAL May-21

5% 6% Jun-21
6% Jul-21
7%
7% 6% Aug-21
Sep-21
7% 6% Oct-21

23% Nov-21

5% Dec-21
Jan-22
21% Feb-22
6%
Mar-22
18% Apr-22

Pie Chart

32
 Comparison of Unemployment Rate (%) Between PRE,
DURING & POST Covid Periods :- WEST BENGAL

♦ MEAN :-

A. Unemployment Rate(%) in Pre Covid Periods (Monthly):-

States Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020
West 7.0 6.5 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.1 6.2 6.9 4.9
Bengal

Mean = (7.0+6.5+6.1+6.5+6.4+6.3+6.3+6.1+6.4+7.1+6.1+6.2+6.9+4.9) / 14

= 6.343%.

B. Unemployment Rate(%) in During Covid Periods (Monthly) :-

States Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021
West 6.9 17.4 17.4 7.3 6.8 14.9 9.3 10.2 11.2 6.0 5.2 6.2 7.5 7.6
Bengal

Mean = (6.9+17.4+17.4+7.3+6.8+14.9+9.3+10.2+11.2+6.0+5.2+6.2+7.5+7.6) / 14

= 9.564%.

C. Unemployment Rate(%) in Post Covid Periods (Monthly):-

States May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
West 19.3 22.1 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.6 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.2
Bengal

Mean = (19.3+22.1+7.4+7.4+6.8+5.6+6.7+7.3+6.4+6.3+5.6+6.2) / 12

= 8.925%.

33
 Average Unemployment Rate (%) :- WEST BENGAL

STATE PRE COVID DURING COVID POST COVID

PERIODS PERIODS PERIODS
WEST BENGAL 6 .343 9.564 8.925

WEST BENGAL
WEST BENGAL

POST COVID PERIODS 8.925%

DURING COVID PERIODS 9.564%

PRE COVID PERIODS 6.343%

Bar Chart

Findings :-

From the above chart, we clearly see, the

highest unemployment rate was in During Covid
Periods i.e. 9.564%. Next, the unemployment rate is
high in Post Covid Periods i.e. 8.925%.
Comparatively, the unemployment rate w as low in Pre
Covid Periodsi.e. 6.343%.

34
 ♦ MEDIAN :-
A. Unemployment Rate(%) in Pre Covid Periods (Monthly):-
WEST BENGAL

States Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020
West 7.0 6.5 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.1 6.2 6.9 4.9
Bengal
To find the median, we arrange the given rates in ascending order of
magnitude as follows:

4.9, 6.1, 6.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.3, 6.4, 6.4, 6.5, 6.5, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1

Clearly, total number of rates = 14

Therefore, the required median = value of rates in [(14+1)/2]th positon = 7.5th position
= A.M. of the rates in 7th and 8th positions
= [(6.3+6.4)/2] = 12.7/2 = 6.35

Then , Median = 6.35%.

B. Unemployment Rate(%) in During Covid Periods (Monthly) :-

WEST BENGAL
States Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021
West 6.9 17.4 17.4 7.3 6.8 14.9 9.3 10.2 11.2 6.0 5.2 6.2 7.5 7.6
Bengal
To find the median, we arrange the given rates in ascending order of magnitude
as follows:

5.2, 6.0, 6.2, 6.8, 6.9, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 9.3, 10.2, 11.2, 14.9, 17.4, 17.4

Clearly, total number of rates = 14

Therefore, the required median = value of rates in [(14+1)/2]th positon = 7.5th position
= A.M. of the rates in 7th and 8th positions
= [(7.5+7.6)/2] = 15.1/2 = 7.55
Then , Median = 7.55%.

C. Unemployment Rate(%) in Post Covid Periods (Monthly):-

WEST BENGAL
States May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022
West 19.3 22.1 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.6 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.2
Bengal
To find the median, we arrange the given rates in ascending order of magnitude
as follows:

35
5.6, 5.6, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 6.8, 7.3, 7.4, 7.4, 19.3, 22.1
Clearly, total number of rates = 12
Therefore, the required median = value of rates in [(12+1)/2]th posit on = 6.5th position
= A.M. of the rates in 6th and 7th positions
= [(6.7+6.8)/2] = 13.5/2 = 6.75
Then , Median = 6.75%.

Graphical Representation of Unemployment Rate(%) through

Median(%) :-West Bengal

STATE PRE COVID DURING COVID POST COVID

PERIODS PERIODS PERIODS
WEST BENGAL 6.35 7.55 6.75

WEST BENGAL
WEST BENGAL

POST COVID PERIODS 6.75%

DURING COVID PERIODS 7.55%

PRE COVID PERIODS 6.35%

Bar Chart

Findings :-

From the above chart, we clearly see, the

highest medi an of unemployment rate was in During
Covid Period s i.e. 7.55%. Next, the median of
unemployment n rate is high in Post Covid Periods i.e.
6.75%. Comparatively, the median of une mployment
rate was low in Pre Covid Periods i.e. 6.35%.

36
♦ STANDARD DEVIATION & VARIANCE :-
A. Standard Deviation Of Unemployment Rate(%) In Pre Covid
Periods(Monthly) :- WEST BENGAL
MONTHS RATES (x) (x - x) = x- 6.343 (x - x)2
Jan-19 7.0 0.657 0.432
Feb-19 6.5 0.157 0.025
Mar-19 6.1 -0.243 0.059
Apr-19 6.5 0.157 0.025
May-19 6.4 0.057 0.003
Jun-19 6.3 -0.043 0.002
Jul-19 6.3 -0.043 0.002
Aug-19 6.1 -0.243 0.059
Sep-19 6.4 0.057 0.003
Oct-19 7.1 0.757 0.573
Nov-19 6.1 -0.243 0.059
Dec-19 6.2 -0.143 0.020
Jan-20 6.9 0.557 0.310
Feb-20 4.9 -1.443 2.082
x = 88.8 (x - x)2= 3.654
Clearly, the mean of 14 given rates = (88.8/14) = 6.343%.
If be the required standard deviation of the given data, then by
definition,
S.D( ) = (x - x)2/n = (3.654/14) = 0.511%.
Variance = 2 = 0.261%.

B. Standard Deviation Of Unemployment Rate(%) In During

Covid Periods(Monthly) :- WEST BENGAL
MONTHS RATES (x) (x - x) = x-9.564 (x - x)2
Mar-20 6.9 -2.664 7.097
Apr-20 17.4 7.836 61.403
May-20 17.4 7.836 61.403
Jun-20 7.3 -2.264 5.126
Jul-20 6.8 -2.764 7.640
Aug-20 14.9 5.336 28.473
Sep-20 9.3 -0.264 0.070
Oct-20 10.2 0.636 0.404
Nov-20 11.2 1.636 2.676
Dec-20 6.0 -3.564 12.702
Jan-21 5.2 -4.364 19.044
Feb-21 6.2 -3.364 11.316
Mar-21 7.5 -2.064 4.260
Apr-21 7.6 -1.964 3.857
x = 133.9 (x - x)2= 225.471

37
 Clearly, the mean of 14 given rates = (133.9/14) = 9.564%.
If be the required standard deviation of the given data, then by
definition,
S.D( ) = (x - x)2/n = (225.471/14) = 4.013%.
Variance = 2 = 16.104%.

C. Standard Deviation Of Unemployment Rate(%) In Post Covid

Periods(Monthly) :- WEST BENGAL
MONTHS RATES(x) (x - x) = x- 8.925 (x - x)2
May-21 19.3 10.375 107.641
Jun-21 22.1 13.175 173.581
Jul-21 7.4 -1.525 2.326
Aug-21 7.4 -1.525 2.326
Sep-21 6.8 -2.125 4.516
Oct-21 5.6 -3.325 11.056
Nov-21 6.7 -2.225 4.951
Dec-21 7.3 -1.625 2.641
Jan-22 6.4 -2.525 6.376
Feb-22 6.3 -2.625 6.891
Mar-22 5.6 -3.325 11.056
Apr-22 6.2 -2.725 7.426
x = 107.1 (x - x)2= 340.787

Clearly, the mean of 12 given rates = (107.1/12) = 8.925%.

If be the required standard deviation of the given data, then by
definition,
S.D( ) = (x - x)2/n = (340.787/12) = 5.329%.
Variance = 2 = 28.398%.

Standard Deviation & Variance of Unemployment

Rate(%) :- WEST BENGAL

Periods PRE COVID DURING COVID POST COVID

PERIODS PERIODS PERIODS
Data
STANDARD 0.511 4.013 5.329
DEVIATION ( )
2
VARIANCE ( ) 0.261 16.104 28.398

38
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION :-

WEST BENGAL
S.D Variance
28.398%

16.104%

5.329%
4.013%
0.511% 0.261%

Pre Covid periods During Covid Periods Post Covid periods

Column Chart

Findings :-
Here, we can clearly see, the S.D of Pre
Covid Periods is too low i.e. 0.511% and Variance is
0.261%. In During Covid Periods S.D is comparatively
higher than Pre Covid periods i.e. 4.013% and Variance is
16.104%. And S.D is highest in Post Covid Periods i.e.
5.329% and Variance is 28.398%.

39
Chapter – 4

40
 Survey Report Introduction
A survey is a data collection method used gather
information about individuals. It enables researches to collect a wide
range of information and data efficiently. A survey can be done through
several ways such as email, Questionnaire, Interview and so on.

In this assignment, it has already been discovered that the

unemployment rate (%) is increasing on & from covid periods and so on.
In India, the unemployment rate in urban areas rose to 20.9% during the
April-Jue,2020, more than double the unemployment rate in the same
quarter the previous year(8.9%).During the October-December quarter
of 2020 unemployment rate had reduced to 10.3%.However, it was
notably higher than the unemployment rate in the same quarter last
year(7.9%). In March,2022 the rate of unemployment was 7.60% . And
in April,2022 the rate of Unemployment had been increased to 7.83%.
As per CMIE Report, in April,2022 ,the Unemployment rate in urban
areas(9.22%) is higher than unemployment rate in rural areas(7.18%).

This survey was conducted in a part of West Bengal through

spreading a questionnaire with the help of Google form. Around 40
responses are being collected & the data is analyzed by column
diagrams & pie charts.

41
 Occupation
Student Service Business Unemployed
15 13 3 9

Occupation

23%

37%
Student
Service
8%
Business
Unemployed

32%

Employed / Unemployed
Employed Unemployed
16 24

Employed/Unemployed

Employed Unemployed

40%

60%

Out of 40 people, 24 people are unemployed.

It means {(24/40)*100} = 60% people are Unemployed as per Survey
Report.

42
As the project title is Unemployment In India (Special reference to
West Bengal) : Pre,During & Post Covid Periods , I will proceeded my
project with the 60% people those who are unemployed in this survey.

Gender :-

Gender Nos. of People

Male 14

Female 10

Gender Wise Distribution

Female
Male

Here, Out of 24 peoples, Nos. of Male = 14 & Nos. of Female = 10

Therefore,
Percentage(%) of Unemployed Male = {(14/24)*100} = 58.33%
Percentage(%) of Unemployed Female = {(10/24)*100} = 41.67% .

43
 Age :-

Ages Nos. of People

Below 18 yr s 03
19 – 28 yrs 13
29 – 40 yrs 03
41 – 60 yrs 05

Age Wise Distribution

14

12

10

6 Nos. of People

0
Below 18 yrs 19 - 25 yrs 26 - 40 yrs 41- 60 yrs

Here, We can see, Out of 24 people, Nos. of Below 18 yrs people = 03,
Nos. between 19 yrs and 25 yrs people = 13, Nos. between 26 yrs and
40 yrs people = 03 & Nos. between 41 yrs and 60 yrs people = 05.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of Below 18 yrs people = {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage(%) Between 19 yrs and 25 yrs people
= {(13/24)*100} = 54.17%.
Percentage(%) Between 26 yrs and 40 yrs people
= {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage(%) Between 41 yrs and 60 yrs people
= {(5/24)*100} = 20.83%.

44
 District :-

Districts Nos. of People

Hooghly 11
Burdwan 03
Howrah 04
Kolkata 02
North 24 PGS. 04

District Wise Distribution

12
Nos. of People
10

0
Hooghly Burdwan Howrah Kolkata North 24 PGS.

Here, Out of 24 people, Nos. of unemployed people who live in Hooghly

= 11, Nos. of unemployed people who live in Burdwan = 3, Nos. of
unemployed people who live in Howrah = 4, Nos. of unemployed people
who live in Kolkata = 2, Nos. of unemployed people who live in North 24
PGS. = 4.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of Unemployed people who live in Hooghly
= {(11/24)*100} = 45.83%.
Percentage(%) of Unemployed people who live in Burdwan
= {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage (%) of Unemployed people who live in Howrah
= {(4/24)*100} = 16.67%.
Percentage(%) of Unemployed people who live in Kolkata
= {(2/24)*100} = 8.33%.
Percentage(%) of Unemployed people who live in North 24 PGS.
= {(4/24)*100} = 16.67%.

45
 Locality :-

Locality Nos. of People

Rural 14

Urban 10

Locality Wise Distribution

Urban

Rural

Here, Out of 24 people, Nos. of people who stay in Rural areas = 14

Nos. of people who stay in Urban areas = 10
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of people who live in Rural areas
= {(14/24)*100} = 58.33%.
Percentage(%) of people who live in Urban areas
= {(10/24)*100} = 41.67%.

* 58.33%people who are unemployed stay in Rural areas.

46
 Educational Qualification :-

Qualification Nos. of People

Under Madhyamik 03
Higher Secondary(H.S) 08
Graduate 12
Post Graduate(PG) 01

Educational Qualification wise

Distribution

Under Madhyamik
Higher Secondary
Graduate
Post Graduate

Here, Out of 24 people , Nos. of people who are studied under

Madhyamik = 03, Nos. of people who are passed Higher Secondary
Examination = 08, Nos. of people who are Graduate = 12 & Nos. of
people who are passed in Post Graduate = 01.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of people who are studied Under Madhyamik
= {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage(%) of people who are passed Higher Secondary (H.S)
= {(8/24)*100} = 33.33%.
Percentage(%) of people who are Graduate = {(12/24)*100} = 50%.
Percentage(%) of people who are passed in Post Graduate
= {(1/24)*100} = 4.17%.
* Most Unemployed people(50%) are Graduate in this survey.
47
 You were unemployed because of ? :-

Reason of Unemployment Nos. of People

Don’t apply for any jobs 04
Waiting for new job to start 06
Personal or family issues 02
Employee layoffs due to Covid-19 12

Reason of Unemployment
Don’t apply for
any jobs

Waiting for new

job to start

Personal or
family issues

Employee
layoffs due to
Covid-19

Here, Out of 24 people, Nos. of unemployed people who don’t apply for
jobs = 04, Nos. of unemployed people who waiting for new job to start =
06, Nos. of people who are unemployed for personal or family issues =
02 & Nos. of unemployed people who lose their jobs for Covid-19 = 12.

Therefore,
Percentage(%) of unemployed people who don’t apply for any jobs
= {(4/24)*100 = 16.67%.
Percentage(%) of unemployed people who are waiting for new jobs
= {(6/24)*100} = 25%.
Percentage(%) of people who are unemployed for personal or family
issues = {(2/24)*100} = 8.33%.
Percentage(%) of unemployed people who lost their jobs for Covid-19
= {(12/24)*100} = 50%.
* Most of the people(50%) lost their jobs as employees layoffs
due to Covid-19.

48
 When you lost your Jobs? :-
Situations Nos. of People
Pre Cov id Periods 03
During Covid Periods 08
Post Covid Periods 05
Don’t Apply for jobs 03
No Answer 05

Pre Covid Periods

During Covid Periods

Post Covid Periods

Don't Apply for jobs

No Answer

Here, Out of 24 people , Nos. of people who lost their jobs in pre covid
periods = 03, Nos. of people who lost their jobs during covid periods =
08, Nos. of people who lost their jobs in post covid periods = 05, Nos. of
people who don’t apply for jobs = 03 & Nos. of people who don’t answer
= 05.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of people who lost their jobs in pre covid periods
= {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage(%) of people who lost their jobs during covid periods
= {(8/24)*100} = 33.33%.
Percentage(%) of people who lost their jobs in post covid periods
= {(5/24)*100} = 20.83%.
Percentage(%) of people who don’t apply for any jobs
= {(3/24)*100} = 12.5%.
Percentage(%) of people who don’t give any response
= {(5/24)*100} = 20.84%.
* 33.33% people lost their jobs During Covid Periods.

49
 Any other source of Income :-

Responses Nos. of People

Yes 04
No 18
No Response 02

Yes
No
No Response

Here, Out of 24 people, Nos. of people who have other source of income
= 04, Nos. of people who have not any other source of income = 18,
Nos. of people who don’t give any response = 02.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of people who have other source of income
= {(4/24)*100} = 16.67%.
Percentage(%) of people who haven’t any other source of income
= {(18/24)*100} = 75%.
Percentage(%) of people who don’t give any response
= {(2/24)*100} = 8.33%.

* Most of the people (75%) has not any other source of

income.

50
 How was your financial condition, when you were
Unemployed?

Responses Nos. of People

Ordinary 07
Too Poor 05
Spending a Day with Great Difficulty 10
No Answer 02

Ordinary

Too Poor

Spending a Day with

Great Difficulty
No Answ er

Here, Out of 24 people, Nos. of people whose financial condition was

ordinary =07, Nos. of people whose financial condition was too poor =
05, Nos. of people who spent a day with great difficulty when
unemployed = 10 & Nos. of people who don’t give any response = 02.
Therefore,
Percentage(%) of people whose financial condition was ordinary
= {(7/24)*100} = 29.17%.
Percentage(%) of people whose financial condition was too poor
= {(5/24)*100} = 20.83%.
Percentage(%) of people who spent a day with great difficulty
= {(10/24)*100} = 41.67%.
Percentage(%) of people who don’t give any response
= {(2/24)*100} = 8.33%.
* Most of the people(41.67%) who Spent a day with Great
Difficulty when they were unemployed.

51
Chapter – 5

52
 CONCLUSION

As a concluding remark, we may say that there is existence of

various types of unemployment in Indian economy. Economy of India is
in a transition phase and a large amount of its labour force is engaged in
agricultural sector. It suffers from disguised unemployment in agricultural
sector and structural unemployment is its permanent feature, because
the growth of labour force on per year basis is far greater than rate at
which jobs are being created in economy. To counter all these types of
unemployment, the government of India needs a definite strategy and
proper implementation of the policies to generate employment
opportunities in the economy.

India is a fast growing economy. There has been enormous

improvement in the unemployment scenario since the time it was
recognized as a challenge. The government is implementing various
measures for increasing the employment rate and has succeeded to a
great extent. Participation of women and the marginalized groups
speaks about the success of the policy measures.

We can easily see, During Covid Periods, the rate of

unemployment was too high in India, and the rate of unemployment in
West Bengal was also high but comparatively lower than India’s
unemployment rate. Many people lost their jobs in that mean time.
Mostly, male people whose age was between 19 yrs and 25 yrs lost their
jobs in that time.

Furthermore, the COVID-19 epidemic stunned the whole world's

economy, including India's. During this crisis, many individuals all around
the globe have lost their employment. The government must seek for
methods to re-hire individuals who have been laid off as a consequence
of the crisis.

53
 SUGGESTIONS

Despite the measures taken by the government, India

remains a country experiencing severe unemployment problems. This
section seeks to propose strategies for reducing unemployment in India.
Government should invest more in human capital
development to increase the employability in our country. It should also
emphasis more on imparting quality education to the people. Education
should be imparted in such a way that it should empower the youth with
the necessary skills which can make them employable.
It has been observed that unemployment is especially
concentrated in certain regions. In order to overcome this geographical
disparity, the government could incentivize firms to set up operations in
these areas by giving tax breaks. Alternatively, financial assistance can
be provided to unemployed workers who moved to established areas
which have high employment.
The interest rates should be decreased which would lower the cost of
credit and encourage people to spend and invest. Also, the exchange
rates would get reduced and which would lead to increase export.
Reduction of income tax would work as an incentive for the unemployed
as well as employed. It is an attractive proposition which motivates the
unemployed to join the labour market and the existing workforce to strive
harder. Lower Corporation Tax encourages the young entrepreneurs to
start their own ventures.
Vocation courses are recognized as an important part of under-
graduation and post-graduation collages. Government should emphasis
in inculcating these courses in the primary level and makes it
compulsory part of the curriculum so that people so that people become
proficient in their early stage of life. Career Counseling should be
provided within the school and should reach all the students.

54
Chapter - 6

55
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Micro Economic Theory -- Gold & Ferguson
Business Economics and Business Environment -- Banerjee
& Majumdar ABS Publications
Indian Economy -- Dutt & Sundaram S.Chand
Publications
Indian Economy -- Fernando Pearson
Microecomics II and Indian Economy -- Dr. Ajoy Kr. Nandy
Bharoter Arthaniti -- Joydeb Sarkhel & Swapan Kr. Roy

WEBLIOGRAPHY

https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/
https://www.ilo.org/
https://mospi.gov.in/web/plfs
https://data-flair.training/blogs/unemployment-in-india/
https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/impact-of-covid-19-on-
unemployment-in-urban-areas
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unemployment.asp
https://byjus.com/govt-exams/unemployment-in-india/
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-
analysis/unemployment-in-india-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206417/
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/India/unemployment_rate/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7785398/
https://www.dw.com/en/covid-indias-economy-battles-
widespread-unemployment-inflation/a-60612013
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/small-
thoughts/impact-of-covid-19-on-employment-in-india-33336/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/1-out-of-6-in-
bengal-1-of-4-in-india-jobless-after-
lockdown/articleshow/76205049.cms
www.mygov.com

56
ANNEXURE

57
 1. Name - ……………………………….

2. Occupation -
a) Student
b) Service
c) Business
d) Unemployed

3. Are you employed?

a) Yes
b) No

Those answer was ‘No’ for the above question, Only they fill these
next questions -

4. Gender
a) Male
b) Female

5. Age
a) Below 18 years
b) 19 - 25 years
c) 29 - 40 years
d) 41 - 60 years
e) Above 60 years

6. District -
……………………....

7. Locality
a) Urban
b) Rural

8. Educational Qualification
a) Under Madhyamik
b) Higher Secondary
c) Graduate
d) Post Graduate

58
9. You were Unemployed because of
a) Don’t apply for any jobs
b) Waiting for new job to start
c) Personal or family issues
d) Employee layoffs due to Covid 19

10. When you lost your Jobs ?

a) Pre Covid Periods
b) During Covid Periods
c) Post Covid Periods
d) Don’t apply for any jobs

11. Do you have other source of income?

a) Yes
b) No

12. How was your financial condition, when you were unemployed?
a) Ordinary
b) Too Poor
c) Spending a day with great difficulty .

59