Abstract

This is a compiled document that deals with mixed use buildings in the first part and Case
studies of it at both international and local level. In this document of literature review , we will
try to see the fundamentals of mixed use building standards, definition , programs and the
essential components, every types and the current way and building system and implementation
of mixed
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the almighty god with his holy mother for every things I encounter in my
life.I would like to express my great gratitude for my instructors to helping us do this project and
hope their consultation will bring me good experience
 Introduction
Mixed-use is a kind of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning type
that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or
entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and
functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.
In this file we will try to discuss on the , meaning ,type ,standard design consideration and other
aspects of mixed use
What is a mixed use building ?
A mixed-use building aims to combine three or more uses into one structure such as residential,
hotel, retail, parking, transportation, cultural, and entertainment. Whatever the
combination, it brings together several uses within either one building or a small area. Mixed-use
development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy
across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private
developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development
may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or brownfield site, or a combination

CONTEXTS IN MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of
contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or
situation)  As part of smart growth planning strategies 
In traditional urban neighborhoods
as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e. upgrading the buildings and public spaces and
amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life -
examples include Barracks Row in Washington, D.C. and East Liberty,
In traditional suburbs
adding one or more mixed-use developments to provide a new or more prominent "downtown"
for the community - examples include new projects in downtown Bethesda, Maryland, an inner
suburb of Washington, D.C., and the Excelsior & Grand complex in St. Louis Park, Minnesota,
an inner suburb of Minneapol

BENEFITS OF MIXED USE BUILDING

Economic
Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing opportunities. Many
of these projects are already located in established downtown districts, meaning that
development of public transit systems is incentivized in these regions. By taking undervalued
and underutilized land, often former heavy industrial, developers can repurpose it to increase
land and property values. These projects also increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes
affordability through their focus on multifamily, rather than single-family housing compounds. A
more equal balance between the supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these
districts

Social
 Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at Pentagon Row in Arlington, VA.
This development pattern is centered around the idea of “live, work, play,” transforming
buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of life
are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a plethora of amenities. Examples include
gyms, restaurants, bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and
socialization through their bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents
Environmental
Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability to adapt to changing social and
economic environments. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, New York retailers located on long,
commercially-oriented blocks suffered severely as they were no longer attracting an audience of
passersby. By combining multiple functions into one building or development, mixed-use
districts can build resiliency through their ability to attract and maintain visitors

General Types of mixed-use developments

1. Main Street
The “Main Street” model has survived the urban decline to return and energize urban
communities in towns and cities alike across North America. However, in the modern
version, mom-and-pop shops have been largely replaced with services, hospitality, and
entertainment venues, while still containing dwelling units above or behind the storefronts.
Have a peek at the Princeton Junction Transit Village in Princeton, NJ, for a contemporary
example of the Main Street concept

2. Shopping Mall/Department Store Conversion

As electronic commerce took America by storm, many brick-and-mortar retail businesses
simply could not compete and went out of business. Vacated shopping malls and large
department stores found a new purpose as mixed-use centers, featuring residential units and
businesses better-suited to compete with e-commerce stores. Such redevelopments have
surfaced across the continent, breathing new life into defunct, yet precious real estate; just
take a look at what’s become of the old Sears building in Santa Monica

3. Vertical Mixed-Use Developments

Falling into a broader category of mixed-use developments, a vertical mixed-use building
may house any combination of businesses. Typically, however, public uses such as
restaurants, coffee shops, government offices, and even transit facilities congregate on the
lower floors, while private uses the likes of condo units or hotel rooms are located higher up.
The Metropolis in Downtown LA is a prime example of this development model

4. Horizontal Mixed-Use Developments

These combine various single-use buildings in a single, mixed-use lot. Such an arrangement allows
for the combination of businesses and dwellings to evolve into a walkable community or even a
neighborhood. In urban areas, horizontal mixed-use developments often repurpose
abandoned buildings. For instance, take Toronto’s Liberty Village - a 19th-century parcel of
 land enclosed by railway lines, initially used for institutional and industrial purposes. While
its correctional facilities and factories shuttered during the 20th century, the ghost
neighborhood got a new lease on life in the early 2000s. With a series of condo towers
popping up, and a myriad of shops, restaurants, banks, and offices quickly filling up the old,
empty factories, the area evolved into one of the most vibrant, desired neighborhoods in the
city.

Types of contemporary mixed

 Neighborhood commercial zoning – convenience goods and services, such as
convenience stores, permitted in otherwise strictly residential area
 Main Street residential/commercial – two to three-story buildings with residential
units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street
 Urban residential/commercial – multi-story residential buildings with commercial
and civic uses on group
 Office convenience – office buildings with small retail and service uses oriented to
the office work
 Office/residential – multi-family residential units within office building(s)
 Shopping mall conversion – residential and/or office units added (adjacent) to an existing
standalone shopping mall
 Retail district retrofit – retrofitting of a suburban retail area to a more village-like
appearance and mix of uses
 Live/work – residents can operate small businesses on the .ground floor of the building
where they live
 Studio/light industrial – residents may operate studios or small workshops in the building
where they live
 Hotel/residence – mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential.
 Parking structure with ground-floor retail
 Single-family detached home district with standalone shopping center

URBAN DESIGN
Urban design forms our built environment and is responsible for the appearance and identity of a
city. The way buildings, roads and spaces are arranged, scaled and designed influences how
functional and attractive a neighbourhood is. Spaces for private, semi-public or public use are
created with positioning the buildings to each other.
Creative architecture and well landscaped spaces are a way to stimulate people’s inspiration.In
urban design the built environment professions come together, from urban planning via civil
engineering and landscape design to architecture.

Highlights of good urban apartment design:

 Scale of blocks tends towards human dimension (this helps people relate their own
physical size to
 the architecture)
 There is a 20 m minimum distance to the opposite building (for privacy, views and direct
sunlight
 in all seasons)
 Buildings are slightly angled from those opposite (to avoid direct view into apartments)
 Front of apartment block is the public side (to street and shops)
 Front of apartment block contains living, dining rooms and kitchens (depending on solar
 orientation)
 Rear of apartment block is the private side (to private and community gardens and
playground)
 Rear of apartment block contains bedrooms
 Monotone façades are avoided (use three-dimensional elements, such as balconies and
bay
 windows of different sizes)
 Landscape furniture, plants and paving materials are used to enrich the space
 There’s a mixture of private, semi-public and public spaces
 Good quality materials with low maintenance requirements are used

ARCHITECTURE IN URBAN DESIGN

The architectural design of a multi storey building should clearly identify its different zones to
the external face.
Table 4 The Building’s zones
Ground floor zone (base zone) …should be recessed to widen the pavement and to provide
shelte r from rain or glaring sun.
Centre zone(bulk zone) …makes up the major part of the building, providing room for
apartments or offices.
Roof zone (top zone) …should be set back to allow for attractive penthouses and private and
public roof gardens.

GROUND FLOOR ZONE

The ground floor zone, at the base of the building, is the area that receives the most prominence
and interaction between residents and the building. Apartment buildings where the ground floor
is oriented to the public side are vital for a well working and well accepted urban environment,
as they contribute substantially to the identity of the city.

Desirable ground floor design elements that contribute to public areas:

 Shop windows, cafes and restaurants
 Green spaces
 Art over blank walls
 Protected walkways (from rain and sun).

Undesirable design elements:

 Car parks or car park underground access
 Louvres and access doors to plant areas
 Blank solid walls
 Walls rising up the entire building two-dimensionally, without any recesses or canopies.

The ground floor zone oriented to the rear of the building should provide access to the communal
spaces. Ideally, apartment buildings should be able to be accessed from both the front and rear.
The front (public) side is used by residents when they walk to shops or to the city and is also
where non-residents and guests arrive. The rear (private) side provides access for residents if
they want to join other residents or their children in the communal garden, or if they want to
access car and bicycle parking.

CENTRE ZONE
The center zone is the majority of the building and contains the actual apartments. Therefore, it
can project above the ground floor outline and so provide shelter from weather and rain for
people walking below.
Again, it is important to provide a variety of design elements to the center zone to provide visual
relief. These elements can be randomly distributed and might include differently sized balconies,
bay windows or setbacks in the façade, as well as a change of facing material, color or texture.
Other elements that add interest include sun shutters and small sun canopies. Besides being
functional and keeping the elevation visually interesting, they signify that every owner or tenant
occupant has his or her own unique unit. Residents can easily identify ’my place in town’

ROOF ZONE
The roof zone should be set back towards the outline of the centre zone perimeter to provide a
decisive ’cap’of the building. A building lacking a roof zone setback can appear unfinished or
rough, and seems lost against the city skyline.
The roof zone can provide the most attractive penthouses with stunning views as well as lively
roof gardens and terraces, both for private (penthouse) and common use.

SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN

Spaces in urban environment contribute to our health, provide the opportunity for recreation and
to initiate social gathering.
There are three forms of urban spaces: private, semi-public and public (including ‘shared
spaces’, described further below). It is important to distinguish between the three kinds of space
when dealing with urban design elements in apartment dwellings.
Desirable spaces:
 Allow people to gather without the disturbing noise of motorised traffic
 Let people feel protected but still have contact to the outside world
 Have dual access
 Have green planting
 Use high quality, aesthetic surface and furniture materials
 Are surrounded by inspiring architecture.

Undesirable spaces:
 Have no direct sunlight
 Have no green plants
 Contain blank, unrelieved hard surfaces, such as monotone asphalt
 Contain small, trapped corners – so-called “peeing corners”
  Are overly large so that scale is lost.

PRIVATE SPACES
Private spaces are spaces accessible only by residents or by a particular group or community.
Examples of private spaces include gardens attached to a ground floor dwelling or community
gardens that can be locked.

SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES
Semi-public spaces are spaces that are publicly accessible but where the access may be hidden
from view because of a narrow or obscure entry. Semi-public spaces are overseen from the
apartment units of a community. They often host playgrounds, small greens or community and
neighbourhood meeting centres. Semi-public spaces can be in private or council ownership.
PUBLIC SPACES
Public spaces are accessible to everyone. They allow for social gatherings, a lunch break, certain
sporting activities, street busker events, or even simply for ‘people watching’ – one of the most
popular pastimes in city centres.

SHARED SPACES
Shared spaces are public spaces used by cars, pedestrians and cyclists. The concept of shared
spaces is relatively new and was pioneered by Dutch traffic engineer Hans Monderman. Shared
spaces can have outside seating for cafés as well as roads and bus routes. However, they have no
provision for traffic signs, traffic lights or curbs.
Studies in the Netherlands have shown that motorists automatically slow down in shared spaces
because of the lack of traffic rules and the mix of café seats, pedestrians and bicyclists, which
makes them aware of the shared nature of the space. The fact that there are no longer distinct
spaces for the different kinds of traffic makes people cautious and encourages eye contact before
they proceed through shared spaces.
Shared spaces require a hard and durable surface, allowing for cars and buses. The surface
should be distinct from the typical asphalt-grey look of most roads. Suitable paving, such as
concrete paving of different sizes and with a variation in colors, contributes to a more interesting
appearance of the space and to an awareness of being in a shared space environment.

Office Work
The way in which office work is organized and roles are defined (office structure,
customer management, office technology) affects the requirements for office space.

PRINCIPLES OF TYPOLOGY
1980s-1990s
In general, modern office buildings tend to fall into three categories:
 closed plan,
 open plan, and
 modified open plan.
Selection criteria include:
 the amount of planning flexibility required;
 the amount of visual and acoustic privacy required;
 initial and life-cycle costs.

Closed-plan offices
have full-height walls or partitions dividing the space into offices with doors. Private offices
are typically located a longthe window wall. Administrative support is housed in
workstations along corridors or in shared rooms.
The advantages
include a controlled environment, security, visual privacy, physical separation,
external views, and traditional and systems furniture applications.
Disadvantages
include lower efficiency than in an open-plan office, lack
of flexibility, especially in responding to changes in office technology,
the high cost of relocation, restricted individual and group interaction,
and the fact that more extensive mechanical systems are required.

Open-plan offices
All workstations are located in an open space with no ceiling-height divisions or doors.
Administrative support is located in rooms with floor-to-ceiling partitions and doors.

The advantages
Include efficient space utilization, greater planning
flexibility, ease of communication and lower life-cycle costs .
Disadvantages
Include higher initial costs, no visual privacy, no external views and less environmental
control.
Modified open-plan
Offices combine elements of both the others by positioning certain workstations in an open
plan with systems furniture, and others in private offices. Administrative support is also
located in enclosed rooms.

FLOOR AREA
REQUIREMENTS
Office area requirements are calculated in two parts.

1. People space is calculated as (standard individual space x number of people) +

allowances for immediate ancillary needs + a factor (usually 150/0) for primary
circulation.

2. Non-people space (e.g. machine rooms, and libraries and the like for which fittings
and equipment sizes are more important than staff numbers in setting the area
requirement) should be calculated by informed estimates based on existing good
practice or comparable examples + an additional factor for primary circulation.
The space requirement per employee clearly depends on a number of factors, e.g. type
of work, use of equipment and machinery, degree of privacy, level of visits made by
outsiders and storage needs. The average workstation floor area requirement until 1985
was 8-10 m-': in future it will be 12-15m2 . Although a minimum floor area requirement
for office workstations has not been defined, the following guidelines should be
followed: separate offices, minimum 8-10m 2 (according to the grid module); open-
plan offices, minimum 12-15

SPACE FOR FURNITURE

A wide range of office furniture is available. The suitability of furniture for any office
is influenced by its flexibility, adjustability, durability, IT compatibility, storage space,
ergonomics, aesthetics and cable handling. The space required while seated and
standing is used to calculate the minimum clearance between individual desks or tables
(preferably a minimum of 1m), depending on whether they are placed against walls or
other tables, or in front of filing cabinets. Windows placed high in the wall provide
satisfactory illumination deep into the room, which allows efficient use of space and
access to the window ledge.
 APARTMENT
An apartment, or flat, is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. Such
a building may be called an apartment building, especially if it consists of many apartments for
rent. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier or rented by tenants.
Functional Rooms and programs
Living zone
The living zone is the main part of the house that is accessible for all the owners and also for
the guests. This is the area that usually becomes the showplace. This area is roughly 1/3 of the
house and serves a variety of functions. It is the location for family get- together, dining,
recreation, entertaining. The living area is composed of a number of rooms. They include the
living room, dining room, foyer, recreation or family room and special-purpose rooms such as a
sunroom or home office.
Living Room In Western architecture, a living room, also called a lounge room , lounge ,
sitting room, or drawing room, is a room for relaxing and socializing in a residential house or
apartment. Such a room is sometimes called a front room when it is near the main entrance at the
front of the house. In large, formal homes, a sitting room is often a small private living area
adjacent to a bedroom. The living room is the center for most activities. It may serve as a
temporary rest place, gathering area or conversation place,playroom, TV room. Programming
and Planning Considerations of living rooms Convenient access should be provided to doors,
windows, electric outlets, thermostats, and supply grills . generally the considerations.

1.Location should not be such that a natural traffic pattern will be established through it
to other parts of the house.
2. Should be placed on the ground floor
3. The use of large windows is common because it creates a feeling of spaciousness
4. The design / style, should follow the exterior design / style
Typical furniture groups in the living room are as follows:
1 . Primary conversation group: chairs and sofa normally grouped around the fireplace.
2. Secondary conversation group: chairs and love seat at end of room or in corner
3. Reading group or groups : chair, ottoman, lamp, table
4.Writing or study group: desk, lamp, one or two chairs, bookcases
5. Music group: piano, bench, storage space
6. Game group: game table and four chairs
7. Television group: television set and seating for several people

Dining Room
Most modern homes today have a dining room. Its main function is to provide a
special place for eating. Considerations
1.The Room size depends on the respective number of people who will use the , furniture,
facility and clearance for traffic.
a. Small room, 11 sq.m
b. Medium room, 3.6*4.5m
c. Large room, 4.2*4.5 m
2. Typical dining room furniture includes the table, chairs, buffet, china closet, and
server or cart
3. An ideal location places the dining room between the living room and kitchen.
4. When designing the room, you must determine if you want an open or closed plan
a. An open plan enhances the rooms function and efficiency
5. Controlled lighting is desirable because it controls the mood of the room space
Kitchen
Kitchens It is used for preparation of meals, food preservation, storage of food and utensils, and
also, in many cases, for eating, laundering, entertaining, and child care

Sleeping zone
Bedroom
A bedroom is a room in a house for the bed, so it's mainly used for sleeping. If you live in a one-
bedroom apartment, it has exactly one room for the bed.A well- designed bedroom can
incorporate all the furniture we require without making it a cramped space.
Minimum room sizes within apartments
Retail shops and stores
Retail outlets consist of buildings or rooms where goods or services are sold to the public. They
include shop and store premises and also concessionary space.

Shopping activities
Shopping activities vary with different needs and may be described as essential, convenience,
comparison, purposive (specific), leisure or remote (mail order, teleshopping, internet retailers).
Selling methods
Personal service: individual service, usually over counters or desks by staff in attendance.
(Examples: high-value goods, technical equipment, specialist boutiques and salons, delicatessen
shops, financial and travel agency services.)

Self-selection: by customers who handle, compare and select goods prior to taking them to cash
points for payment and wrapping. (Examples: department stores, variety stores.)

Self-service: of prepackaged groceries and durables collected in baskets or trolleys and taken to
checkout points for cashing and packing. (Examples: supermarkets, superstores, discount stores.)

Assisted service: self-selection by customers combined with despatch of similar goods from
stockroom to collection point or home delivery. (Examples: hypermarket, warehouse stores,
furniture stores.)

Locations
Main locations for retail development in the UK are:
High street: inner cities and towns, including backland development of shopping centres,
shopping malls and street frontages
Urban fringes: industrial wasteland, redevelopment areas (superstores, retail parks, discount
stores) Out-of-town: near motorway/main road junctions, easy access to large population
catchment (retail complexes, regional centres, discount warehouses)
Neighbourhood: association with estate development, filling stations (convenience shops),
nurseries (garden centres), tourist attractions (souvenir shops, ca´fes)
Out-of-town retail developments generally allow much lower rents, easier access and parking,
economical purpose-built ‘shed’ designs with flexible large-span spaces. Retail parks and
complexes also generate mutual benefit from association of stores and services. Planning
guidelines in the UK have stiffened resistance to development on greenfield sites with policies
directed towards town-centre shopping and sensitive integration of new frontages.
Book shop
Each customer in a bookshop requires privacy, direct access to the books displayed, and
sufficient light for comfortable vision while reading. Book buying customers like to browse, and
nothing is less attractive to them than crowded circulation
Men’s & women’s wear
MEN'S WEAR
MEN'S WEAR Counters and clerks' aisles are seldom, if ever, included in clothing sales space,
but are ordinarily required in combination with wall cases for haberdashery and accessories. One
or more fitting rooms are necessary in clothing departments; a small fitting platform, one step
high and approximated 1.2 m by 1.2 m, is sometimes needed. Chairs and smoking stands are
standard equipment. "Daylight" lighting fixtures aid in matching or determining colors.
Non selling Areas
Stock rooms, with space for about 20 percent of the store's total stock, are usually sufficient for
peak-load seasons. If alterations to clothing are made on the premises, a tailor shop, with water
and electrical connections for pressing and sewing machines, is required.
Women’s wear
In shop for women’s clothing & haberdashery, the turnover of stock must be rapid.as styles
quickly become obsolete. Most articles, other than accessories which are easily damaged or lost ,
are currently at least partly sold on a self-service basis. The minimum area can be 4by 6 ft. larger
shops may have a complete alteration department. Sales & display area.

SUPERMARKETS
Architecturally, the supermarket is a large scale emporium of merchandise that
doesn't have to shout to be noticed. New, free-standing supermarkets average 2,108sq
m to 2,879sq m with 75 to 80 percent of the total store devoted to selling space and
the remaining 20 to 25 percent of floor space devoted to service areas such as storage
coolers, prepackaging areas, grocery storage, etc

GIFT SHOPS
Merchandise is seldom bought without seeing and handling either the actual object or
a sample. Cleaning and arranging such a varied, fragile stock is a serious maintenance
problem.

JEWELRY SHOPS
Jewelry stores range from the small shop which sells fine, expensive, and exclusive items to the
commercial credit store which displays and sells in volume, and then to the costume jewelry
shop

BARBER SHOP
The typical five-chair barber shop can be accommodated in a store 14 by 42 . in size . A shop for
a small community ordinarily has a single shampoo basin if Individual basins are required at all
barber chairs, space requirements have to be slightly increased
RESTAURANTS
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
To be able to eat comfortably, one person requires a table area of around 60cm wide by
40cm deep. This provides sufficient clearance between adjacent diners.
Although an additional 20cm of space in the center for dishes and tureens is sometimes
desirable, an overall width of 80-85cm is suitable for a dining table. Round tables, or
tables with six or eight sides, with a diameter of 90-120cm are ideal for four people and
can also take one or two more diners. The minimum spaces for thoroughfares, or
between a table and a wall. Note that round tables require somewhat more floor area.

ARRANGEMENTS
Before any restaurant or inn is built, the organizational sequence should be carefully
planned. It is essential to establish what meals will be offered, and at what quality and
quantity. It is necessary to decide whether it will be a-la-carte with fixed or changing daily
menus, plate or table service, self-service or a mixed system. Before deciding on the layout,
it is important to know the anticipated numbers and type of clientele and the
customer mix. Bring in planning specialists in kitchen and cold store design, as well as in
electrical, heating and ventilation systems and washing/toilet facilities.
The position of the site will suggest what type of inn or restaurant is likely to be suitable.
The main room of a restaurant is the customers' dining room, and the facilities should
correspond with the type of operation. A number of additional tables and chairs should be
available for flexible table groupings. If appropriate, provide special tables for regular
customers. Any function or conference rooms should have movable furniture to allow
flexibility of use. A food bar may be installed for customers who are in a hurry. Large
dining rooms can be divided into zones. The kitchen, storerooms, delivery points,
toilets and other service areas should be grouped around the dining room, although toilets
can be on another floor . Structural columns in a dining room are best in the middle of a
group of tables or at the corner of a table . The ceiling height of a dining room should relate
to the floor area
Banks
New bank merchandising systems have been followed by a new bank architecture
which no longer needs to follow the old idiom that a bank must retain it’s aloof
dignity.
Public spaces
A. Lobby. This must be easily accessible to the public 11 contains reception/
information, loan officers, tellers, and check-writing desks.
B. Tellers are usually located at one side of the bank to allow for expansion. This is
usually considered to be themost flexible of all schemes.
C. Officers' platform. This should provide open space for contact officers, cubicles
for collection officers, and offices for the installment loan and commercial loan officers. A
conference roomshould be provided in this areaunless the need warrants more than one.
D. Access to the safety deposit vault should be provided for customers. Access to the
money vault for tellers should be provided.
Operations.
This is the department that makes sure the bank is run on a steady, professional basis. It takes
care of all the clerical work required to run the bank and keep its records in order.
A. Bookkeeping department. This should be in close proximity to tellers, since this is
where the tellers receive and give all the information they need.
B. Proof department. This is not accessible to the public. It can be separated from
the other areas, but should be fairly close to the data processing area.
C. Data processing area. Special air conditioning is required here. False floors are
recommended to house the electric cables.
D. Clerical, mail, and other various minor services as required by the individual situation. The
mail room is usually located in close proximity to the proof department.
E. Fireproof records vault, to service proof, trust, and bookkeeping departments. This does not
have to be adjacent to all three, but access must be provided for all three.
F. Safety deposit vault, fireproof. This provides boxes for the storage and safekeeping of
customers' valuables.
I. Trust department. This is one of the bank's major services to the public. It is here that trusts,
probates, accounts, etc., are put in effect and carried out. This area also needs a lawyers'
department.
J. Auditorium/meeting room able to seat 200 to 300. This room is mostly used by the public
and is often loaned rent free. Rest room facilities, a stage, storage space, and coffee bar should be
included. This room should be thought of as an all-purpose room. In addition to serving as a
meeting room, it will facilitate the training of bank personnel.
Executive
suite Usually includes offices for the senior vice- presidents, board members, and president plus
all the personnel they need to continue their business. A conference room and board of directors'
meeting room are required.
Local Case Study
Union Tower
An Impressive addition to the Addis
skyline, Union
Tower is a magnificent G+10
building with 5 floors of
retail and office space and 5 floors
residential of
apartment homes. These luxurious
and spacious three
bedroom apartments are offered in
two sizes 140m
and 190m of living space boasting
an array of
exceptional features including a
Master Bedroom
with a walk-in closet and en-suite
spa-like bathroom, two other large bedrooms
with their own sitting areaa spacious and
curved living and dining area with
oversized windows showcasing impeccable
views of the Addis skyline, a large lobby
area, a perfect sized kitchen, and a maid's room
and shower included within the apartment.
Beyond the luxury of each unit, there are services
and amenities that cater to your urban lifestyle,
including two floors of assigned underground
parking, a backup power generator, wireless
internet access and garbage chuts for each.floor.
Perfectly located just a block away from the UNECA,
our apartment homes at Union Tower offer high-tech and
high-end city living in an elegant neighborhood.

Visual element It have good quality color arrangement & the surface give beauty to the
building.it have good value.
Ordering principle & organization of element The building have asymmetry balance, good
repetition and rhythmical window order. Good similarity &contrast defined by the texture.
Location & site surrounding
Union Tower is located at the epicenter of everything that you, the modern city dweller needs
with the best restaurants, coffee shops, super markets, hotels and entertainment all within either
walking distance or a short drive. Also up the street is the headquarters of the UNECA, UNICEF
and the German House providing security and stability to the neighborhood. In the next block is
the popular Kazanchis area with some of the best restaurant and bars, hotels and nighttime
entertainment. This safe and quite neighborhood is also well served with public transportation
with taxi's running late into the night and if you have a car our assigned underground parking is
secure and guarded at all times.

REACHABILITY & PARKING FACILITIES

Actually site of the building is located around near to every social service area like school,
supermarket, banks, and commercial place & to the airport. This residential building have good
car parking facilities for users.
ACCESSIBILITY
When we come to accessibility the building entry is accessible for wheelchair. The design
consider handicapped people. After the main entry every room door is accessible for
handicapped people and it’s have good traffic for them on the ground floor.
CIRCULATION PATTERN & TRAFFIC
when we come to traffic & circulation the building have good circulation specially on the ground
floor and as we see in the picture. ,on the residential part the space arrangement of living to
dinning , master bed to master bath generally it have good circulation.
Floor Plan Analysis
The building with 5 floors of retail and office space and 5 floors residential of apartment homes.
These luxurious and spacious three bedroom apartments are offered in two sizes 140m and 190m
of living space boasting an array of exceptional features including a Master Bedroom with a
walk-in closet and en-suite spa-like bathroom, two other large bedrooms with their own sitting
area, a spacious and curved living and dining area with oversized windows showcasing
impeccable views of the Addis skyline, a large lobby area, a perfect sized kitchen, and a maid's
room and shower included within the apartment.
SPATIAL FLOW & ORIENTATION
The spatial flow of the rooms is well designed because the ordering pattern of the rooms is taken
into consideration though some position, air condition, traffic pattern …… QUALITY - the
living room is located near to dining area,& the kitchen also have good connection with dinning
& living room.. - We can access the living room /great room / easily after passing the entry. --We
can access the master bath easily from master bed. -every bedrooms can access the bath easily.
Orientation the orientation of the house is well designed .the front part of the building get good
morning light & the sun light cover and The master bed room perfectly so it have good.
LIGHTING & VENTILATION
As we see in the orientation the building have many openings and so the building have good
ventilation and lighting that come from the outside of the building.
STRENGTH & WEAKNESS
The entry of the building isn’t emphasized but it’s accessible. The stair is located at clear space
or it is visible to customers. As we look from outside its looking as bed and tower building this
makes the building as mixed use. It have good circulation, have good light and ventilation. It also
have good parking facilities. The main character of this building is describe retail and office &
residential. It is accessible for the main street. It is also accessible for disabled persons

Findings
From the residential standing point to major complex and high rising commercials , mixed use
building can be built in major different types of function and design. We can design those
buildings on the basis of current as well as the future need of peoples since they are huge and
live for long periods of time. Our designs must incorporate the local communities level of
economy with the upcoming technology and digital world in terms of structural antithetical and
functional values.