evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -1

1. RvZxq wbivcËv ej‡Z wK eyS? 14,18,20

RvZxq wbivcËvi aviYvwU A¯úó| Gi †Kv‡bv my¯úó A_© wba©viY AvRI m¤¢e nqwb| wewfbœ wPšÍvwe` I we‡klÁ GwU‡K
wewfbœfv‡e †`‡L‡Qb| †hgb- Encyclopedia of Social Science-G RvZxq wbivcËv ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q, The
ability of a nation to protect it's internal values from external threats, A_©vr RvZxq wbivcËv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv
GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY g~j¨‡eva‡K (Values) ewntAvµgY †_‡K i¶vi mvg_¨©‡K †evSvq|
g¨vKbvgviv wbivcËv‡K Dbœq‡bi mgv_©K ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, "Security is development and without
development there can be no security." (wbivcËv ej‡Z †evSvq Dbœqb Ges Dbœqb e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv wbivcËv _vK‡Z
cvi bv|
RvZxq wbivcËv: RvZxq wbivcËv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I ¯^v‡_©i wbivc` Ae¯’v‡K eySvq| GKwU ivóª Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
iv‡óªi AvµgY, Pvc I cªfve n‡Z gy³ †_‡K Gi f~-L‡Ði Dci c~Y© mve©‡fŠg AwaKvi cª‡qvM Ki‡Z mg_© nIqvB RvZxq
wbivcËv wbwð‡Zi c~e©kZ©| e„nr iv‡óªi †¶‡Î RvZxq wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv LyeB Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| KviY RvZxq wbivcËv
ïaygvÎ mve©‡fŠg As‡ki wfZi AvµgY cªwZnZ KivB bq, evB‡ii kw³i †h †Kv‡bv AvµgY Z_v, Lv`¨ mieivn wbwðZ Kiv,
evwYR¨ MwZkxj ivLv, †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY mš¿vmev`x Kg©KvÐ cªwZnZ Kiv, mvBevi Aciva `gb Kiv mn GKwU iv‡óªi mvwe©K
wbivcËv wbwðZ KivB RvZxq wbivcËvi D‡Ïk¨|
Arnold Walfers Gi g‡Z, "ivóª B‡Zvc~‡e© †hme g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i‡Q, †mme g~j¨‡ev‡ai msi¶Y I RvZxq wbivcËvi
aviYvi AšÍf©y³| g~jZ iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hvM, aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjvc, ¸ßPi e„wË BZ¨vw` n‡Z wbivc` _vK‡Z h‡_ófv‡e
g‡bv‡hvMx nq Ges miKv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv I wbiew”Qbœ Kvh©KvwiZv we¯Í…Z KivI Gi Ab¨Zg j¶¨|"
A¨vbv‡÷Bi eyKvi g‡b K‡ib "‡Kvb ivóª KZLvwb wbivcËv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi ev¯Íe g~j¨vqb Kiv KwVb| wZwb Gi
Kvi‡Yi wZbwU w`K D‡jøL K‡ib:
cª_gZ, †Kv‡bv ivóª Gi wbivcËv evwn¨K Kvi‡Yi †P‡q eis Af¨šÍixY Kvi‡Y ûgwKi m¤§yLxb e‡j g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m ivóª
Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv e¨e¯’vi w`‡K AwaKZi g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z cv‡i|
wØZxqZ, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ivóª Avevi gvivZ¥K evwn¨K wec‡`i m¤§yLxb A_P GB Af¨šÍixY wec` G‡Kev‡iB †bB e‡j Abyfe
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Giv ewntAvµgY †gvKvwejv‡ZB cªavbZ AMªvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ e¨e¯’v MªnY Ki‡e|
Z„ZxqZ, †Kvb ivóª RwUj A_©‰bwZK I HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, Gi wbivcËv Gi wbR¯^ ivóªxq| f~LÐ n‡Z `~‡i
Aew¯’Z KZK¸‡jv ¯^v‡_©i mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e RwoZ|
myZivs RvZxq wbivcËv GKwU gûgvwÎK aviYv| A‡b‡K GwU‡K †KejB GKwU mvgwiK welq †f‡e fyj K‡i _v‡K| cªK„Zv‡_©
RvZxq wbivcËv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK e¨e¯’v, m‡e©vcwi wb‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv-mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K
Ab¨ iv‡óªi Awbó †_‡K i¶v Kivi mvg_¨©‡KB †evSvq|

2. ‡UKmB Dbœqb wK? 14,16,18,20

f~wgKv: Dbœqb aviYvi eZ©gvb ms¯‹iY n‡”Q †UKmB Dbœqb (Sustainable Development) I AwR©Z gvbweK Dbœqb‡K
¯’vwqZ¡ †`Iqvi Rb¨ †UKmB Dbœqb aviYvi D™¢e| 1983 mv‡j wek¦e¨vcx Awfbœ †KŠkj wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ MwVZ nq cwi‡ek I
Dbœqb welqK AvšÍR©vwZK Kwgkb (World Commission on Environment and Development)| G Kwgkb
Brundland Commission bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| G Kwgkb †UKmB Dbœq‡bi mycvwik I †UKmB Dbœq‡bi msÁv wba©viY
K‡i|
‡UKmB Dbœqb: gvbyl Zvi AR©b‡K ¯’vwqZ¡ w`‡Z Pvq| Avi Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ †`Iqvi Rb¨B †UKmB Dbœq‡bi m~Pbv| gvbyl| Zvi
mg¯Í Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Kivi †¶‡Î KL‡bvB cwi‡ek‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qwb| cwi‡e‡ki aŸsm mvab K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i Dbœqb
Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q| d‡j Dbœqb ¯’vwqZ¡ cvqwb| †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Dbœq‡bi †m aviYv †h aviYv| Dbœqb‡K ¯’vqx iƒc
w`‡Z Pvq| †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ bv K‡i MVbg~jK Dbœqb| cwi‡e‡ki AwaKvi mevi| G cªRb¥ Zvi Dbœqb
Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q cwi‡e‡ki Ggb ¶wZMª¯Í Kiv hv‡e bv, hv fwel¨r Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc| cwi‡ek‡K
¶wZMª¯Í bv K‡i Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbvi bv‡gB †UKmB Dbœqb (Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their
own needs) RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil` G †cªw¶‡Z wZbwU KiYxq wb‡`©k K‡i-
K. cwi‡ek I Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© `xN©‡gqvw` aviYv wbg©vY Kiv|
L. RbMY, m¤ú` I cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© †hŠ_ c`‡¶c †bIqv|
M. `xN©‡gqvw` ¯’vwqZ¡kxj Dbœqb †KŠkj wba©viY|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -2
Kwgk‡bi mycvwik gvjv †MvUv c„w_ex‡Z Our Common Future wk‡ivbv‡g mgv`„Z| ˆewk¦K A_©bxwZ, mvgvwRK cªMwZ,
mvg¨ cwi‡ek wbwðZKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ G Kwgkb ¯’vwqZ¡kxj Dbœq‡bi wfwË wbg©vY K‡i| 1992 mv‡j my›`i c„w_ex Movi j‡¶¨ †h
"wek¦ cwi‡ek" kxl© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq, Zv‡ZI G mycvwikgvjv mgv`„Z nq| cªvK„wZK AvBb,| cªvK„wZK m¤ú` I cªvK„wZK
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vB ¯’vwqZ¡kxj ev †UKmB Dbœq‡bi cªvY|
‡UKmB Dbœqb‡K cª_g cªvwZôvwbK iƒc †`Iqv n‡qwQj wiI cªwµqvi gva¨‡g 1992 mv‡j| 2015 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY
cwil` (BDGbwRG) †UKmB Dbœqb j¶¨gvÎv (2015 †_‡K 2030) MªnY K‡i Ges e¨vL¨v K‡i †h Kxfv‡e j¶¨¸wj wek¦e¨vcx
†UKmB Dbœqb AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKxf~Z Ges AwefvR¨|
1987 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni cwi‡ek I Dbœqb welqK wek¦ Kwgkb AvIqvi Kgb wdDPvi wi‡cvU© cªKvk K‡i, hv‡K mvaviYZ
eªæÛj¨vÛ wi‡cvU© ejv nq| cªwZ‡e`‡b "‡UKmB Dbœqb" Gi GKwU msÁv AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡qwQj, hv GLb e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ
nq:
‡UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Ggb Dbœqb hv fwel¨r cªR‡b¥i wb‡R‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z m¶gZvi eRvq †i‡L eZ©gv‡bi Pvwn`v c~iY
K‡i| GwUi g‡a¨ `ywU g~j aviYv i‡q‡Q:
* 'cª‡qvRb' aviYv, we‡kl K‡i, we‡k¦i `wi`ª‡`i Acwinvh© Pvwn`v, hv‡K AMªvwaKvi †`Iqv DwPZ
* eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cwi‡e‡ki ¶gZvi Dci cªhyw³ Ges mvgvwRK msMV‡bi ivóª Øviv Av‡ivwcZ
mxgve×Zvi aviYv|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi †cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Dbœq‡bi ¯’vqx iƒc| Dbœq‡bi ¯’vqx iƒc w`‡Z n‡j
cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb AZ¨vek¨Kxq| cwi‡e‡ki h_vh_ Dbœqb Qvov mvwe©K Dbœqb‡K ¯’vqx iƒc †`Iqv m¤¢e bq|

3. K~U‰bwZK wegyw³ Kx? 20

AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ I m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î K~UbxwZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq K~UbxwZ GK Awe‡”Q`¨
welq| ciivóªbxwZi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi n‡”Q K~UbxwZ| wek¦vq‡bi eZ©gvb †cª¶vc‡U Gi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi †¶‡Î cª‡Z¨K ivóª‡K K~UbxwZi Avkªq wb‡Z nq| ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i †K›`ªwe›`y n‡jv K~UbxwZ| K~UbxwZ I
AvšÍtivóªxq m¤úK© GKm~‡Î Muv_v| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i RwUj AvšÍR©vwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZv e„w× wek¦kvwšÍ msi¶‡Y I cªwZôvq K~UbxwZi weKí †bB| cª‡Z¨K ivóª‡KB wbR ¯^v‡_© Ab¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© i¶v
K‡i Pj‡Z nq †m‡¶‡Î †`‡k †`‡k K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa cvVv‡bv nq| wewf| †`k †_‡K K~UbxwZK‡`i MªnYI Ki‡Z nq| d‡j
†`‡k we‡`‡k Kg©iZ K~UbxwZK‡`i KZK¸‡jv we‡kl my‡hvM-myweav cª`vb Kiv Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| Gme my‡hvM-myweav bv
_vK‡j K~UbxwZKiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| K~UbxwZK‡`i Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ myôyfv‡e cvjb Kivi
Rb¨ †h mg¯Í my‡hvM-myweav cª`vb Kiv nq Ges cªPwjZ wewam¤§Z †h mKj wel‡q Zv‡`i †¶‡Î Ae¨vnwZ ev Qvo †`qv nq
Zv‡KB K~U‰bwZK Ae¨vnwZ ev K~U‰bwZK wegyw³ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| G mKj my‡hvM- myweav †`‡ki mvaviY bvMwiKiv
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GUv ïay K~UbxwZK‡`i we‡kl AwaKvi e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq|
Gi Drm wn‡m‡e K. †mŠRb¨, L. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, M. AvšÍR©vwZK ixwZbxwZ I N. Pyw³i K_v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cªwZwU ivóªB Kg †ewk G‡K Ac‡ii Dci ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| GB wbf©ikxjZvi hy‡M K~U‰bwZK‡`i ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg| wbR wbR †`‡ki ¯^v_© msi¶Y Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvšÍtivóªxq we‡iva wb®úwË I cvi¯úwiK myweav Av`vq| wbR
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK wi‡cvU© †cªiY Ges wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ mym¤úK© eRvq ivLv K~U‰bwZK‡`i Ab¨Zg
cªavb `vwqZ¡| K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa‡`i †cªwiZ wi‡cv‡U©i Z_¨ I we‡kølY †_‡K †cªiK ivóª †hgb cv‡i Zvi A_©‰bwZK bxwZi
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †Zgwb †m¸‡jv †cªiK iv‡óªi ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ cªYq‡bI mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwaM‡Yi
¯^xq KZ©e¨ I Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ MªvnK ivóª K~U‰bwZK‡`i wKQy we‡kl my‡hvM-myweav cª`vb
K‡i _v‡K, hv K~U‰bwZK cwifvlvq Òwe‡kl AwaKvi I Ae¨vnwZ ev Immunities and privileges" bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB
we‡kl AwaKvi I Ae¨nwZmg~n Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 Gi weavbvewj Øviv
Aby‡gvw`Z I wbqwš¿Z|
wb‡gœ K~UbxwZK‡`i KZK¸‡jv my‡hvM-myweavi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. we‡kl gh©v`vc~Y© my‡hvM myweav: K~U‰bwZK cªav‡bi Mvwo‡Z Zvi evmfe‡b Ges `~Zvev‡m K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwai ¯^xq
†`‡ki cZvKv D‡ËvwjZ _vK‡e|
2. Aj•Nbxq my‡hvM myweav: A_©vr KVyiZg wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv| †hgb:`~Zvevm GjvKvq `~Zvev‡mi cªav‡bi AbygwZ
e¨wZ‡i‡K MªvnK iv‡óªi †Kvb cªwZwbwa D³ GjvKvq cª‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|MªvnKivóª me©vZ¥Kfv‡e mKj cªKvi aŸsmvZ¥K ev
¶wZKi Ae¯’v †_‡K K~U‰bwZK `~Zvev‡mi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡e|`~Zvevm I mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ febmg~n `~Zvev‡mi mKj cªKvi
m¤úwË Ges e¨envh© hvbevnb †h‡Kv‡bv cªKvi AvBwb Zjøvwk Zje †_‡K wegy³ _vK‡e| K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa e¨w³ wn‡m‡e
Aj•Nbxq| Zvi †`n ev m¤úwË †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB ¶ybœ Kiv hv‡e bv| Ges Zvi Dci mKj AvµgY †iva Ki‡Z e¨e¯’v MªnY
Ki‡e|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -3
3. Ki †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ: K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa MªvnK iv‡óªi mKj cªKvi Ki ïé BZ¨vw` †_‡K gy³ _vK‡eb|
4. †dŠR`vwi GLwZqvi n‡Z `vqgyw³: K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwai weiæ‡× †Kvb cªKvi †dŠR`vwi gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e bv| GgbwK
†m Ab¨vq Ki‡jI Zvi weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv cªKvi kvw¯Í g~jK e¨e¯’v MªnY Kiv hv‡e bv| †m †¶‡Î mswkøó †cªiYKvix iv‡óªi Dchy³
KZ©…c‡¶i Kv‡Q mycvwik g~jK Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKsev Zv‡K †`k Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ wb‡`©k cª`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5. K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa‡K †Kvb cªKvi mv¶x wn‡m‡e nvwRiv w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|
6. Dchy³ I wbivc` †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi cuvPwU ˆewkó¨ wjL 20

(M-wefvM 7bs cÖkœ)
5. wegm‡UK Kx? 20
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi cwiewZ©Z wek¦e¨vcx AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wewfbœ ms¯’v MV‡bi gva¨‡g GK bew`M‡šÍi m~Pbv nq| G Ae¯’vq wbR¯^ ¯^v_© i¶v Ges
¯^KxqZv eRvq ivL‡Z wewfbœ †`k Zv‡`i cªwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Drmvnx n‡q I‡V| ZvB wewfbœ
mg‡q MwVZ Avwmqvb, G‡cK, mvK©, bvdKv cªf„wZ AvÂwjK ms¯’vi g‡ZvB 6 Ryb, 1997 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi D‡`¨v‡M
`w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK I cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_©mswkøó welq‡K †K›`ª M‡o I‡V wegm‡UK (BIMSTEC)|
eZ©gvb wek¦vqb e¨e¯’v Ges Gi Awemsevw`Z gva¨g gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Giƒc cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv
Qvov A_©‰bwZK wfwˇK mymsnZ Kiv †h‡Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨B `yiƒn| Avi Giƒc m¤¢vebv I mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î ˆZwi
Ki‡ZB `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi K‡qKwU †`k wg‡j MVb K‡i‡Q Dc- AvÂwjK A_©‰bwZK †RvU wegm‡UK|
w` †e Ae †e½j Bwbwm‡qwUf di gvwë †m±ivj †UKwbK¨vj A¨vÛ BKbwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb (BIMSTEC), Gi
weKvk g~jZ evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kªxj¼v, _vBj¨vÛ BKbwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb ev BISTEC n‡Z| G PviwU †`‡ki
ciivóªgš¿x ch©v‡qi GK m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g ms¯’vwUi hvÎv ïiæ nq 6 Ryb, 1997| gvqvbgvi ZLb ch©‡e¶K wn‡m‡e
m‡¤§j‡b AskMªnY K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z 1997 mv‡ji 22 wW‡m¤^i e¨vsK‡K AbywôZ we‡kl gš¿xch©v‡qi ˆeV‡K
gvqvbgvi‡K wegm‡UK †Rv‡U AšÍf©y³ K‡i †bqv nq| d‡j GwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q BIMSTEC n‡q hvq| 1998 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^‡i XvKvq wØZxq gš¿x ch©v‡qi ˆeV‡K †bcvj‡K ch©‡e¶K wn‡m‡e AskMªn‡Yi my‡hvM †`qv nq| 2004 mv‡ji
†deªæqvwi gv‡m _vBj¨v‡Ûi ch©Ub kni dy‡K‡U AbywôZ nq 6ô gš¿x ch©v‡qi m‡¤§jb| G‡Z fyUvb Ges †bcvj‡K
bZyb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv nq Ges GKB eQ‡i 31 RyjvB e¨vsK‡K cª_g wegm‡UK kxl© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ
nq| bZyb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †bcvj I fyUvb †hvM †`qvq GwU eZ©gv‡b †e Ae †e½j Bbwm‡qwUf di gvwë †m±ivj
†UKwbK¨vj A¨vÛ BKbwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb (wegm‡UK) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ jvf K‡i|
wegm‡UK `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi 1.3 wewjqb RbmvaviY Z_v c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 21 kZvs‡ki gv‡S
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi †¶‡Î †mZyeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Q| wegm‡UK †RvUfy³ †`k¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ †gvU Af¨šÍixY
Drcv`b ev wRwWwc-Gi cwigvY 750 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| 2004 mv‡ji GK mgx¶vq Rvbv hvq, wegm‡UK
A‡ji g‡a¨ gy³evwYR¨ Pyw³ (GdwUG) Gi Aax‡b eQ‡i AšÍZ 43 †_‡K 59 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡ii evwYR¨ †¶Î
ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| mswkøó †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ e¨emvq-evwYR¨ †¶Î
cªmv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ wegm‡U‡Ki AMªhvÎv ïiæ nq| b‡f¤^i, 2009 †_‡K gvqvbgvi †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡iZ i‡q‡Q|
wegm‡U‡Ki j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨
1. `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mva‡bi j‡¶¨ mn‡hvwMZvi LvZmg~n wPwýZKiY Ges e¨emvq, wewb‡qvM, wkí, cªhyw³,
gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb, ch©Ub, K„wl, R¡vjvwb, cwienb I AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Z cªKí ev¯Íevqb;
2. mw¤§wjZ cª‡Póvi gva¨‡g mgZv I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i †PZbvq D¾xweZ n‡q G A‡j A_©‰bwZKfv‡e w¯’ wZkxj GKwU
AMªmi mgvR wewbg©vY;
3. A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, KvwiMwi I ˆeÁvwbK †¶‡Î Awfbœ ¯^v‡_© cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×; 4. wk¶v, †ckvMZ I
KvwiMwi wel‡q cª‡qvRbxq cªwk¶Y I M‡elYvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi Dbœqb;
5. Rbmvavi‡Yi Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ Riæwi Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi g‡Zv
mw¤§wjZ cª‡Póvq mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi RvZxq Dbœqb cwiKíbv cªYq‡b f~wgKv cvjb;
6. Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© ¯’vcb|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -4

6. Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wjL 20

Gwkqvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msMVb n‡”Q Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK| g~jZ Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© E‡aŸ© Zy‡j aivi
Rb¨ A‡bK j¶ I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q G msMVbwU cªwZwôZ nq| wb‡gœ G cªwZôvbwUi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. g~jab wewb‡qvM: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Gi Ab¨Zg j¶ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q g~jab wewb‡qvM| m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi wewfbœ miKvwi I
†emiKvwi †¶‡Î g~ja‡bi msKU KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki g~jab
wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Gwkqvi AwaKvsk iv‡óªi g~jab msKU wbimb Kiv nq|
2. m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi Rb¨ FY`vb Kvh©µg: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Zvi m`m¨ iv󪸇jv‡Z FY`vb Kvh©µg Ae¨vnZ †i‡L Gi j¶
I D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©Ki K‡i‡Q| FY`vb Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q| Gi m`m¨ iv󪸇jv‡Z
F‡Yi h‡_ó I e¨vcK cwigv‡Y ¯^íZv _vKvi Kvi‡Y GwU `~i K‡i Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Aí my‡`
FY cª`vb K‡i _v‡K|
3. Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î Dbœqb Kiv|
Gwkqvi AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb LyeB gš’i _vKvi Kvi‡Y Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK G Ae¯’v KvwU‡q IVvi Rb¨
bvbvwea c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i| G ms¯’vwU GmKv‡ci (ESCAP) Gi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi Av_©- mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b e×cwiKi|
4. mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg j¶ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Gi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv| KviY AvÂwjK mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi GKvi c‡¶ AvR‡Ki w`‡b wb‡R‡`i Dbœqb
mvab Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB G A‡ji †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î e„w×i j‡¶¨ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥|
5. ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK g~jZ cªwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Gi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ weivRgvb A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ `~i
Kivi Rb¨| Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki K‡qKwU †`k †hgb- Pxb, wm½vcyi, gvj‡qwkqv, wdwjcvBb, fviZ, ZvBIqvb BZ¨vw`
†`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi weivU ˆelg¨ weivRgvb| G me ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ G ms¯’vwU cªwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
6. civgk© cª`vb: Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cªavb Av‡iKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q civgk© `vb| GRb¨ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †KŠkjMZ wewea civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| †KŠkjMZ civgk©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Dbœqb cªKí cªYqb Kiv,
Dbœqb cªK‡í A_©vqb Ges GmKj cªKí ev¯Íevqb Kivi †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv cª`vb Kivi welq¸‡jv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
7. m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi: Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †`k cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©| ZvB G me m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi
Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg j¶¨| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv ivóª i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z GLbI A‡bK m¤ú` Ae¨eüZ
Ae¯’vq c‡o Av‡Q| GmKj m¤ú‡`i Kvh©Ki e¨envi hw` wbwðZ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j Gwkqvi H mKj †`kmg~‡n A‡bK Dbœqb
mvwaZ n‡e| ZvB Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki Ae¨eüZ m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨envi I h_vh_ eÈb wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ Gkxq Dbœqb
e¨vsK KvR K‡i| 8. mgš^q mvab: †h †Kv‡bv cªwZôv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv wbf©i K‡i cªwZôv‡bi Kv‡Ri myôy mgš^q mva‡bi Dci|
Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Zvi j¶ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Zvi Kv‡Ri myôy mgš^q mvab K‡i _v‡K| †Kbbv Gwkqvb Dbœqb
e¨vsK wek¦vm K‡i †h, Gi AšÍf©y³ iv󪸇jvi AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ myôy mgš^q mvab GKvšÍ cª‡qvRb| ZvB GB e¨vsK
m`m¨ ivóª I RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kvh©Kifv‡e mgš^q mvab K‡i‡Q|
9. h_v_©Zv hvPvB I g~j¨vqb: GKwU Kvh©Ki cªwZôvb wn‡m‡e Gwkqvb Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg j¶ I D‡Ïk¨ Kv‡Ri h_v_©Zv
hvPvB I g~j¨vqb Kiv| ZvB G e¨vsK †Kv‡bv m`m¨ ivóª †Kv‡bv FY`v‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡j FY`v‡bi c~‡e© Aek¨B cªK‡íi
m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB I g~j¨vqb K‡i| GB e¨vsK hvPvB I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cªK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv m¤ú‡K© ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Ges H cªKí
m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK M‡elYv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z m‡Pó nq|
10. KvwiMwi I cªKí mvnvh¨ cª`vb: Gwkqvi Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ I wewfbœ cªKí mvnvh¨ cª`vb Kiv Gkxq
Dbœqb e¨vsK Gi Ab¨Zg j¶| ZvB Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Gwkqvi ivóªmg~‡ni K„wl Dbœq‡b A_©‰bwZK I kw³ m¤ú‡` I Dbœq‡b
wewfbœ ai‡bi KvwiMwi I cªKí mvnvh¨ w`‡q _v‡K|
11. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb: Gwkqvi †ewkifvM †`k `vwi`‡ª¨i AvNv‡Z RR©wiZ| †ewkifvM †`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq A‡bK
Kg| G me †`‡ki RbMY Pig `vwi`‡ª¨i g‡a¨ evm K‡i| `vwi`‡ª¨i GB KwVb mgm¨v †_‡K Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡K gy³ Kivi
Rb¨ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK wewfbœ c`‡¶c nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ wbimb n‡q‡Q|
12. myôy cwiKíbv cªYqb: cwiKíbv cªYqb Qvov †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi myôy mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Gkxq
Dbœqb e¨vsK GKwU Kvh©Ki cªwZôvb wn‡m‡e Zvi m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi Rb¨ myôy A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv cªYqb K‡i| ZvQvov Gwkqvi
be¨ ¯^vaxbZv cªvß †`k¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv cªYq‡bi †¶‡Î m¶g bq| ZvQvov †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Dbœqb
h_v_© cwiKíbv cªYqb Qvov G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| ZvB Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK Zvi m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ myôy
cwiKíbv cªYq‡bi Dci h_v_© ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dch©y³ j¶ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK cªwZôvi ci †_‡K AvR Aewa wbijmfv‡e
KvR K‡i hv‡”Q Ges GwU wbR¯^ mKj j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶ bZyb bZyb Kvh©µg MªnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi †Póv
Ki‡Q|
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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -5

7. A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi msÁv `vI 15,17,20

Definition of Economic Diplomacy eZ©gvb AvR©vwZK ivRbxwZ Gevi RwUj cwiw¯’wi ga¨ w`‡q GwM‡q hv‡”Q| G
cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqvi GKgvÎ Dcvq nj mKj iv‡óªi mw¤§wjZ K~U‰bwZK cª‡Póv| wek¦vqb I gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi G
hy‡M K~UbxwZ cwZZ n‡q‡Q A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ| G A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ eZ©gvb ciivóªbxwZi †¶‡Î AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q| GKwU iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi Ici wbf©i K‡i GKwU ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ Kx ai‡bi m¤úK© ˆZwi
Ki‡e| RvZxq A_©bxwZi j¶¨‡K i¶v Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ ivóª KZ©…K M„nxZ A_©‰bwZK ev evwYwR¨K ‡KŠkj‡K we‡kølY K‡i
A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ|
A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi msÁv: GKwU ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K A_©‰bwZK myweav nvwm‡j K~UbxwZ cwiPvjbv Ki‡e, Ab¨ K_vq
Ab¨ iv‡óªi m¤ú‡`i bvMvj cvIqvi †Póvq iZ _vK‡e| Giƒc j¶¨ AR©‡b Abym„Z bxwZ‡KB ejv nq A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ|
mvaviYZ ejv hvq †h, K~UbxwZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v c~i‡YvËi DØ…Ë A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`‡K AvšÍR©vwZK Rbc`¸‡jv‡Z ißvwb
I evRviRvZKiY ¯^‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK gybvdv I cªe„w× AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK mg„w× AR©‡bi j‡¶¨
wb‡R‡`i‡K wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ e‡j| A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ n‡”Q 'iv‡óªi mKj A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi
e¨envi hvi gva¨‡g ivóª Zvi RvZxq ¯^v_© AR©b K‡i| A_©‰bwZK, K~UbxwZ A_©bxwZi mKj Kvh©µg‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i hv
idZvwb-Avg`vwb, wewb‡qvM, FY, mvnvh¨, webv ï‡é evwYwR¨K Pyw³ BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK ïay G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× bv
GUv AviI we¯Í…Z|
A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi ¸iæZ¡ Importance of economic diplomacy
mg‡qi weeZ©‡b eZ©gvbKv‡j †Rvi Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi Ici| eZ©gvb wek¦ e¨e¯’vq A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi
¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b cªmvwiZ n‡”Q| Avi †h Kvi‡Y Gi ¸iæZ¡ GZ e„w× cv‡”Q Zv wb‡gœ Zy‡j aiv nj:
1. AwaK cwigvY Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨: GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ cªmv‡i mnvqZv K‡i|
Avi Avgiv Rvwb RvZxq A_©bxwZi eywbqv` Aek¨¤¢vexiƒ‡c Af¨šÍixY I ewne©vwY‡R¨i Ici wfwË K‡i kw³kvjx Ae¯’vq wU‡K
_v‡K| RvZxq †bZ„Z¡ GKw`‡K Af¨šÍixY A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v †gUvbv ev cªe„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY, cyuwR, KuvPvgvj
Avg`vwb Ki‡eb, Ab¨w`‡K ¯^‡`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨ hv‡Z gvbm¤úbœ nq Ges we‡`‡ki evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z mg_© nq Zv †Lqvj
K‡ib|
2. A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM m„wó: A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi mdj cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ivóª Zvi Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î Z„Yg~j ch©vq ch©šÍ wbiæwØMœ
cwi‡ek RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Z_v †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK D‡`¨v³v wewfbœ cªwZôv‡bi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. Aeva cY¨ cªevn: A‡bK mgq DbœZ iv󪸇jv `wi`ª iv‡óªi cY¨ Zv‡`i evRv‡i cª‡e‡ki †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi ïé, †KvUv,
Uvwi‡di g‡Zv kZ©v‡ivc K‡i| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evB‡ii evRv‡i cY¨ cª‡e‡ki myweav‡K mnRxKiY KvRwU A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ
cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e|
4. A_©bxwZi AMªmigvb LvZ¸‡jv‡K cªavb¨ `vb: K~UbxwZi Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡”Q iv‡óªi AMªmigvb A_©‰bwZK †¶Î¸‡jv‡K
e¨vw³ D‡`¨M‡K AwaK cwigv‡Y my‡hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍtivóªxK ch©v‡q ZrciZv Pvjv‡bv| G‡¶‡Î cª_gZ K~UbxwZK I
ivRbxwZK‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e †`‡ki g‡a¨ †Kvb LvZ¸‡jv AMªmigvb Ges m¤¢vebvgq Ges †mB Abyhvqx Zv‡`i wewb‡qvM I
evwYwR¨K ZrciZv Pvjv‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wk‡íi K_v ejv hvq|
5. kªgkw³ ißvwb: eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M GK‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`‡k cyuwRi cY¨ I cªhyw³ cªev‡ni c_ †hfv‡e wbwe©‡Nœ Kiv
n‡q‡Q, GK‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`‡k kªwgK MgbvMg‡bi mv‡_ kªwg‡Ki kª‡g GK wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ZvB kªwgK‡`i
AvšÍR©vwZK AveZ©‡bi my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ `iKvi AK„cY K~U‰bwZK wm×všÍ I ZrciZv| KviY mKj †`‡ki kªwgK mKj wel‡q
mgvb `¶ bq|
6. cY¨ †mev I ißvwbi †¶‡Î: cY¨ †mev I ißvwbi †¶‡Î AvšÍt‡`kxq ch©v‡q AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi AvIZvq m‡e©v”P m¤¢e
myweav cªvwßi e¨e¯’v KivI A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZi Ab¨Zg KvR| hv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZi Rb¨ AZxe Riæwi| mœvqy‡×i Aemv‡bi ci
†h bZyb wek¦e¨e¯’vi m„wó n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zvi GKK †bZ„Z¡vaxb my`„p Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji Avkªq MªnY
K‡i| G‡¶‡Î gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zuvi A_©‰bwZK †KŠkj‡KB AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avi Gfv‡eB K~UbxwZ Zvi
†Lvjm cwieZ©b K‡i eZ©gv‡b A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| G A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi GKwU
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|

8. wMªb wcm Kx? 16,18,20

wMªb wcm GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ekev`x msMVb| cwi‡ek wel‡q cª_vwe‡ivax Ges D”PwKZ cªwZev‡`i Rb¨ Av‡jvwPZ|
cvigvYweK cix¶vi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q 1971 mv‡j GwU cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj| cwi‡ek euvPv‡Z ms¯’vwU MZ 40 eQi
a‡i jovB K‡i Avm‡Q| G jovB Ki‡Z wM‡q cªvqB AvBwb RwUjZvq co‡Z n‡”Q ms¯’vwUi m`m¨‡`i|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -6
wMªbwcm: wMªb wcm n‡jv GKwU †emiKvwi AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ekev`x ms¯’v| lvU Ges mˇii `k‡K KvbvWvi weªwUk Kjw¤^qvi
f¨vbKyfv‡i cvigvYweK kw³i we‡ivwaZv Kivi gva¨‡g G ms¯’vwUi m~Pbv N‡U| Avjv¯‹v Øx‡c| 1971 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóª
A‡bK¸‡jv cvigvYweK cix¶vi †NvlYv †`q| G cwi‡ekwe‡ivax †NvlYvi weiæ‡× wKQymsL¨K gvwK©b I KvbvwWqvb bvMwiK
m`¨ cªwZwôZ †Ww›U‡gK G I‡qf KwgwU wdwjm †dvig¨vK bv‡gi GKwU RvnvR f¨vbKyfvi †_‡K cvVvq| wdwjm †dvig¨vK
RvnvRwUi bvg †mmgq cwieZ©b K‡i wMªb wcm ivLv nq| • cieZ©x‡Z †Wv›U †gK G I‡qf KwgwU I wMªb wcm bvgwU aviY
K‡i|
- eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i 40wU †`‡k Gi kvLv i‡q‡Q, hv †b`vij¨vÛ‡mi Avg÷viWvg †_‡K cwiPvwjZ nq| G ms¯’vwUi g~j
G D‡Ïk¨ c„w_ex bvgK G Mª‡ni meai‡bi Rxe‰ewPZ‡ª¨i cªwZcvj‡bi Rb¨ cªvK„wZK cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv| ms¯’vwU
mviv we‡k¦ eb¨ cwi‡ek aŸsm, wek¦ Dòvqb, AwaK nv‡i grm¨ wkKvi, evwYwR¨Kfv‡e wZwg wkKvi Ges cvigvYweK kw³i
weiæ‡× cªPviYv Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q| G j‡¶¨ ms¯’vwU D”P ch©v‡q jwes Ges mivmwi c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i _v‡K| wMªb wcm †Kv‡bv
miKvwi Aby`vb MªnY bv K‡i Gi cªvq wZb †KvwU mg_©K‡`i KvQ †_‡K A_© MªnY K‡i _v‡K|
G ms¯’vi `vwei Kvi‡YB BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb wmj w`‡q ˆZwi cY¨ Avg`vwb‡Z wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| cwiYv‡g wmj wbab
Av‡Mi Zyjbvq cªvq GK lôvs‡k †b‡g Av‡m| 1987 mv‡j wMªb wcm G›UvK©wUKvq Iqvì© cvK© cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡i| G msMVb
we‡k¦i me©Î ivmvqwbK I †ZRw¯Œq eR¨© wb‡¶‡ci weiæ‡× mdj Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
Dcmsnvi: cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, wMªb wcm cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPZª¨ i¶vq GKwU wb‡ew`Z msMVb| G msMV‡bi
Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡jB Avjv¯‹v Øxc‡K cvwLi AfqivY¨ Kiv nq| wMªb wcm wmj wbab, wZwg wkKvi I mgy‡`ª eR¨© Acmvi‡Yi
weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi| 1995 mv‡j cªkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i cvigvYweK cix¶vi weiæ‡× G msMVb Zv‡`i wbR¯^ RvnvR '‡iBb‡ev
IqvwiNi' Gi gva¨‡g cªwZev` Rvbvq|

9. wR-8 m¤ú‡K© wjL 14,18

wR-8 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Mªæc-8 (Group-4) ev 8 RvwZ‡Mvwô| 1975 mv‡ji 15 b‡f¤^i G ms¯’vwU Rb¥ jvf K‡i| Gi c~e©
bvg wQj wR-7 ev RvwZ‡Mvwô-7| Z‡e GiI Av‡M 1975 mv‡j G ms¯’vwUi bvg wQj wR-6| dªv‡Ýi mv‡eK †cªwm‡W›U f¨v‡jwi
wR¯‹vi †`¯Ív G msMVbwUi D‡`¨v³v| wZwb 1975 mv‡j we‡k¦ hLb †Zj msKU †`Lv †`q ZLb Rvg©vwb, Rvcvb, weª‡Ub, hy³ivóª
I BZvwji †bZv‡`i GK AbvbyôvwbK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ dªv‡Ýi ivRavbx c¨vwi‡mi ivgeyB‡j‡Z wgwjZ nevi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
1975 mv‡ji G Av‡jvPbvi ci Gme †`‡ki †bZ„e„›` Av‡jvPbvi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Pvb| Gici 1976 mv‡j KvbvWv G
ms¯’vwU‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib| ivwkqv G mg‡q wR-8 Gi ch©‡e¶‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 1998 mv‡ji 15 †g ivwkqv Gi c~Y©
m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †hvM †`q| Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 8| m`m¨ iv󪸇jv n‡jv gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, Rvg©vwb, weª‡Ub, ivwkqv,
dªvÝ, KvbvWv I BZvwj| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wR-8 G BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi cªwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡Q wKš‘ GwU wR-8 Gi m`m¨ bq| cªwZ
eQi wR-8 Gi ivóª cªavbiv evwl©K m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nb| GKBfv‡e Gme †`‡ki A_©gš¿x, ciivóªgš¿x I cwi‡ekgš¿xMYI
evwl©K m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ n‡q _v‡Kb| dªvÝ, hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, ivwkqv, Rvg©vwb, Rvcvb, BZvwj I KvbvWv-GB µgvbymv‡i wR 8
Gi m‡¤§jb ¯’j I mfvcwZZ¡ wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| mfvcwZ ivóª m‡¤§j‡bi Kg©m~wP I gwš¿mfvi ˆeV‡Ki e¨vcv‡i hveZxq
wm×všÍ MªnY K‡i _v‡K| ivwkqv‡K eZ©gv‡b 2014 mv‡ji wµwgqv msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y wR-8 †_‡K ev` †`qv nq| cieZ©xKv‡j
dªvÝ Ges hy³ivR¨ cuvPwU Dbœqbkxj †`k‡K "AvDUwiP dvBf" ev "cøvm dvBfÓ bv‡g wR-8 G AšÍf©yw³i e¨vcv‡i AvMªn cªKvk
K‡i| G cuvPwU †`k n‡”Q eªvwRj, MYPxb, fviZ, †gw·‡Kv I `w¶Y AvwdªKv| eZ©gv‡b G †`k¸‡jv wR-8 Gi m‡¤§j‡b
AskMªnY K‡i _v‡K|
wR-8 we‡k¦i wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi msMVb n‡jI RvwZmsN, wek¦e¨vsK ev Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi b¨vq Gi †Zgb †Kv‡bv
mvsMVwbK ev cªkvmwbK KvVv‡gv †bB| GgbwK Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Gi †Kv‡bv ¯’vqx mwPevjq ev Kvh©vjq †bB|
PµvKv‡i hLb †h iv‡óªi Dci Gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡fvi Awc©Z nq ZLb †m ivóª Gi cªkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ Z_v m‡¤§jb Abyôvb
K‡i _v‡K| wR-8 Gi gwš¿mfvi †h ˆeVK AbywôZ nq Zv‡Z ¯^v¯’¨, AvB‡bi cª‡qvM, kªg, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb,
R¡vjvwb, cwi‡ek, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK©, wePvi e¨e¯’v, mš¿vm I AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

10. evsjv‡`k fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ wZbwU mgm¨v D‡jøL Ki 15,19

evsjv‡`k fviZ m¤úK© evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© d¨v±i| cªwZ‡ekx ivóª wn‡m‡e †`k `y‡Uvi m¤ú‡K©i
wfwË HwZnvwmK| evsjv‡`k I fviZ `ywU c„_K ivóª n‡jI Dfq †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î Ac~e© wgj i‡q‡Q|
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb †`k `y‡Uv‡K AviI KvQvKvwQ wb‡q G‡mwQj| wKš‘ weMZ 36 eQ‡i
mxgvšÍ GjvKvq weGmGd Gi Amwnòy Kvh©Kjvc Ges fviZxq bxwZ wba©viK‡`i †`v`yj¨gvb AvPiY fviZ-evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K©i
AMªMwZ‡Z AšÍivq m„wó K‡i‡Q| GQvov AviI †ek wKQy wØcvw¶K mgm¨v †hgb- fvimvg¨nxb evwYwR¨K m¤úK©, M½vi cvwb
eÈb Pyw³i ev¯Íevq‡b Mwogwm, M¨vm ißvwb weZK©, UªvbwRU I UªvÝwkc‡g›U, cykBb, cyke¨vK, `w¶Y ZvjcwÆi gwjKvbv cª‡kœ
we‡iva, fviZ KZ©…K e‡½vcmvM‡i ‡Zj M¨vm AbymÜvb, AvšÍtb`x ms‡hvM cªKí BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k fviZ m¤ú‡K©

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -7
A‡bKUv dvUj ai‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j eÜy cªwZg cªwZ‡ekx `ywU †`‡ki `xN© 36 eQ‡ii m¤ú‡K© Awek¦vm Avi AwbwðqZv
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k-fviZ weivRgvb we‡ivac~Y© Bm¨ymg~n- evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi weivRgvb we‡ivac~Y© Bm¨y¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv:
1. mxgvšÍ mgm¨v: MZ 36 eQi a‡i evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgvšÍ mgm¨vi †Kvb ¯’vqx mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| evsjv‡`‡ki wZbw`K
w`‡qB fviZ ïay `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi| evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~‡e© Avmvg, cwð‡g cwðge½, cy‡iv Avmvg I wÎcyiv Aew¯’Z|
†fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK mxgvbvi ˆ`N¨ n‡jv 4156 wK. wg.| Gi g‡a¨ ¯’j mxgvbv 3976 wK.
wg. Ges Rjmxgv 180 wK. wg.| 6.5 wK. wg. mxgvbv GLbI wPwýZ nqwb| †gvU mxgvbvi 42 wK. wg. mxgvbv wb‡q fvi‡Zi
m‡½ GLb ch©šÍ mgm¨v we`¨gvb| Gme GjvKvq Dfq †`‡ki mxgvšÍ i¶x I ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ we‡iva †j‡MB Av‡Q|
†mLv‡b D‡ËRbv-evsKvi Lbb, †iW GjvU©, d¬vM wgwUs, duvKv¸wj GLb wbZ¨ w`‡bi NUbv n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| 1974 mv‡j mxgvšÍ
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ gywRe-Bw›`iv Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm` GB Pyw³ Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jI `xN© 41 eQi ci
fviZxq †jvKmfv Zv Aby‡gv`b K‡i| mxgvšÍ †Kw›`ªK G mKj mgm¨v `y'iv‡óªi g‡a¨ wØcvw¶K m¤ú‡K©i IVvbvgv‡K `viæYfv‡e
cªfvweZ K‡i|
2. wQUgnj mgm¨v: fviZ-evsjv‡`k mxgvšÍ mgm¨vi Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv wQUgnj mgm¨v| f~wg Rwic Awa`߇i wnmve
Abyhvqx fvi‡Zi †fZi evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgn‡ji msL¨v †gvU 51wU hvi †gvU AvqZ‡b 11.46 eM©gvBj Ges evsjv‡`‡ki
Af¨šÍ‡i fvi‡Zi wQUgn‡ji msL¨v 111wU hvi AvqZb 26.96 eM©gvBj| fvi‡Zi wnmve g‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i fvi‡Zi
†gvU wQUgnj 130wU| Gi g‡a¨ 119wU n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ Ges 11wU An¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨| Aciw`‡K fvi‡Zi †fZi evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU
wQUgnj 91wU| Gi g‡a¨ 68wU n¯ÍvšÍi †hvM¨| 23wU An¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨| G mKj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 1974 mv‡j gywRe-
Bw›`iv Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`k G Pyw³ ¯^v¶‡ii ci msm‡` Zv Aby‡gv`b K‡i fviZ‡K †eiæevwo n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡jI
fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki `nMªvg-Av½i‡cvZv wQUgnj e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †m mgq Db¥y³ K‡iwb| 1992 mv‡j 26 Ryb fviZ miKvi
wZb weNv Kwi‡Wv‡i PjvP‡ji Rb¨ my‡hvM †`q| ejv hvq evsjv‡`‡ki †P‡q A‡c¶vK„Z e„nr Ges kw³ai ivóª wn‡m‡e fviZ
mxgvšÍ msµvšÍ wel‡q †hme f~wgKv wb‡q‡Q Zv A‡bK †¶‡ÎB cªwZ‡ekxmyjf bq| evsjv‡`‡ki e‡½vcmvM‡ii AvÂwjK mxgvi
g‡a¨ 1975 mv‡j nvwiqvfv½v †gvnbvq `w¶Y ZvjcwÆ bv‡g †h ØxcwU †R‡M I‡V 1981 mv‡j fviZxq †bŠ-evwnbx †mwU `Lj
K‡i †bq| `w¶Y ZvjcwÆ wb‡q we‡iv‡ai GLbI †Kvb mgvavb nqwb|
3. cvwb eÈb mgm¨v: ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ciB evsjv‡`k †h mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq Zv n‡jv cvwb eÈb mgm¨v| evsjv‡`‡k cªevwnZ
57wU b`xi g‡a¨ fviZ I evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q cªevwnZ b`xi msL¨v n‡”Q 54wU| Zvi g‡a¨ 24wU b`x fviZ †_‡K
evsjv‡`‡k cªevwnZ †gvU cvwb cªev‡ni kZKiv 93 fvM enb K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ Avevi 51 kZvsk Av‡m eªþcyÎ b`x w`‡q Avi
28 kZvsk M½v w`‡q| evsjv‡`‡ki me b`xi cªevn fvi‡Zi †fZi w`‡q G‡m‡Q e‡j cvwb cªev‡ni †¶‡Î fvi‡Zi Ici
wbf©ikxj| fviZ B‡”Q Ki‡jB wewfbœ b`xi cªev‡ni Dci cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g| GB g‡a¨ Avevi 51 kZvsk Av‡m
eªþcyÎ b`x w`‡q Avi 28 kZvsk M½v w`‡q| evsjv‡`‡ki me b`xi cªevn fvi‡Zi †fZi w`‡q G‡m‡Q e‡j cvwb cªev‡ni
†¶‡Î fvi‡Zi Ici wbf©ikxj| fviZ B‡”Q Ki‡jB wewfbœ b`xi cªev‡ni Dci cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g| GB mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi R‡b¨ 1972 mv‡j †hŠ_ b`x Kwgkb MwVZ nq| wKš‘ 1974 mv‡j dviv°v e¨v‡iR Pvjy n‡j evsjv‡`‡k cvwb cªev‡ni
gvÎvq weiƒc cªfve c‡o| Rjvav‡ii Drm †bcvj nIqvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k cieZ©x‡Z fvi‡Zi mv‡_ †bcvj‡K wb‡qI †hŠ_ b`x
Kwgk‡bi cª¯Íve w`‡j Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| 1975 mv‡j cvwb eȇb `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^í‡gqvw` Pyw³ nq| wKš‘ w`b w`b
cvwb mgm¨vi msKU NwYf~Z n‡Z _v‡K| `y †`‡ki g‡a¨ G wel‡q we¯Íi Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Pj‡jI evsjv‡`k G †_‡K jvfevb
n‡q‡Q LyeB bMY¨| cv wbmgm¨vi ¯’vqx mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ 1996 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i w`wjø‡Z `yB †`‡ki cªavbgš¿x ch©v‡q 30
eQ‡ii GKwU cvwb eÈb Pyw³ nq| wKš‘ weMZ 11 eQ‡i Pyw³ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k cvwbi b¨vh¨ wnmve ey‡S cvqwb| d‡j `y
†`‡ki g‡a¨ cvwb mgm¨vwU †hB wZwg‡i wQj †mB wZwg‡iB i‡q †M‡Q| Ryb '04 fvi‡Zi Ks‡Mª‡mi †bZ„‡Z¡ bZyb miKvi MwVZ
n‡j cvwb m¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †c‡qwQ‡jb cwðge‡½i evOvwj Ks‡Mªm †bZv wcªqiÄb `vm gywÝ, `vwqZ¡ MªnY Kivi ciB
wg. gyÝx evsjv‡`‡ki cvwb mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi †h Avk¦vm w`‡qwQ‡jb ZvI Kvh©Ki nqwb|
4. AvšÍtb`x ms‡hvM Pyw³: AvMvgx 50 eQ‡ii µgea©gvb cvwbi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ M½v eªþcyÎ Ges Gi AeevwnKvi mKj
b`-b`xi cvwb euva, Rjvkq I ms‡hvM Lv‡ji gva¨‡g cªZ¨vnvi K‡i fvi‡Zi DËi I DËi cwðgv‡j cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨
fviZ †h gnvcwiKíbv wb‡q‡Q Zv AvšÍtb`x ms‡hvM cªKí bv‡g cwiwPZ| µgea©gvb cvwb I Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi j‡¶¨
†`‡ki †QvU eo 38wU b`x‡K 30wU ms‡hvMKvix Lv‡ji gva¨‡g Ry‡o †`Iqvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| cwiKíbv Abyhvqx el©vi mg‡qi
AwZwi³ cvwb mwÂZ ivLvi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k 74wU Rjvavi Ges †ek wKQy euva wbg©vY Kiv n‡e| d‡j el©vi mg‡qi mwÂZ cvwb
ïK‡bv †gŠmy‡g wewfbœ ¯’v‡b K„wl I Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mieivn Kiv n‡e| G‡Z GKw`‡K eb¨v †hgb †iva Kiv hv‡e, †Zgwb
Livi Avk¼vI `~i n‡e e‡j fviZxq Kg©KZ©viv g‡b Ki‡Qb| evsjv‡`k GKwU fvwUi †`k wn‡m‡e DRv‡bi b`x¸‡jvi Dci
wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq| Z`ycwi fviZ Zvi GB cªKí ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K AewnZ K‡iwb| we‡klÁ‡`i aviYv GB
cªKí ev¯ÍevwqK n‡j fviZ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k cª‡ek K‡i‡Q Ggb me b`xi ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡iva Kiv n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki b`xmg~‡n
cvwb †hgb Kg‡e †Zgwb cwi‡e‡ki Ici cªPÐ weiƒc cªfve co‡e| b`x‡Z cvwb Kg‡j f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi Av‡iv †b‡g hv‡e|
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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -8
†m‡¶‡Î Av‡m©wbK mgm¨v evo‡e| GQvov b`x‡Z cvwb Kg‡j gv‡Qi Drcv`b fxlYfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki Dˇii
wekvj GjvKv giægq n‡q hvIqvi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| mnR K_v AvšÍtb`x ms‡hvM cªKí ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j fvi‡Zi Rb¨ †hgb
my‡Li w`b ïiæ n‡e †Zgwb evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ `yt‡Li w`b ïiæ n‡e| evsjv‡`k weMZ fviZ miKvi‡K G cªKí ev¯ÍevwqZ bv
Kivi Aby‡iva K‡iwQj| wKš‘ GbwWI †RvU miKvi †mB Aby‡iv‡a KY©cvZ K‡iwb|
5. M¨vm ißvwb: evsjv‡`k-fvi‡Zi Avi GKwU bZyb mgm¨v n‡jv M¨vm ißvwb mgm¨v| fviZ Pvq evsjv‡`k Zvi Drcvw`Z
M¨vm fvi‡Z ißvwb KiæK| M¨vm ißvwbi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki e³e¨ cwi®‹vi, evsjv‡`k Af¨šÍixY M¨v‡mi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ci
hw` DØ…Z _v‡K Zvn‡j ißvwbi cªkœ b‡Pr bq| cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q †h evsjv‡`‡k †h cwigvY M¨vm gRy` Av‡Q Zv ißvwbi
Rb¨ †Kvb As‡kB AbyK~j bq| A_P M¨vm ißvwbi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ici Aweivg Pvc m„wó K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Aw¯’wZkxj GK
ch©v‡q †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³ gvwK©b ivóª`~ZI fvi‡Z M¨vm ißvwbi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Ki‡Qb| hv
fvi‡Zi c‡¶ IKvjwZi bvgvšÍi| GKwU †`k Ab¨ ‡`‡k Zvi m¤ú` ißvwb Ki‡e wK bv Ki‡e G wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi fvi Zvi
wb‡Ri| wKš‘ fviZ G wel‡q bvbv fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i hv‡”Q|

11. wc Gj 480 wK? 15,18

f~wgKv: we‡k¦i †h †Kv‡bv †`k †h †Kv‡bv mgq Lv`¨ msK‡U co‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i Z„Z xq we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi
Ae¯’v LyeB Lvivc| †Kv‡bv cªvK„wZK `y‡h©vM ev gvbem„ó †Kv‡bv wec‡`i Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ msK‡U c‡o `ªæZ| †mB gyn~‡Z© we‡k¦i
wewfbœ †`k Lv`¨ mnvqZv cª`vb K‡i| ZvQvov †ek wKQy †¯^”Qv‡mex msMVb ev `vZe¨ msMVb n‡jv mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| gvwK©b
hy³ivóªI Zvi mvnv‡h¨i nvZ evwo‡q †`q PL-480 AvB‡bi gva¨‡g|
PL 480: PL 480 n‡jv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GKwU AvBb, hvi gva¨‡g hy³ivóª we‡`‡k Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ cª`vb K‡i| Gi Ab¨ bvg
Food for peace
PL-480 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Public Law-4801 PL-480 Gi †¶Îmg~n n‡jv:
1. `y‡h©vM c~Y© I Riæwi Ae¯’vi †cªw¶‡Z Lv`¨ mnvqZv cª`vb Kiv,
2. hy³iv‡óªi evB‡i †Kv‡bv AjvfRbK †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’vmg~n‡K A_ev †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ ms¯’v‡K mvnvh¨ cª`vb Kiv
3. gvwK©b miKv‡ii mv‡_ ˆe‡`wkK miKvimg~n A_ev †Kv‡bv ˆe‡`wkK evwYwR¨K cªwZôv‡bi mv‡_ `xN© FY Pyw³i gva¨‡g Lv`¨
cª`vb Kiv| GB AvBbwU cª_‡g cwiwPZ wQj "Agricultural Trade Development Assistence Act" hv †cªwm‡W›U
AvB‡Rb nvIqvi KZ©…K 1954 mv‡ji 10 RyjvB cvm nq| cieZ©x‡Z †cªwm‡W›U Rb †K‡bwW 1961 mv‡j Gi bZyb bvgKiY
K‡ib "Food for peace".
Dcmsnvi: cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, gvwK©b hy³ivóª GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI GB
PL-480 gva¨‡g mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv G‡m‡Q| hy³ivóª Riæwi mvnvh¨ QvovI †hme †`‡ki ¶y`ª ˆe‡`wkK wiR©vf Ges †hme
†`‡ki Lv`¨msKU i‡q‡Q Zv‡`iI mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|

12. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi g~jbxwZmg~n wK wK? 16

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi wejywß ci wek¦ ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z GKK civkw³ wnmv‡e hy³iv‡óªi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q| we‡k¦i
ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK kw³i GK‡K›`ªxKiY nIqvq me iv󪸇jvi we‡`k bxwZ‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| eZ©gv‡b
we‡k¦ cªwZwU ivóªB Zvi ciivóªbxwZ‡Z A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ‡K cªvavb¨ w`‡”Q| GLb GKwU †`‡ki mv‡_ Avi GKwU †`‡ki
m¤ú‡K©i gvb`Ð wePvi nq A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© w`‡q| evsjv‡`kI Zvi eZ©gvb K~UbxwZ‡Z A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ‡K cªvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q|
ZvB evsjv‡`k wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© †Rvi`vi Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k mw¤§wjZ RvwZcy‡Äi
m`m¨; †RvU wbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡biI m`m¨| myZivs evsjv‡`k ¯^fveZB mw¤§wjZ RvwZcy‡Äi mb` I †RvU wbi‡c¶
Av‡›`vj‡bi g~jbxwZmg~n †g‡b P‡j|
g~jbxwZmg~n: wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi g~jbxwZmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. mK‡ji cªwZ eÜyZ¡: Kv‡iv cªwZ we‡Øl bq: †h‡nZy GKwU Mwie †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Zvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj, †m‡nZy evsjv‡`k e„nrkw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb GKwU c¶vej¤^b K‡i Ab¨ GKwUi
weivMfvRb n‡Z Pvq bv| Gi †P‡q eo K_v n‡jv †h, GK i³¶qx msN‡l©i gva¨‡g AvZ¥cªKv‡ki ci evsjv‡`k Pvq bv †h, †m
†Kvb e„nrkw³i ¸wU wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e|
2. Ab¨ iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡, ivóªxq ¯^vaxbZv I †fŠ‡MvwjK ALÐZvi cªwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb cª`k©b Kiv: G g~jbxwZwU mw¤§wjZ
RvwZcy‡Äi mb‡`i 24 avivi mv‡_ m¤ú~Y© mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
3. Ab¨ iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv: G g~jbxwZwUI mw¤§wjZ RvwZcy‡Äi mb‡`i 27 avivi Dci cªwZwôZ|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -9
4. wek¦kvwšÍ: G e¨vcv‡i Aa¨vcK GgvRDwÏb Avng` AwZ my›`ifv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, Òevsjv‡`k ïaygvÎ kvwšÍi D‡Ï‡k¨B kvwšÍ
Pvq bv, Gi Av‡iv KviY n‡jv Zvi RvZxq DbœwZ I wbivcËvi e¨vcv‡i mycwiKwíZ we‡ePbv"| evsjv‡`k KZ©…K A‡š^wlZ kvwšÍi
GB g~jbxwZi K‡qKwU Zvrch© Av‡Q|
cª_gZ, evsjv‡`k kvwšÍc~Y© mnAe¯’v‡b wek¦vm K‡i|
wØZxqZ, evsjv‡`k †h‡Kvb weev` kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q gxgvsmvi c¶cvZx| evsjv‡`k Pvq †h, †h‡Kvb AvšÍR©vwZK cwiw¯’wZi
cwieZ©b kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q n‡e| G cªm‡½ G K_vI memgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h evsjv‡`k KL‡bv we‡k¦i †Kvb iv‡óªi kvwšÍ I
wbivcËvi cªwZ ûgwK cª`k©b bv Kivi e¨vcv‡i e×cwiKi|

13. mvdUv wK? 16

(South Asian Free Trade Area) `w¶Y Gwkqv gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv g~jZ GKwU Pyw³, hv 2004 mv‡j 6 Rvbyqvwi
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Bmjv‡gi 12Zg SAARC m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ nq| †mB Pyw³ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k, fyUvb, fviZ, gvjØxc, †bcvj,
cvwK¯Ívb I kªxjsKv wb‡q GKUv gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv MwVZ nq| GB evwYR¨ GjvKvq 2011 mv‡ji wnmve Abyhvqx †gvU
RbmsL¨v 1.8 wewjqb| SAFTA Pyw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡ib 7wU †`‡ki ciivóª gš¿xiv| †mB Pyw³‡Z ejv nq †h, 2016 mv‡ji
g‡a¨ evwY‡R¨i AšÍM©Z mKj cY¨ mvgMªxi Dci meiKg AvšÍt‡`kxq ïé cªZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv n‡e| †m Abymv‡i SAFTA
Pyw³ 2006 mv‡j 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq (come into force)| cª_g ch©v‡q 2007 mv‡ji g‡a¨ fviZ, cvwK¯Í vb I
kªxjsKv Zv‡`i ïé 20% †Z bvwg‡q Av‡b| 2012 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †mB 20% †K Kwg‡q 0% †Z bvwg‡q Avbvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
SAARC Gi Zyjbvg~jK ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k wnmv‡e †bcvj, fyUvb, evsjv‡`k, AvdMvwb¯Ívb (cieZ©x‡Z SAARC G †hvM`vbK„Z)
Ges gvjØxc ïé nªv‡mi Rb¨ evowZ 3 eQi mgq cvq| SAFTA Pyw³i Drm n‡jv SAFTA (SAARC Preferential
Trading Arrangement) | SAPTA Pyw³ 1993 mv‡ji 11 Gwcªj mv‡K©i m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¯^v¶wiZ nq Ges
1995 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤^i †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq| SAPTA Pyw³ Abyhvqx cvi¯úwiK evwYR¨ I A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek
†_‡K SAFTA-‡Z DËiY N‡U|
Characteristics of SAPTA
`w¶Y Gwkqv AMªvwaKviwfwËK evwYR¨ Pyw³ ev mvcUvi ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evwYR¨ D`vixKiY n‡jv mvcUvi cª_g I cªavb ˆewkó¨|
2. mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb Z_v LvZwfwËK we‡klvqb I eZ©gvb evwYR¨ KvVv‡gv wePvi-we‡kølY K‡i
evwY‡R¨ AMªvwaKvi wbiƒcY| GB n‡jv mvcUvi wØZxq ˆewkó¨|
3. mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii Rb¨ KZUv Qvo w`‡Z cª¯ÍyZ, G wel‡q ZvwjKv/‡NvlYv cª`vb| †Kvb †Kvb c‡Y¨i
Aeva PjvPj Aby‡gvw`Z n‡e Ges †Kvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ b¨~bZg ïé Av‡ivwcZ n‡e G wel‡q ZvwjKv ci¯ú‡ii wbKU
cª`vb Kiv n‡e| G n‡jv mvcUvi Z„Zxq ˆewkó¨|
4. evwYR¨ AMªvwaKvi wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î Dcv`v‡bi Drm AbymÜvb| P~ovšÍ Drcbœ| c‡Y¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cªv_wgK I
gva¨wgK cY¨ ev KuvPvgvj cªK„ZB †`kR-wKbv, Zvi ¯úó †NvlYv _vK‡Z n‡e| we‡`wk Drm †_‡K DcKiY
msM„nxZ n‡q _vK‡j Zvi ¯úó wb‡`©kbv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges †m Abymv‡i AMªvwaKvi/myweav wbY©q Kiv n‡e|
5. evwY‡R¨ Dc¯’vwcZ cY¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ bvbv wefvRb _vK‡e| †hgb- †Kvb¸‡jv ïémn, †Kvb¸‡jv AvswkK ïé mn,
†Kvb¸‡jv ïénxb, †Kvb¸‡jv cª‡ekvwaKvi ewÂZ-Gm‡ei wefvRb mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jv ci¯úi‡K AewnZ Ki‡e|

14. RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vbmg~n wK? 16

RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb ev ˆewkó¨ Elements or Characteristics of Nationalism: RvZxqZvev` n‡”Q GK ai‡bi
gvbwmK GKvZ¥‡eva| RvZxqZv MV‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Rbmgwó‡K wb‡R‡`i‡K GK g‡b KivB h‡_ó| †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb ev ˆewkó¨
†Kvb Rbmgwói g‡a¨ GKvZ¥‡eva RvMªZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i ev Aby‡cªiYv †hvMvq †m¸‡jv‡K RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb ejv nq|
Z‡e RvZxqZvev` m„wói Rb¨ G mg¯Í Dcv`v‡bi mvgwMªK Dcw¯’wZ Acwinvh© bq| †¶Îwe‡k‡l †Kvb Dcv`vb Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z
cv‡i wKsev bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ Dcv`vbmg~n Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:
1. eskMZ HK¨ (Racial unity): eskMZ HK¨ RvZxqZv MV‡bi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| †Kvb Rbmgwó hLb wb‡R‡`i
GKB es‡kv™¢~Z g‡b K‡i ZLb AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK cªMvp HK¨‡eva RvMªZ nq| †mB †PZbv Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨
Rb‡Mvôx †_‡K c„_K g‡b Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i| AvaywbK Kv‡j G Dcv`vb‡K Acwinvh© e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| eskMZ HK¨
_vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK Rb‡Mvôx c„_K RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc Bs‡iR I Rvg©vb RvwZi K_v ejv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K,
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª eû es‡ki RbM‡Yi emevm m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKB RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy×|
2. fvlvMZ HK¨ (Linguistic Unity): fvlv n‡”Q gvby‡li fve cªKv‡ki gva¨g| GKB fvlvfvlx I fvlvi gva¨‡g m„ó
mvwnZ¨ cvVKvix GKwU Rbmgwói g‡a¨ Lye mn‡RB GKvZ¥‡eva M‡o D‡V| fvlvi e¨eavb gvbwmK e¨eavb ˆZwi K‡i| fvlvi
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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -10
AwfbœZv gvbwmK mvwbœa¨Zvi mnvqK| fvlvMZ HK¨ I RvZxqZvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© kZ© bq| GKB fvlvq c„_K RvwZ n‡Z
cv‡i, Avevi wewfbœ fvlvfvlxivI GK RvwZ n‡Z cv‡i| Bs‡iR, Av‡gwiKvb `y'wU RvwZ, wKš‘ fvlv GK| Ab¨w`‡K
myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †jv‡Kiv wZb fvlvq, †ejwRqvgevmxiv `yB fvlvq, Pxbviv eû fvlvq, Avi fviZxqiv bvbvb fvlvi AwaKvix
nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKB RvZxqZvi Aaxb| Avieiv GKB fvlvi nIqv m‡Ë¡I wfbœ wfbœ RvwZ‡Z wef³ i‡q‡Q|
3. ag©xq HK¨‡eva (Community of religion): ag©xq GKvZ¥Zv RvwZ MV‡bi Ab¨Zg cªavb Dcv`vb| ag© gvbyl‡K
GKZvi e܇b Ave× K‡i| GKB ag©vej¤^x Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ AwZ mn‡RB HK¨‡eva M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| Bûw` I gymwjg
RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË n‡”Q ag©| ag©xq Kvi‡YB Bûw` I gymwjgiv ci¯úi wef³| BmivBj I wdwjw¯Íb msK‡Ui GUvB g~j
KviY| ag©xq hyw³‡ZB 1947 mv‡j fviZ wef³ n‡q cvwK¯Ívb I fviZ bv‡g `y'wU iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| AvaywbK hy‡M a‡g©i cªfve
wejyß n‡”Q ejv hvq| wewfbœ a‡g©i Rb‡Mvôx GKB RvZxqZvi QvqvZ‡j Avkªq wb‡”Q| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K GKB a‡g©i †jvK
wewfbœ RvZxqZvq wef³ n‡”Q| fviZ-evsjv‡`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i RvZxqZv fviZxq I
evsjv‡`wk| ga¨cªv‡P¨i gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx GKB ag©vbymvix| n‡qI wewfbœ RvwZ‡Z wef³|
4. †fŠ‡MvwjK mvwbœa¨ (Geographical continguity): GKwU wbw`©ó f~L‡Ð `xN©w`b hver emevm Kivi d‡j GKwU
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ mn‡RB HK¨fve M‡o D‡V| †fŠ‡MvwjK mwbœKUewZ©Zv mvab I ms¯‹…wZMZ AwfbœZv m„wói gva¨‡g GK RvZxq
Abyf~wZ MV‡b †cªiYv †hvMvq| Ab¨w`‡K, †fŠ‡MvwjK wew”QbœZvi Kvi‡Y gvbwmK wew”QbœZv m„wó n‡q _v‡K| c~e© I cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK wew”QbœZv cvwK¯Ív‡b GKB RvZxqZv msi¶‡Yi c‡_ Ab¨Zg evav wQj| Z‡e GwUI †Kvb w¯’i Dcv`vb
bq| Bûw`iv c¨v‡j÷vB‡b emevm Kivi c~‡e©B GKB RvwZi wQj|
5. A_©‰bwZK HK¨ (Economic unity): A_©‰bwZK HK¨ I RbMY‡K RvZxqZv‡ev‡a AbycªvwYZ K‡i| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
A_©‰bwZK mgZv we`¨gvb _vK‡j Zviv GK‡Î emevm Kivq DØy× nq| mK‡ji A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© GK I Awfbœ n‡j RvZxqZvi
eÜb my`„p nq|
6. K„wó I HwZn¨MZ HK¨ ( Culture and heritage unity): RvZxqZvi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡”Q Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨
BwZnvm, K„wó I HwZn¨MZ GKvZ¥‡eva| GKB BwZnvm, mf¨Zv, wkíKjv, ms¯‹…wZ, ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rq-civRq,
Avb›` I `yt‡Li ¯§…wZ GKwU Rbmgwó‡K Ab¨ Rbmgwó †_‡K c„_K fve‡Z DØy× K‡i| evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvi wcQ‡b G
Dcv`vbwU LyeB mwµq wQj| 1776 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv msMªv‡gi BwZnvm Av‡gwiKvb‡`i AšÍ‡i wPiRvMªZ _vK‡e hvi Kvi‡Y
A‡bK¸‡jv ivR¨ mgš^‡q Av‡gwiKvbiv GKwU RvwZ
7. Ø›Ø I Kj‡ni gva¨‡g HK¨‡eva m„wó (National unity through conflict): Ø›Ø I Kj‡ni ga¨ †_‡KI
RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| wewfbœ ‰ecøweK hy×, 1812 mv‡ji hy×, †gw·‡Kvi hy× hy³iv‡óªi RvZxqZvev‡`i aviYvi D‡b¥l
NwU‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K, wÎk eQ‡ii hy× BD‡iv‡c wewfbœ RvZxq ivóª MVb I cªwZôvi wcQ‡b wµqvkxj wQj| GQvov wewfbœ
mvgšÍev`x I eskMZ Ø›ØKjn BD‡iv‡c RvZxqZvev`x wPšÍvaviv weKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| GgbwK cª_g I wØZxi wek¦hy‡×i
dj¯^iƒc RvZxqZvev` AwaK gvÎvq weKwkZ nq|
8. GKB ivR‰bwZK j¶¨ (Same political aim): `xN©Kvj hver GKB kvmbZš¿ ev kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aax‡b emevm Kivi
d‡j A_ev GKB ivR‰bwZK j¶¨ AR©b Kivi gvb‡m GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S RvZxqZvi fve Dw`Z n‡Z cv‡i| hy³ivóxq
kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aaxb my`xN©Kvj hver emevm Kivi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ fvlv I es‡ki †jvK GKwÎZ n‡q Av‡gwiKvb RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZv MV‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY wQj GKwU ¯^vaxb I MYZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v D™¢veb|
9. RvZxq PwiÎ I RvZxq cªK„wZ (National character and national style): RvZxq PwiÎ I RvZxq cªK„wZi ga¨
w`‡qI RvZxqZvev` M‡o D‡V| Aa¨vcK WweøD, WweøD. i‡÷v (W. W. Rostow) Gi `y'wU Dcv`v‡bi Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb|
GKB ai‡bi cwi‡ek, HwZnvwmK AwfÁZv mvgvwRK I AvBbMZ cªwZôvbvw` GK ai‡bi †Mvôx HK¨ m„wó K‡i _v‡K| G
†_‡K µ‡g µ‡g KZK¸‡jv mvaviY ˆewkó¨ dy‡U D‡V, †m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi RvZxq PwiÎ ev cªK„wZ †h¸‡jv Ab¨
RvwZi ˆewkó¨ †_‡K wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| Bsj¨vÛ, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, KvbvWv I A‡÷ªwjqv, biI‡q I myB‡W‡bi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi
RvwZMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i cwiPq `„ó nq| Z‡e RvZxq PwiÎ I RvZxq cªK„wZ HwZnvwmK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_
mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i|
10. fveMZ HK¨ (Unity of thinking and feeling): RvZxqZvev` MV‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡”Q fveMZ
HK¨|
Rvg©vb `vk©wbK †n‡Mj (Hegel) RvwZ‡K 'Spiritual organism' e‡j eY©bv K‡ib|
divwm Aa¨vcK †ibvb (Renan) e‡jb, RvZxq RbmgvR m¤ú‡K© aviYv g~jZ fveMZ (The idea of nationality is
essentially spiritual is character),
Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj e‡j‡Qb, RvZxqZv Avm‡j GKwU fveMZ e¨vcvi, GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v, wPšÍv Ges Abyf~wZi GKwU c×wZ|
c¨v‡Wj‡dvW© I wjsKb G‡K RvwZi 'Mystique quality' e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
11. †hvMv‡hvM mvg_¨©Zv (Ability to communicate) : †hvMv‡hvM mvg_¨©Zv RvZxqZv‡eva m„wó‡Z GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Aa¨vcK Kvj© Wy‡qk (Karl Deutsch) G Dcv`vbwUi Dci AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, RvZxq HK¨‡eva

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -11
m„wói †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| Z‡e Zuvi G `„wófw½ mgv‡jvPbv K‡i A‡b‡K e‡jb †h, RvZxqZvev` M‡o D‡V
HwZnvwmK cªwµqvi gva¨‡g Ges RvZxqZv‡eva Ava¨vwZ¥K Dcv`v‡bi dmj hv g~jZ ¸YMZ; cwigvYMZ bq|
12. RvZxqZvev‡`i cªZxKmg~n (Symbols of nationalism): RvZxqZvev‡`i cªZxKmg~n I RvZxqZv‡eva m„wói †¶‡Î
mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| exi I weL¨vZ e¨w³, RvZxq cZvKv, RvZxq msMxZ, mvgwiK evwnbxi †cvkvKcwi”Q`, wkí,
mvwnZ¨, msMxZ BZ¨vw` RvZxq fveaviv M‡o Zyj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc RR© IqvwksUb, R¨vKmb, †Rdvimb,
wjsK‡bi Rb¥w`b Ges Zv‡`i e³e¨ †hgb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi RbMY‡K D¾xweZ K‡i, wVK †Zgwb cªwZwU †`‡kB G ai‡bi wKQy
eiYxq e¨w³Z¡ _v‡Kb hv‡`i Rxeb I Kg© cieZ©x eskai‡`i AbycªvwYZ K‡i|
Dch©y³ Dcv`vb ev ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv K‡i mn‡RB eySv hvq †h, RvZxqZv MV‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb wbw`©ó Dcv`vbB Acwinvh©
bq| GKvZ¥‡eva ev HK¨‡evaB n‡”Q RvZxqZvi g~j Dcv`vb| RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Rb‡Mvôxi HK¨‡eva Acwinvh©| HK¨‡eva
n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Av‡eM ev fvevbyf~wZ gvÎ| RvZxqZv n‡”Q †miƒc gvbwmK HK¨‡eva, †h HK¨‡eva GKwU Rbmgwó‡K Ab¨
Rb‡Mvôx †_‡K c„_K fve‡Z DØy× K‡i| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹i fvlvq, ÒRvZxqZv ej‡Z GKwU RvwZi †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ Giƒc we‡kl
HK¨ eySvq, hv Zv‡`i‡K gvbeRvwZi Ab¨me `j †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`q|"

16. ciivóª bxwZi msÁv `vI 17

we‡k¦i †Kvb ivóªB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| we‡k¦i mKj ivóª bvbvfv‡e G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| G Rb¨B GK iv‡óªi mv‡_ Ab¨
iv‡óªi m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| Avi mvaviYZ †hB bxwZgvjv ev c×wZi gva¨‡gB GB m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq ZvB n‡”Q ciivóª bxwZ ev
ˆe‡`wkKbxwZ| GB ciivóª bxwZ n‡”Q iv‡óªi RvZxq DbœwZi wba©viK¯^iƒc| ciivóª bxwZ wba©vi‡Y wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n
Kvh©Kifv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
msÁv: ciivóª bxwZ wK Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K ciivóª (Foreign) I bxwZ Policy G `ywU k‡ãi Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z
n‡e| bxwZ ej‡Z mvaviYZ Avgiv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ cªYxZ Kvh©vewj‡K eywS| ZvB ciivóª bxwZ n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK
†¶‡Î †Kvb iv‡óªi ¯^v_© ev D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji bxwZ ev c×wZ| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î †Kvb iv‡óªi RvZxq ¯^v_© ev Av`k©‡K Zy‡j aiv|
ciivóª bxwZ‡K `ywU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| †hgb-
msKxY© A‡_©: ciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z ivóªxq KvRK‡g©i mv‡_ RwoZ wµqvKjvc‡K eySv‡bv nq| A_©vr GK iv‡óªi RbMY Ab¨ iv‡óªi
RbM‡Yi AvPiY‡K cªfvweZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hme KvRKg© K‡i _v‡K ZvB n‡”Q ciivóª bxwZ|
e¨vcK A‡_©: e¨vcK A‡_© ciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z evwn¨K cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© †Kvb iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ cwiKíbv Ges
wµqvKjvc‡K eySvq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, cªwZwU iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK gZv`k© ev ms¯‹…wZi j¶¨ _v‡K|
G Kvi‡Y ciivóª bxwZi cwie‡Z© ciivóª bxwZmg~‡ni aviYvB e¨³ Kiv DwPZ|
cªvgvY¨ msÁv: wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx I gbxlx wewfbœfv‡e ciivóª bxwZ‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœ Zv‡`i K‡qKwU msÁv D‡jøL
Kiv n‡jv:
1. †Rv‡md dªvsK‡ji g‡Z, Òciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z †m ai‡bi wm×všÍ ev wµqvKjv‡ci mgwó‡K eySvq, hv GKwU mv‡_ Ab¨
iv‡óªi m¤úK©‡K eySvq|"
2. †Rgm †ivRbvI (James Rosenou) Gi g‡Z, Òciivóª bxwZ n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇj GKwU iv‡óªi wµqv-
cªwZwµqvi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g †m ivóª we‡kl wKQy ¯^v_© AR©‡b e×cwiKi nq|"
3. wcªÝ A‡Uvfb wemgvK© e‡jb, "Af¨šÍixY bxwZi m¤úªviYB n‡jv ciivóª bxwZ|"
4. Pvj©m evU©b gvk©vj e‡j‡Qb, "ciivóª bxwZi mgwó ej‡Z †Kvb iv‡óªi j‡¶¨i mgwó eySvq bv| ciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z ivóª
†hme wµqvKjvc m¤úv`b Ki‡Q A_ev AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î Ki‡Z PvB‡Q Zv‡`i mgwó‡K eySvq|"
5. c¨v‡Wj †dvW©, wjsKb Ges Ajwfi g‡Z, "bxwZ n‡jv †Kvb cªwµqvi mg¨K dj, hvi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨vewj
AR©b I ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb ivóª Zvi we¯Í…Zfv‡e wPwýZ j¶¨ Ges ¯^v_©‡K mywbw`©ó Kv‡i¨ cwiYZ K‡i|"
myZivs ciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z wbR †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i myivnvi Rb¨ GKwU iv‡óªi j¶¨ AR©‡bi RvZxq ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi ev
cªwZôvi Rb¨ wµqv-cªwZwµqv‡K eySvq| ˆe‡`wkK bxwZi g~j K_vB n‡”Q wbR iv‡óªi ¯^v_© mgybœZ Kiv Ges AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I
mn‡hvwMZvi w`MšÍ‡K cªmvwiZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|

17. evsjv‡`‡k-Pxb m¤úK© g~j¨vqb Ki 17

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Pxb GKwU kw³kvjx ivóª| Pxb evsjv‡`‡ki cªwZ‡ekx ivóª nIqvq Px‡bi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| G
m¤úK© K~U‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq Pxb evsjv‡`‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci G‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e„w× cvq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k I Px‡bi g‡a¨ fv‡jv e¨emvwqK
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZ Kvh©Ki n‡j m¤ú‡K©i Av‡iv DbœwZ n‡e|
evsjv‡`k-Pxb m¤úK©: wb‡gœ evsjv‡`k I Px‡bi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -12
1. HwZnvwmK m¤úK©: Px‡bi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki HwZnvwmK m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ mg‡q Px‡bi wewfbœ cwieªvRK I ewYK
evsjv‡`k ågY K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ dv wn‡qb Ab¨Zg| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k I Px‡bi g‡a¨ ms¯‹…wZ I fvlvi wgj cvIqv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡k Px‡bi e¨eüZ KwZcq kãI cªPwjZ Av‡Q|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× I Pxb: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq Px‡bi f~wgKv wQj †bwZevPK| G mgq Pxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi
mg_©K wQj| Pxb cvwK¯Ívb‡K Am&Î mn‡hvwMZv cª`vb K‡i| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf Kivi ci 1972 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZmsN c` jv‡f Pxb †f‡Uv cª`vb K‡i|
3. A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©: evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Px‡bi A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k `w¶Y Gwkqvi ivóªmg~‡ni
g‡a¨ Px‡bi Z„Zxq e„nËg e¨emvwqK Askx`vi| GQvov evsjv‡`k AFTA (Asia Pacific Free Trade Agreement)
G Px‡bi mv‡_ †hvM †`q| evsjv‡`‡ki †Zj, M¨v‡mi †LvuR I D‡Ëvj‡b Pxb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| ZvQvov Pxb evsjv‡`k †_‡K
Pvgov, myZv, gvQ BZ¨vw` Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K| Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`k Pxb †_‡K wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ I cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K|
4. K~U‰bwZK m¤úK©: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq Pxb cvwK¯Ívb‡K mnvqZv K‡i| ZvQvov fviZ I †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv
evsjv‡`‡ki c¶ wb‡j Pxb Zvi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡`i
¯’vqx m`m¨ c‡`i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j Pxb G‡Z †f‡Uv cª`vb K‡i| d‡j evsjv‡`k m`m¨ c` jv‡f e¨_© nq| Z‡e 1975
mv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cZb n‡j Pxb evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j m¤úK© †Rvi`vi K‡i|
5. mvgwiK m¤úK©: evsjv‡`k Zvi †mbvevwnbxi AwaKvsk U¨vsK, hy× wegvb I Am&Î Pxb †_‡K Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K| 2002
mv‡j evsjv‡`k I Pxb "Defence Coeration Agreement" bv‡g GKwU Pyw³ m¤úv`b K‡i| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k I Px‡bi
g‡a¨ mvgwiK m¤úK© m‡šÍvlRbK|
6. ivR‰bwZK m¤úK©: Px‡bi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Pxb GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK msK‡U Pxb GwM‡q G‡m‡Q Ges
mg‡SvZv ˆZwii †Póv K‡i‡Q|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥j‡Mœ Px‡bi f~wgKv †bwZevPK _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k I
Px‡bi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i A‡bK BwZevPK w`K †`Lv hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj ivóª| evsjv‡`‡ki G Dbœqb Ae¨vnZ
ivL‡Z Pxb evsjv‡`k‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki DwPZ n‡e Px‡bi mv‡_ Av‡iv †ewk K~U‰bwZK m¤úK©
†Rvi`vi Kiv|

20. RbgZ wKfv‡e ciivóª bxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i? 14,17

AwaKvsk iv‡óª RbgZB †mLvbKvi ciivóª bxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i cªZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e AskMªnY K‡i _v‡K|
cªZ¨¶ AskMªnY: AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z Rbg‡Zi cªfve `y'fv‡e cªwZdwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cª_gZ, miKv‡ii ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wbe©vPKgÐjx wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ivq †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© wewfbœ
ivR‰bwZK `j wbe©vPKgÐjxi mg_©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi g‡Zv ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K©I wb‡R‡`i e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
Rbmfv- mn Ab¨vb¨ g‡Â H wel‡q Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| wbe©vP‡bi mg‡q †fvU`vZvMY ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡R‡`i
gZvgZ cªKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq| Zv Qvov MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKv‡ii mKj bxwZ wb‡q e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| eZ©gv‡b
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ m¤ú‡K© bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ AvMªn I Drmvn e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© eû Av‡jvPbvPµ I weZK©
AbywôZ nq| H wel‡q eû cy¯ÍKvw`I cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨m~wP‡Z ciivóª bxwZ AšÍf©y³ nevi d‡j
wk¶vqZ‡bi cwigЇji g‡a¨I ciivóª bxwZi wel‡q m‡PZbZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| H wel‡q we‡klÁ e¨w³MY AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v
Ges †mB m¤ú‡K© miKv‡ii KiYxq welq wb‡q gZvgZ e¨³ I miKv‡ii Dci Pvc m„wó K‡ib|
c‡iv¶ AskMªnY: wØZxqZ, RbgZ c‡iv¶fv‡e ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡b wewkó f~wgKv MªnY K‡i| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vwPZ
cªwZwbwaMY AvBbmfvq wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| miKv‡ii ciivóª bxwZ †mLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ I
mgv‡jvwPZ nq| kvmK`j ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb K‡i| wKš‘ miKvi‡K ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© AvBbmfvi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z
nq| Zv Qvov AvBbmfvi ciivóª-welqK civgk©`vZv KwgwUmg~nI ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡bi Dci Pvc m„wó Ges cªfve we¯Ívi
K‡i| ciivóª bxwZi Dci Rbg‡Zi cªfve Ab¨ Avi GKwU cªwµqvi gva¨‡g cªwZdwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvšÍR©vwZK
NUbv A_ev Ab¨ †`‡ki m‡½ m¤úK©-welqK †Kvb NUbv m¤ú‡K© RbmvaviY AvMªn I Drmvn cªKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨
Mfxi cªwZwµqvI m„wó nq| miKv‡ii c‡¶ H cªwZwµqv D‡c¶v Kiv m¤¢e bq| `„óvšÍ ¯^iƒc, 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
gyw³hy‡×i welq D‡jøL Kiv hvq| H gyw³hy‡×i wel‡q fvi‡Zi Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ e¨vcK AvMªn I mg_©b m„wó n‡qwQj|
miKv‡ii mywbw`©ó e³‡e¨i m‡½ Rbg‡Zi cªej PvcI ZrKvjxb cªavbgš¿x‡K BwZevPK bxwZ Mªn‡Y eva¨ K‡iwQj| Avevi
Kvk¥xi mgm¨vi mgvav‡b fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbgZ Aej¤^‡bi c‡¶| GB Pv‡ci d‡j †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶B Avc‡mi bxwZ
Aej¤^b Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| MYcªRvZš¿x Px‡bi m‡½ fvi‡Zi mxgvšÍ we‡iva gxgvsmvi †¶‡Î fviZxq Rbmvavi‡Yi GKvsk
f~LÐMZ cybwe©b¨v‡m Am¤§Z nevi Rb¨ fviZ miKv‡ii Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Rbmvavi‡Yi
Abyf~wZcªeYZv Ggb e¨vcK I Mfxi AvKvi aviY K‡i †h, wbe©vPwb mvd‡j¨i w`‡K j¶ †i‡L miKvi‡K Rbg‡Zi wbKU

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -13
AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z nq| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ I ciivóª bxwZ AvšÍR©vwZK Rbg‡Zi m½ hy³| AvšÍR©vwZK RbgZ †Kvb †Kvb
iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZi Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvšÍR©vwZK NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i wek¦-RbgZ ms‡e`bkxj n‡q
c‡o| †Kvb ivóªB wek¦ Rbg‡Zi Pvc‡K mvgwMªKfv‡e D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wf‡qZbvg †_‡K gvwK©b evwnbx cªZ¨vnv‡ii
Dci wek¦ Rbg‡Zi †Kvb Pvc I cªfve wQj bv, G K_v ej‡j m‡Z¨i Acjvc Kiv n‡e| evU©&ivÛ iv‡m‡ji †bZ„‡Z¡ gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi wePv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vjZ MwVZ n‡qwQj| wbim&ÎxKi‡Yi Rb¨I wek¦-Rbg‡Zi Pvc Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| wbe©vPwb ivRbxwZi
gva¨‡g ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡b Rbg‡Zi cªfve m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni AeKvk Av‡Q| KviY, wbe©vPb g~jZ †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY bxwZ‡K
†K›`ª K‡iB AvewZ©Z nq| wbe©vP‡b ciivóª bxwZ gyL¨ f~wgKv MªnY K‡i bv| G Kvi‡YB ejv msMZ bq †h, wbe©vPwb ivRbxwZi
gva¨‡g †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ciivóª bxwZ Aby‡gvw`Z ev cªZ¨vL¨vZ nq| wbe©vwPZ cªwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡gI Rbg‡Zi cªZ¨¶
wbqš¿Y nªvm †c‡q‡Q| kvmb-wefvMB ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡b cªavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvBbmfvq Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi Zyjbvq
ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© A‡c¶vK„Zfv‡e Kg Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Zv Qvov mKj welq cªKv‡k¨ Av‡jvwPZ nq bv|
dªv‡¼j RbgZ‡K Af¨šÍixY cªwZ‡iv‡ai cªavb Drmiƒ‡c MY K‡i‡Qb| miKvi KZ©K ciivóª bxwZ web¨¯Í wba©vwiZ Ges Kvh©Ki
nq| miKvi Rbmvavi‡Yi cªwZwbwa Ges P~ovšÍfv‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj| wKš‘ Rbg‡Zi Dci miKv‡ii
wbf©ikxjZvi cªK„wZ Ges e¨vcKZv wewfbœ miKv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi nq| GKB ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ †`‡kI
Rbg‡Zi Dci miKv‡ii wbf©ikxjZvi gvÎvi †¶‡Î cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| BD‡iv‡ci DbœZ MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi RbgZ AZ¨šÍ
msMwVZ Ges web¨¯Í| cybwbe©vwPZ nevi Rb¨ miKvi‡K Rbg‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj _vK‡Z nq| m`¨ ¯^vaxb eû †`‡k RbmvaviY
Ges Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK gZvgZ A‡bK †¶‡ÎB AmsMwVZ| Gi d‡j RbZv A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Av‡eMcªeY n‡q †Kvb wm×všÍ MªnY
K‡i _v‡K| ciivóª bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î wm×všÍ MªnYKvwiMY †Kej Rbmvavi‡Yi B”Qv Ges AvKv•¶v‡KB e¨vL¨v K‡ib bv|
wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi †¶‡Î Rbmavi‡Yi cªwZ‡iva‡KI mgxn K‡ib| Rbg‡Zi GB cªwZ‡iva Ges Awfe¨w³ wm×všÍ MªnYKvix‡`Mi
cªfvweZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB cªfv‡ei MfxiZv I e¨vcKZvi g~j¨vqb ev mbv³ Kiv me©`v m¤¢e bq| miKv‡ii m‡½ Rbmvavi‡Yi
†Kvb wel‡q hLb g‰ZK¨ _v‡K ZLb Rbg‡Zi cªfve I wbqš¿Y Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e bq| miKv‡i m‡½ Rbmvavi‡Yi we‡iva
†`Lv w`‡jB Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© cªkœ I‡V| hLb †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi msL¨vMwiô RbmvaviY A_ev gywó‡gq cªfvekvjx
e¨x³i Awb”Qv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi †Póv K‡ib ZLbB Rbg‡Zi cªwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© mZK© nIqv m¤¢e| D`vniY¯^iƒc
ejv hvq, cÂvk I lv‡Ui `k‡K MYcªRvZš¿x Px‡bi m‡½ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb A_ev lv‡Ui `k‡K
Bmiv‡q‡ji m‡½ wgk‡ii eÜyZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î miKv‡ii bxwZ-wba©viYKvwiMY Rbmvavi‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Øviv e¨vKcfv‡e
cªfvwÂZ n‡qwQ‡jb|

21. c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ wK? 19

f~wgKv: c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Kvh©Ki| c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ MªnY Kivi d‡j evsjv‡`k AvR A_©bxwZ‡Z
GwM‡q hv‡”Q| GKmgq Pxb we‡k¦ hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, ivwkqv cªf„wZ †`‡ki Zyjbvq AbybœZ wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Pxb we‡k¦i
A_©bxwZ‡Z wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k Px‡bi mv‡_ wewfbœ evwYR¨ Pyw³‡Z i‡q‡Q|
c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ: wek¦ A_©bxwZi †gvoj wn‡m‡e GK mgq fvev n‡Zv hy³ivóª‡K| A_©bxwZi civkw³ wn‡m‡e fvev n‡Zv †h
†`k¸‡jv‡K Zvi g‡a¨ Rvcvb Qvov Ab¨¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb BD‡ivc wKsev Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡k| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b `ªæZ G Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b NU‡Q| gvÎ wZb hyM Av‡M †h Px‡bi A_©bxwZ wQj Zv‡`i wew”Qbœ Øxc ZvBIqv‡bi †P‡qI `ye©j †m Pxb GLb wek¦
A_©bxwZi wØZxq kw³| Rvcvb Zvi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vb nvwi‡q wKQyUv †cQ‡b co‡jI GLv‡bv Zviv wek¦ A_©bxwZi Z„Zxq e„nr kw³
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| c~‡e©i †`k †Kvwiqv, gvj‡qwkqv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, _vBj¨vÛ GgbwK K‡¤^vwWqv `ªæZ GwM‡q hv‡”Q mvg‡bi w`‡K|
evsjv‡`k GK mgq A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wQj fviZ Ges cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi m‡½ MuvUQov euvav| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ hLb µgvš^‡q
eom‡ov n‡”Q ZLb †mB MuvUQov †_‡K m‡i G‡m wb‡R‡`i k³ wf‡Zi Ici `uvo Kiv‡bvi eûgyLx †Póv Pj‡Q| G †Póvi
djkªæwZ‡Z c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q miKvi| weMZ weGbwc-RvgvqvZ †RvU miKvi we`vq †bIqvi ci †_‡K Pxb
evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb evwY‡R¨i cªavb Drm n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨y`‡qi ci wZb hyM a‡i G Ae¯’v‡b wQj wbKUZg
cªwZ‡ekx fviZ| fviZ GKmgq †Kv‡bv cªwZ‡ekxi m‡½ Px‡bi Nwbô m¤úK©‡K euvKv †Pv‡L †`L‡jI GLb IB `yB †`‡ki
m¤úK© MZ mv‡o cuvP `k‡Ki †h †Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q fv‡jv| Pxb, evsjv‡`k, fviZ I wgqvbgvi‡K wb‡q A_©‰bwZK Kwi‡Wvi
cªwZôvi †h †Póv Pj‡Q, Zv mym¤ú‡K©iB Bw½Zen| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Rvcvb I Px‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq k‡Z©i A‡±vcvm bv
_vKvq miKvi cwðgv `ywbqvi †P‡q c~e©gyLx nIqv‡K jvfRbK e‡j fve‡Q| G Kvi‡YB cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv wØZxq †gqv‡`
¶gZvq Avmvi ci †h wZbwU †`k md‡i †M‡Qb wZbwUB cy‡ei †`k| Rvcv‡bi KvQ †_‡K mn‡hvwMZvi †h Avk¦vm wZwb Av`vq
K‡i G‡m‡Qb Zv‡K '‡iKW©' e‡j fvev n‡”Q| Pxb md‡i cuvP wewjqb †KvwU Wjv‡ii A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi Pyw³I
cªvmw½KZvi `vwe`vi| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© c~‡e©i †`k¸‡jvi AwfÁZv evsjv‡`‡ki AMªMwZi Rb¨ cv‡_q wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
Dcmsnvi: cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, we‡k¦i A_©bxwZi Ab¨Zg wbqvgK fvev n‡Zv hy³ivóª‡K| c‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †m| ¯’v‡b Rvcvb
I Pxb‡KI fvev ïiæ nq| ZvB evsjv‡`k Zvi A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨ c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ MªnY Ki‡Q|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -14

22. ‡ivwn½v DØv¯Íy evsjv‡`‡k Kx Kx mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Q? 19

3 Ryb 2012 wgqvbgv‡ii ivLvBb cª‡`‡k mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vi Kvi‡Y AveviI m¤§y‡L G‡jv †ivwn½v Bm¨y|‡`kwUi c``wjZ
msL¨vjNy gymjgvb †ivwn½v RvwZi Dci wbh©vZ‡bi fy‡j hvIqv BwZnvm AveviI R¡jšÍ n‡q DVj| `xN©w`b mvgwiK RvšÍvi
ey‡Ui wb‡P _vKv †ivwn½v m¤úª`v‡qi wbh©vZ‡bi BwZnvm cªvq fyj‡Z e‡mwQj AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq| beg kZK †_‡K AvivKvb
cª‡`k (eZ©gvb ivLvBb) Avie, gyNj, ZywK©, cyZ©wMRmn we‡`wk ewYK I ˆmb¨ emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| c‡b‡iv kZ‡Ki w`‡K GB
emwZ Bmjvg ag© MªnY K‡i Ges wbR¯^ wkí ms¯‹…wZ M‡o Zy‡j| GivB †ivwn½v bv‡g cwiwPZ| wgqvbgv‡ii miKvi Zv‡`i
wgqvbgv‡ii A‰ea Awfevmx e‡j MY¨ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K cªwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jv Zv‡`i wgqvbgv‡ii kiYv_x© e‡j g‡b K‡i| ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i †h, Giv we‡k¦i ivóªnxb bvMwiK| µgea©gvb †ivwn½v kiYv_x© `j fwel¨‡Z MYZš¿x Am¤úª`vwqK evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨
mgm¨v n‡q `uvov‡e| G‡`i f~wgKv †Kvb w`K †_‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ mg_©K n‡e bv|
†ivwn½v Bm¨yi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k m„ó mgm¨v¸‡jv wb‡gœ Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:
1. RbmsL¨v e„w×: Avgv‡`i †`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v n‡”Q RbmsL¨v mgm¨v| Zvi Dci †ivwn½v‡`i Abycª‡ek D³
mgm¨vwU‡K Av‡iv cªej K‡i Zyj‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`wk‡`i bvMwiK myweavi wewNœZ N‡U‡Q| ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki miKviI GB
mgm¨v wb‡q †ek wngwkg Lv‡”Q|
2. wek¦ A½‡b evsjv‡`‡ki fveg~wZ©: eZ©gv‡b RvwZmsN kiYv_x© ms¯’v (UNHCR) wnDg¨vb ivBU IqvPmn wewfbœ gvbevwaKvi
ms¯’v I cwðgv wewfbœ ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi‡K Pvc cª‡qvM K‡i hv‡”Q †ivwn½v‡`i Avkªq †`qvi Rb¨| Gme ms¯’v I †`‡ki
Aby‡iva evsjv‡`k i¶v Ki‡Z eva¨ bq| †Kbbv, evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni kiYv_x© welqK Pyw³ ¯^v¶i K‡i wb|
3. D™¢~Z cwiw¯’wZi ¯^xKvi: †ivwn½viv hZ †ewk evsjv‡`‡k Abycª‡ek Ki‡Q ZZB wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki K~U‰bwZK
m¤úK© Lvivc n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, wewfbœ gvbevwaKvi ms¯’vI cwðgv ivóª †ivwn½v‡`i Avkªq †`qvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K Pvc cª‡qvM
Ki‡Q| G‡Z evsjv‡`k D™¢~Z cwiw¯’wZi ¯^xKvi n‡”Q|
4. A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †bwZevPK cwiw¯’wZ: wgqvbgvi †_‡K †ivwn½v‡`i Abycª‡e‡ki d‡j GB †`‡ki kvwšÍwcªq Ae¯’vi
e¨vcK AebwZ N‡U‡Q| Zvi Dci hw` bZyb K‡i Abycª‡ek K‡i Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b e¨vcK
†bwZevPK cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡e|
5. wek„•Ljvi Avwef©ve: †ivwn½viv GB †`‡k Abycª‡e‡ki ci ¯’vwqfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨ †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z Avgv‡`i
†`‡ki cªK„Z hviv bvMwiK Zv‡`i bvMwiK Rxe‡b wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`‡”Q|
6. bqv ivR‰bwZK c‡e©i m~Pbv: †ivwn½viv G‡`‡k Abycª‡e‡ki ci wewfbœ RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i| c‡i Zviv
†Kvb fv‡jvg›` wPšÍv bv K‡i UvKvi wewbg‡q A‡hvM¨ cªv_x©‡K †fvU w`‡q wbe©vwPZ K‡i| G‡Z ivR‰bwZK Av`‡k©i fveg~wZ©
Pigfv‡e ¶wZMª¯Í nq|
7. Bqvev I A¯¿ e¨emvq: wbt¯^ †ivwn½viv UvKv DcvR©‡bi c_ wn‡m‡e we‡Q wb‡”Q Bqvev I Am&Î e¨emvq| G‡Z GKw`‡K
Avgv‡`i mgv‡R gv`Kvmw³i we¯Ívi, Ab¨w`‡K mš¿vmev‡`i Avwef©ve †e‡oB Pj‡Q|
8. cwZZve„wË: Amnvq I `wi`ª †ivwn½viv RxweKvi ZvwM‡` bvbv AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc †hgb-
cwZZve„wËi g‡Zv KvR K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z Avgv‡`i hye mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK Ae¶q N‡U‡Q| ZvQvov cwZZve„wËi Kvi‡Y
AcwiKwíZfv‡e A‡b‡KB ˆ`wnK wgjb Ki‡Q| hvi d‡j bvbv iKg †iv‡Mi cªv`yf©ve †`Lv w`‡”Q|
9. wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK©: †ivwn½v‡`i A‰ea Abycª‡ek †iva Kivi Rb¨ wgqvbgvi miKvi‡K evsjv‡`‡ki c¶
†_‡K evi evi AvnŸvb Kiv n‡jI Zviv GB e¨vcv‡i D`vmxb g‡bvfve †`wL‡q Avm‡Q| G‡Z wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki
K~U‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ N‡U‡Q|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, Ggwb‡ZB evsjv‡`‡k mgm¨vi KgwZ †bB; †mLv‡b bZyb mgm¨v Avg`vwb Kiv
AvZ¥NvwZ cª‡Póv n‡q `uvov‡e| myZivs evsjv‡`k miKvi †ivwn½v kiYv_x©‡`i wbR †`‡k wdwi‡q †bqvi Rb¨ wgqvbgv‡ii m‡½
Zvr¶wYK Av‡jvPbv Ae¨vnZ ivLv I Pvc m„wó Kivi bxwZ MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

23. ‡RvU wbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vjb ej‡Z wK eyS? 19

AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv ev †RvUwbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vjb GKwU eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi
wek¦ ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi †cª¶vc‡U G Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Av‡gwiKv I †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv ci¯úi
mn‡hvwMZvq wjß wQj, wKš‘ hy× mgvß nIqvi ci hy³ivóª I ivwkqv ci¯úi AšÍØ©›Ø I †ilv‡iwl‡Z wjß nq| Df‡qi g‡a¨
Awek¦vm I m‡›`n µgk `vbv †e‡a DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| ïiæ nq Am&Î Drcv`b I AvYweK kw³ e„w×i Aïf cªwZ‡hvwMZv|
wbim&ÎxKiY gy‡Li eywj‡ZB mxgve× _v‡K| gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zvi Abymvix‡`i wb‡q b¨v‡Uv †RvU MVb K‡i| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb
I Zvi wecixZ mgvRev`x †`kmg~n‡K wb‡q Iqvim †RvU MVb K‡i| Ggwb GK cªwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mœvqyhy×RwbZ weiƒc
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Gwkqv, AvwdªKv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi †`kmg~n wb‡R‡`i †Kvb cªKvi mvgwiK †Rv‡Ui AšÍf©y³ ev Ave× bv K‡i
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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -15
ci¯úi †RvUe× n‡q wb‡R‡`i kw³e„w× Ki‡Z msKíe× nq| Zv‡`i G AvKv•¶v †_‡KB Rb¥ †bq †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv ev
†RvUwbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡bi aviYv|
1947 mv‡j fviZ weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb †_‡K gyw³jv‡fi ci ¯^vaxb fvi‡Zi cª_g cªavbgš¿x cwÐZ RnIijvj †b‡niæ
fvi‡Zi ciivóªbxwZ e¨vL¨v Kv‡j †RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| Gwkqv I AvwdªKvi †`k¸‡jv cÂg `k‡Ki
gvSvgvwS mg‡q ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i RvwZ MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †RvUwbi‡c¶ bxwZi cªwZ mg_©b Rvbv‡Z _v‡K| 1955 mv‡ji
Gwcªj gv‡m B‡›`v‡bwkqvi nvfvq ev›`ys m‡¤§j‡b 29wU Gkxq AvwdªKvb †`k mw¤§wjZfv‡e †RvUwbi‡c¶ †Mvôxi Rb¥ †`q|
cªK„Zc‡¶, lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡KB Gwkqv, AvwdªKv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq †RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi Av`k© my`„p AvKvi aviY Ki‡Z
ïiæ K‡i| fvi‡Zi cªavbgš¿x RInijvj †b‡niæ, wgk‡ii †cªwm‡W›U bv‡mi, hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi †cªwm‡W›U gvk©vj wU‡Uv I
B‡›`v‡bwkqvi †cªwm‡W›U myKY© wQ‡jb G Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg KY©avi|‡RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi cªK„Z A_© I msÁv wb‡q †ek weåvU
i‡q‡Q| KviI KviI g‡Z, †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv Avm‡j ciivóªbxwZi GKwU †KŠkjgvÎ| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GwU GKwU
Av‡›`vjb we‡kl| Avevi †KD †KD GwU‡K cªwZôvb ¯^iƒc g‡b K‡ib| cªK„Zc‡¶, †RvUwbi‡c¶ ej‡Z †mme †`k‡K eySvq,
hviv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I gvwK©b †Rv‡Ui evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iI Zv‡`i cªfve ejq †_‡K gy³ i‡q‡Q|
‡R. WweD, evU©b (J.W. Burton) Gi g‡Z, "cªPwjZ A‡_© †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv ej‡Z ivóªmg~‡ni Giƒc ciivóªbxwZ AbymiY
Kiv eySvq, hv †Kvb KwgDwb÷ wKsev cvðvZ¨ †Rv‡Ui AšÍf©y³ bq|" (The term Non-alignment is commonly used
to describe the foreign policies of nations which are not in an alliance with either the communist
or the western block.)'
G bxwZ Abyhvqx wbi‡c¶ ivóªmg~‡ni AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK A½‡b GKwU ¯^Zš¿ f~wgKv _vK‡e| A‡b‡K †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv‡K
`yB e„nr kw³ †_‡K mgvb `~i‡Z¡ †_‡K GK cªKvi fvimvg¨ i¶v‡K eySvb| cªK„Zc‡¶, fvimvg¨ i¶v wbi‡c¶Zv bq, GK
cªKvi myweavev`|
‡b‡niæ e‡jb, hLb ¯^vaxbZv I b¨vqbxwZ wec`Mª¯Í n‡e, ZLb fviZ KLbI wbi‡c¶ _vK‡e bv, _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb
†RvUwbi‡c¶Zv ej‡Z wbi‡c¶Zv, wbw®ŒqZv A_ev cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K wkwei †_‡K mg`~iZ¡ eRvq ivLvi bxwZ‡K eySvb
wb| Zuvi g‡Z, †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv wek¦kvwšÍ I mn‡hvwMZv Kvh©Ki Kivi bxwZi GK Ask| 1954 mv‡ji 22 wW‡m¤^i †b‡niæ
Ges gvk©vj wU‡Uv w`wjø‡Z GK †hŠ_ wee„wZ‡Z D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb, †Kvb †Rv‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ bv nevi A_© wbi‡c¶Zv ev
wbi‡c¶Zvi bxwZev` bq| †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv GKwU mwµq BwZevPK I MVbg~jK bxwZ| Zvi j¶¨ †hŠ_ kvwšÍ| Zi gva¨‡gB
†hŠ_ wbivcËvi wfwË MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡RvUwbi‡c¶Zv ej‡Z †b‡niæ cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K wkwei †_‡K mg`~iZ¡ (Equi-distance) eRvq ivLvi ZË¡‡K eySvb
wb| 1949 Gi 22 gvP© wZwb GK fvl‡Y D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb, Avwg hLb ewj †h, Avgiv †Kvb e¨w³‡Rv‡Ui mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i
RwoZ Kie bv, Zvi A_© GB bq, GK †`‡ki Zyjbvq Ab¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ Avgv‡`i †ewk Nwbô m¤úK© _vK‡e bv| H welqwU
A‡bK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡`i g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, K„wl-m¤úwK©Z |
‡RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi g~j ˆewkó¨ Main Characteristics of Non-alignment
1 . †RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi mvaviY ˆewkó¨ n‡jv †Kvb †`k wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡MB GB bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i Ges Zvi †RvUwbi‡c¶ gh©v`vi
Rb¨ †Kvb AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK„wZi cª‡qvRb nq bv|
2. †Kvb †`k †¯^”Qvq †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`k e„nr kw³i D‡`¨v‡M RwoZ †Kvb mvgwiK †Rv‡U
‡hvM`vb K‡i bv| †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`k e„nr kw³ cwiPvwjZ mvgwiK †Rv‡U †hvM bv w`‡jI
4. AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iv‡ai †¶‡Î †Kvb we‡kl c¶ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. †RvUwbi‡c¶Zvi A_© K‡Vvi wbi‡c¶Zv bq| †RvUwbi‡c¶Zv n‡jv MwZkxj wbi‡c¶Zv| wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iva
m¤ú‡K© †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`kmg~‡ni wbR¯^ e³e¨ _v‡K|
6. we‡iv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ bv n‡qI we‡iva gxgvsmvi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MªnY K‡i| Avcm Ges ga¨¯’Zvi gva¨‡g AZx‡Z eû we‡iva
gxgvsmvi Rb¨ fviZmn eû †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`k D‡`¨vM MªnY K‡i‡Q| †Kvb e„nr kw³i KvR‡K mg_©b ev mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q|
RvwZms‡Ni Af¨šÍ‡i †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`k Jcwb‡ewkKZv, eY© ˆelg¨, K‡½v msKU, ga¨cªv‡P¨i msKU cªf„wZ cª‡kœ gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi bxwZi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q|
7. †RvUwbi‡c¶ †`k ¯^vaxb ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i Pj‡e Ges wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi Dci cªwZwôZ
†`k¸‡jv mnve¯’vb bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡e|
8. RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Av‡›`vj‡bi cªwZ mg_©b Rvbv‡e|
9. e„nr kw³¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK ؇›Øi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z MwVZ mvgwiK †Rv‡Ui m`m¨ nIqv hv‡e bv|
10. GKwU †RvUwbi‡c¶ ivóª †Kvb e„nr ivóª‡K Zvi wb‡Ri †`‡k mvgwiK NuvwU ¯’vc‡bi AwaKviI cª`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zv
eo kw³e‡M©i ivR‰bwZK ؇›Øi mv‡_ hy³ nIqv Pj‡e bv|

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 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -16

24. BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjL 19

BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb n‡jv GKwU ivóªmg~‡ni Kb‡dWv‡ik‡bi †P‡q AwaK wKQy wKš‘ hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v bq| GUv GKwU bZyb
ai‡bi KvVv‡gv hv cª_vMZ ivóªxq ai‡bi g‡a¨ c‡o bv| Gi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v HwZnvwmKfv‡e AwØZxq Ges 50 eQ‡ii †ewk
mgq hver weKwkZ n‡”Q| 2009 mv‡ji 1 wW‡m¤^i wjemb Pyw³ Kvh©Ki nq hv EU A‡bK cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m| BD‡ivcxq
BDwbqb KwZcq cªwZôv‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb, BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›U Ges BD‡ivcxq
Kwgkb wm×všÍ MªnY cªwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb (The Council of the European Union)
I BD‡ivcxq KvDwÝj (The European Council): BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi cªavb wm×všÍ MªnYKvix cªwZôvb n‡jv KvDwÝj
Ae BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb| GwU Council of Ministers bv‡gI cwiwPZ| BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi cª‡Z¨K m`m¨ iv‡óªi GKRb
gš¿x KvDwÝj mfvq cªwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| †Kv‡bv gš¿x KvDwÝj mfvq cªwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e Zv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íyi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi cª‡Z¨K m`m¨ ivóª ch©vqµ‡g Qq gv‡mi KvDw݇ji mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| KvDwÝj AvBb
cªYqb I ev‡RU Kivi †¶‡Î BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e f~wgKv iv‡L| KvDwÝj AvšÍR©vwZK Pyw³ m¤úv`b K‡i
_v‡K| KvDw݇ji wm×všÍmg~n msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U ev cª‡qvRbxq msL¨K †fv‡U ev me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ nq| BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb
Pyw³ ms‡kvab, bZyb bxwZ MªnY wKsev †Kv‡bv ivóª m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †hvM`v‡bi AbygwZ cª`vb BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ
me©m¤§wZµ‡g MªnY Kiv nq| RbmsL¨vi wfwˇZ BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ iv‡óªi †fv‡Ui msL¨v wba©vwiZ nq| BD‡ivcxq
KvDwÝj eQ‡i Pvievi wgwjZ nq| G‡Z BD‡ivcxqBDwbq‡bi m`m¨ iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ ev cªavbgš¿xMY wgwjZ nb| G mfvq
KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivcxq BDwbb-Gi mfvcwZ ‡h iv‡óªi _v‡Kb †mB iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ ev cªavbgš¿x mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib|
BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›U (The European Parliament): BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›U MwVZ nq BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi bvMwiK‡`i
wbe©vwPZ cªwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q| G cªwZôvb BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ð ivR‰bwZK ZË¡veavb Ges AvBb cªYqb K‡ib| 1979
mvj †_‡K BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨iv mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ cªZ¨¶fv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| ïiæ‡Z
BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›Ui Avmb msL¨v wQj 78wU| 2013 mv‡ji 1 RyjvB †µvwkqv †hvM`v‡bi ci BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Avmi
msL¨v `uvovq 766wU‡Z| wjmeb Pyw³ Abymv‡i BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Avmb msL¨v w¯úKvimn 751wU wba©viY Kiv nq 2014
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Kvh©Ki n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, w¯úKvi‡K Awdwmqvjfv‡e wnmve Kiv nq bv| G‡Z m‡e©v”P 96wU I me©wbgœ 6wU
Avmb ivóªmg~‡ni Rb¨ wba©vwiZ Kiv nq| BD‡ivcxq Kwgkb (The European Commission): BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi
Z„Zxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cªwZôvb n‡jv BD‡ivcxh Kwgkb BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›Ui Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ m`m¨ ivóªmg~n Kwgk‡bi m`m¨‡`i
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