AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 10

Lab Title: Frequency Shift Keying Modulator and Demodulator

Student Name: Usman Raza Reg. No: 200738
Objective: To perform frequency Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows the
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
 LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT
NO. 10

Frequency Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation

Objective:
To perform frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation.

Equipment’s required:

 Function generators
 Oscilloscope
 Trainer
 LM741 IC
 LM 398 IC
Introduction:
Frequency-shift keying is the simplest (binary) form of frequency modulation (FM), which is used for
digital modulation in which the two binary values are represented by two different frequencies near
the carrier frequency. Normally the carrier is shifted low for a 1 (called a mark in old telegraph terms)
and high for a 0 (space).
Introduction:
FSK is classified as wide-band if the separation between the two carrier frequencies is larger. In this
case the spectrum of the modulated signal appears as two separate ASK signals. Narrow-band FSK is
the term used to describe an FSK signal whose carrier frequencies are separated by less than the width
of the spectrum than ASK for the same modulation.
As the binary input signal changes from logic 0 to logic 1 and vice versa, the output frequency shifts
between two frequencies: a mark, or logic 1 frequency (fm), and a space, or logic 0 frequency (fs).
The mark and space frequencies are separated from the carrier frequency by the peak frequency
deviation (Δf) and from each other by 2 Δf.

Δf = |fm – fs| / 2
where Δf = frequency deviation (hertz)
|fm – fs| = absolute difference between the mark and space frequencies (hertz)

The mark frequency is the higher frequency (fc + Δf) and the space frequency is the lower frequency
(fc - Δf), although this relationship could be just the opposite.
The time of one bit (tb) is the same as the time the FSK output is a mark or space frequency (ts). Thus,
the bit time equals the time of an FSK signaling element, and the bit rate equals the baud.

The baud for binary FSK can also be determined by substituting N = 1

baud = fb / 1 = fb

The minimum bandwidth for FSK is given as:

B = |(fs – fb) – (fm – fb)|

= |(fs– fm)| + 2fb

and since |(fs– fm)| equals 2Δf, the minimum bandwidth can be approximated as

B = 2(Δf + fb)
where
B= minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
Δf= frequency deviation |(fm– fs)|
(hertz) fb = input bit rate (bps)
Since it takes a high and a low to produce a cycle, the highest fundamental frequency present in a
square wave equals the repetition rate of the square wave, which with a binary signal is equal
to half the bit rate. Therefore,
fa = fb / 2
where
fa = highest fundamental frequency of the binary input signal (hertz)
fb = input bit rate (bps)
The formula used for modulation index in FM is also valid for FSK; thus,

h = Δf / fa (unitless)
where
h = FM modulation index called the h-factor in FSK
fo = fundamental frequency of the binary modulating signal
(hertz) Δf = peak frequency deviation (hertz)
The peak frequency deviation in FSK is constant and always at its maximum value, and the
highest fundamental frequency is equal to half the incoming bit rate. Thus,

Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Apply the modulating input signal as 3Vpp rectangular pulse at 50Hz and Carriers as 2Vpp Sine
wave at 500Hz and another 2Vpp Sine wave at 1kHz.
3. Observe the waveform for FSK.
4. Connect the Demodulator circuit as shown in the figure.
5. Connect the o/p of the modulator with the i/p of demodulator.
6. Observe the recovered waveform.

Modulator
Circuit:

Results:
 Proteus Simulation
Circuit Diagram:
1. Carrier 1: fC1 = 3kHz
2. Carrier 2: fC2 = 1kHz

Results:

Demodulation:

DEMODULATOR
Result:

Proteus Simulation
Circuit Diagram:

Results:
Conclusion:
In this lab, we learned to perform frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation. In
modulation, we have two analog carrier signals of different frequencies but same amplitude and
modulated signal in digital data form. FSK represents the digital data as variations in the frequency of
a carrier wave by keeping amplitude and phase constant. We learned that when digital data is 1 then
carrier 1 frequency will display on oscilloscope while digital data is 0 then carrier 2 frequency will
display on oscilloscope and the amplitude will remain same. We also perform the demodulation in
which we found the square wave on the output of the demodulator.