322 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

3.9 | Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Learning Objectives
3.9.1 Find the derivative of exponential functions.
3.9.2 Find the derivative of logarithmic functions.
3.9.3 Use logarithmic differentiation to determine the derivative of a function.

So far, we have learned how to differentiate a variety of functions, including trigonometric, inverse, and implicit functions.
In this section, we explore derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions. As we discussed in Introduction to
Functions and Graphs, exponential functions play an important role in modeling population growth and the decay
of radioactive materials. Logarithmic functions can help rescale large quantities and are particularly helpful for rewriting
complicated expressions.

Derivative of the Exponential Function

Just as when we found the derivatives of other functions, we can find the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic
functions using formulas. As we develop these formulas, we need to make certain basic assumptions. The proofs that these
assumptions hold are beyond the scope of this course.
First of all, we begin with the assumption that the function B(x) = b x, b > 0, is defined for every real number and is
continuous. In previous courses, the values of exponential functions for all rational numbers were defined—beginning
with the definition of b n, where n is a positive integer—as the product of b multiplied by itself n times. Later,
t
we defined b 0 = 1, b −n = 1n , for a positive integer n, and b s/t = ( b) s for positive integers s and t. These
b
definitions leave open the question of the value of b r where r is an arbitrary real number. By assuming the continuity of
B(x) = b x, b > 0, we may interpret b r as xlim →r
b x where the values of x as we take the limit are rational. For example,
we may view 4 π as the number satisfying

4 3 < 4 π < 4 4, 4 3.1 < 4 π < 4 3.2, 4 3.14 < 4 π < 4 3.15,
4 3.141 < 4 π < 4 3.142, 4 3.1415 < 4 π < 4 3.1416 ,….

As we see in the following table, 4 π ≈ 77.88.

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 323

x 4x x 4x

43 64 4 3.141593 77.8802710486

4 3.1 73.5166947198 4 3.1416 77.8810268071

4 3.14 77.7084726013 4 3.142 77.9242251944

4 3.141 77.8162741237 4 3.15 78.7932424541

4 3.1415 77.8702309526 4 3.2 84.4485062895

4 3.14159 77.8799471543 44 256

Table 3.7 Approximating a Value of 4 π

We also assume that for B(x) = b x, b > 0, the value B′ (0) of the derivative exists. In this section, we show that by
making this one additional assumption, it is possible to prove that the function B(x) is differentiable everywhere.

We make one final assumption: that there is a unique value of b > 0 for which B′ (0) = 1. We define e to be this
unique value, as we did in Introduction to Functions and Graphs. Figure 3.33 provides graphs of the functions
y = 2 x, y = 3 x, y = 2.7 x, and y = 2.8 x. A visual estimate of the slopes of the tangent lines to these functions at 0
provides evidence that the value of e lies somewhere between 2.7 and 2.8. The function E(x) = e x is called the natural
exponential function. Its inverse, L(x) = log e x = ln x is called the natural logarithmic function.
324 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

Figure 3.33 The graph of E(x) = e x is between y = 2 x and y = 3 x.

For a better estimate of e, we may construct a table of estimates of B′ (0) for functions of the form B(x) = b x. Before
doing this, recall that
x x x
B′ (0) = lim b − b = lim b x− 1 ≈ b x− 1
0
x→0 x−0 x→0

for values of x very close to zero. For our estimates, we choose x = 0.00001 and x = −0.00001 to obtain the estimate

b −0.00001 − 1 < B′ (0) < b 0.00001 − 1 .

−0.00001 0.00001
See the following table.

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 325

b b −0.00001 − 1 < B′ (0) < b 0.00001 − 1 b b −0.00001 − 1 < B′ (0) < b 0.00001 − 1
−0.00001 0.00001 −0.00001 0.00001

2 0.693145 < B′ (0) < 0.69315 2.7183 1.000002 < B′ (0) < 1.000012

2.7 0.993247 < B′ (0) < 0.993257 2.719 1.000259 < B′ (0) < 1.000269

2.71 0.996944 < B′ (0) < 0.996954 2.72 1.000627 < B′ (0) < 1.000637

2.718 0.999891 < B′ (0) < 0.999901 2.8 1.029614 < B′ (0) < 1.029625

2.7182 0.999965 < B′ (0) < 0.999975 3 1.098606 < B′ (0) < 1.098618

Table 3.8 Estimating a Value of e

The evidence from the table suggests that 2.7182 < e < 2.7183.

The graph of E(x) = e x together with the line y = x + 1 are shown in Figure 3.34. This line is tangent to the graph of
E(x) = e x at x = 0.

Figure 3.34 The tangent line to E(x) = e x at x = 0 has

slope 1.

Now that we have laid out our basic assumptions, we begin our investigation by exploring the derivative of
B(x) = b x, b > 0. Recall that we have assumed that B′ (0) exists. By applying the limit definition to the derivative we
conclude that
0+h
B′ (0) = lim b − b 0 = lim b h − 1 . (3.28)
h→0 h h→0 h

Turning to B′ (x), we obtain the following.

326 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

x+h
B′ (x) = lim b − bx Apply the limit definition of the derivative.
h→0 h
x h x
= lim b b − b Note that b x + h = b x b h.
h→0 h
b x(b h − 1)
= lim Factor out b x.
h→0 h
h
= b x lim b − 1 Apply a property of limits.
h→0 h
0+h
= b x B′ (0) Use B′ (0) = lim b − b 0 = lim b h − 1 .
h→0 h h→0 h

We see that on the basis of the assumption that B(x) = b x is differentiable at 0, B(x) is not only differentiable everywhere,
but its derivative is
B′ (x) = b x B′ (0). (3.29)

For E(x) = e x, E′ (0) = 1. Thus, we have E′ (x) = e x. (The value of B′ (0) for an arbitrary function of the form
B(x) = b x, b > 0, will be derived later.)

Theorem 3.14: Derivative of the Natural Exponential Function

Let E(x) = e x be the natural exponential function. Then

E′ (x) = e x.
In general,
d ⎛e g(x)⎞ = e g(x) g′ (x).
dx ⎝ ⎠

Example 3.74

Derivative of an Exponential Function

tan(2x)
Find the derivative of f (x) = e .

Solution
Using the derivative formula and the chain rule,

f ′ (x) = e
tan(2x) d ⎛⎝tan(2x)⎞⎠
dx
tan(2x)
=e sec 2 (2x) · 2.

Example 3.75

Combining Differentiation Rules

x 2
Find the derivative of y = ex .

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 327

Solution
Use the derivative of the natural exponential function, the quotient rule, and the chain rule.
⎛ x2 ⎞ x2
⎝e · 2⎠x · x − 1 · e
y′ = Apply the quotient rule.
x2
e x ⎛⎝2x 2 − 1⎞⎠
2
= Simplify.
x2

3.50 Find the derivative of h(x) = xe 2x.

Example 3.76

Applying the Natural Exponential Function

A colony of mosquitoes has an initial population of 1000. After t days, the population is given by
A(t) = 1000e 0.3t. Show that the ratio of the rate of change of the population, A′ (t), to the population, A(t) is
constant.

Solution
First find A′ (t). By using the chain rule, we have A′ (t) = 300e 0.3t. Thus, the ratio of the rate of change of the
population to the population is given by
0.3t
A′ (t) = 300e 0.3t = 0.3.
1000e
The ratio of the rate of change of the population to the population is the constant 0.3.

3.51 If A(t) = 1000e 0.3t describes the mosquito population after t days, as in the preceding example, what
is the rate of change of A(t) after 4 days?

Derivative of the Logarithmic Function

Now that we have the derivative of the natural exponential function, we can use implicit differentiation to find the derivative
of its inverse, the natural logarithmic function.

Theorem 3.15: The Derivative of the Natural Logarithmic Function

If x > 0 and y = ln x, then

dy 1 (3.30)
= .
dx x
328 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

More generally, let g(x) be a differentiable function. For all values of x for which g′ (x) > 0, the derivative of
h(x) = ln ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠ is given by

h′ (x) = 1 g′ (x). (3.31)

g(x)

Proof
If x > 0 and y = ln x, then e y = x. Differentiating both sides of this equation results in the equation

dy
ey = 1.
dx
dy
Solving for yields
dx
dy
= 1.
dx e y
Finally, we substitute x = e y to obtain
dy 1
= .
dx x
We may also derive this result by applying the inverse function theorem, as follows. Since y = g(x) = ln x is the inverse
of f (x) = e x, by applying the inverse function theorem we have

dy
= ⎛ 1 ⎞ = ln 1 = 1.
dx f ′ ⎝g(x)⎠ e x x

Using this result and applying the chain rule to h(x) = ln ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠ yields

h′ (x) = 1 g′ (x).
g(x)

□
dy 1
The graph of y = ln x and its derivative = are shown in Figure 3.35.
dx x

Figure 3.35 The function y = ln x is increasing on

(0, +∞). Its derivative y′ = 1x is greater than zero on
(0, +∞).

Example 3.77

Taking a Derivative of a Natural Logarithm

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 329

Find the derivative of f (x) = ln ⎛⎝x 3 + 3x − 4⎞⎠.

Solution
Use Equation 3.31 directly.

f ′ (x) = 1 · ⎛⎝3x 2 + 3⎞⎠ Use g(x) = x 3 + 3x − 4 in h′ (x) = 1 g′ (x).

x 3 + 3x − 4 g(x)
2
= 33x + 3 Rewrite.
x + 3x − 4

Example 3.78

Using Properties of Logarithms in a Derivative

⎛ 2 ⎞
Find the derivative of f (x) = ln x sin x .
⎝ 2x + 1 ⎠

Solution
At first glance, taking this derivative appears rather complicated. However, by using the properties of logarithms
prior to finding the derivative, we can make the problem much simpler.
⎛ 2 ⎞
f (x) = ln ⎝x sin x ⎠ = 2ln x + ln(sin x) − ln(2x + 1) Apply properties of logarithms.
2x + 1
f ′ (x) = 2x + cot x − 2 Apply sum rule and h′ (x) = 1 g′ (x).
2x + 1 g(x)

3.52 Differentiate: f (x) = ln(3x + 2) 5.

Now that we can differentiate the natural logarithmic function, we can use this result to find the derivatives of y = log b x
and y = b x for b > 0, b ≠ 1.

Theorem 3.16: Derivatives of General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Let b > 0, b ≠ 1, and let g(x) be a differentiable function.

i. If, y = log b x, then

dy (3.32)
= 1 .
dx x lnb

More generally, if h(x) = log b ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠, then for all values of x for which g(x) > 0,

g′ (x) (3.33)
h′ (x) = .
g(x)lnb
ii. If y = b x, then
330 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

dy (3.34)
= b x lnb.
dx

g(x)
More generally, if h(x) = b , then
g(x) (3.35)
h′ (x) = b g″(x)lnb.

Proof

If y = log b x, then b y = x. It follows that ln(b y) = ln x. Thus y ln b = ln x. Solving for y, we have y = ln x .

lnb
Differentiating and keeping in mind that lnb is a constant, we see that
dy
= 1 .
dx x lnb
The derivative in Equation 3.33 now follows from the chain rule.
If y = b x, then ln y = x lnb. Using implicit differentiation, again keeping in mind that lnb is constant, it follows that
1 dy = lnb. Solving for dy and substituting y = b x, we see that
y dx dx
dy
= ylnb = b x lnb.
dx
The more general derivative (Equation 3.35) follows from the chain rule.
□

Example 3.79

Applying Derivative Formulas

x
Find the derivative of h(x) = x3 .
3 +2

Solution
Use the quotient rule and Derivatives of General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions.
3 x ln3(3 x + 2) − 3 x ln3(3 x)
h′ (x) = Apply the quotient rule.
(3 x + 2) 2
x
= 2 ·x3 ln32 Simplify.
(3 + 2)

Example 3.80

Finding the Slope of a Tangent Line

Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of y = log 2 (3x + 1) at x = 1.

Solution

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 331

dy
To find the slope, we must evaluate at x = 1. Using Equation 3.33, we see that
dx
dy 3
= .
dx ln2(3x + 1)
By evaluating the derivative at x = 1, we see that the tangent line has slope

dy
dx | x=1
= 3 = 3 .
4ln2 ln16

3.53 Find the slope for the line tangent to y = 3 x at x = 2.

Logarithmic Differentiation
At this point, we can take derivatives of functions of the form y = ⎛⎝g(x)⎞⎠ n for certain values of n, as well as functions
g(x)
of the form y = b , where b > 0 and b ≠ 1. Unfortunately, we still do not know the derivatives of functions such as
x π
y = x or y = x . These functions require a technique called logarithmic differentiation, which allows us to differentiate
f (x)
any function of the form h(x) = g(x) . It can also be used to convert a very complex differentiation problem into a

simpler one, such as finding the derivative of y = x x2x +3 1 . We outline this technique in the following problem-solving
e sin x
strategy.

Problem-Solving Strategy: Using Logarithmic Differentiation

1. To differentiate y = h(x) using logarithmic differentiation, take the natural logarithm of both sides of the
equation to obtain ln y = ln ⎛⎝h(x)⎞⎠.

2. Use properties of logarithms to expand ln ⎛⎝h(x)⎞⎠ as much as possible.

dy
3. Differentiate both sides of the equation. On the left we will have 1y .
dx
dy
4. Multiply both sides of the equation by y to solve for .
dx
5. Replace y by h(x).

Example 3.81

Using Logarithmic Differentiation

tan x
Find the derivative of y = ⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠ .
332 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

Solution
Use logarithmic differentiation to find this derivative.
tan x
ln y = ln⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠ Step 1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides.
ln y = tan x ln ⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠ Step 2. Expand using properties of logarithms.
1 dy = sec 2 x ln ⎛2x 4 + 1⎞ + 8x 3 · tan x Step 3. Differentiate both sides. Use the
y dx ⎝ ⎠
2x 4 + 1 product rule on the right.
dy ⎛ ⎞
= y · sec 2 x ln ⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠ + 8x
3
dx ⎝ 4
2x + 1
· tan x
⎠ Step 4. Multiply by y on both sides.
tan x ⎛
dy ⎛ 4
+ 1⎞⎠ sec 2 x ln ⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠ + 8x 3 · tan x⎞ Step 5. Substitute y = ⎛⎝2x 4 + 1⎞⎠
tan x
dx
= ⎝2x ⎝ 2x 4 + 1 ⎠ .

Example 3.82

Using Logarithmic Differentiation

Find the derivative of y = x x2x +3 1 .

e sin x

Solution
This problem really makes use of the properties of logarithms and the differentiation rules given in this chapter.

ln y = ln x x2x +3 1 Step 1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides.

e sin x
ln y = ln x + 1 ln(2x + 1) − x lne − 3lnsin x Step 2. Expand using properties of logarithms.
2
1 dy = 1 + 1 − 1 − 3 cos x Step 3. Differentiate both sides.
y dx x 2x + 1 sin x
dy ⎛1 ⎞
= y⎝ x + 1 − 1 − 3cot x⎠ Step 4. Multiply by y on both sides.
dx 2x + 1
dy ⎛ ⎞
= x x2x +3 1 ⎝1x + 1 − 1 − 3cot x⎠ Step 5. Substitute y = x x2x +3 1 .
dx e sin x 2x + 1 e sin x

Example 3.83

Extending the Power Rule

Find the derivative of y = x r where r is an arbitrary real number.

Solution
The process is the same as in Example 3.82, though with fewer complications.

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 333

ln y = lnx r Step 1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides.

ln y = r ln x Step 2. Expand using properties of logarithms.
1 dy = r 1x Step 3. Differentiate both sides.
y dx
dy
= y xr Step 4. Multiply by y on both sides.
dx
dy
= x r xr Step 5. Substitute y = x r.
dx
dy
= rx r − 1 Simplify.
dx

3.54 Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of y = x x.

3.55 Find the derivative of y = (tan x) π.

334 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

3.9 EXERCISES
For the following exercises, find f ′ (x) for each function. ln x
y = ⎛⎝x 2 − 1⎞⎠
350.

331. f (x) = x 2 e x
351. y = x cot x
332. f (x) = e −x
x 352. y = x + 11
3
x2 − 4
333. 3 ln x
f (x) = e x
y = x −1/2 ⎛⎝x 2 + 3⎞⎠
353. 2/3
(3x − 4) 4
334. f (x) = e 2x + 2x

354. [T] Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph

335. f (x) = e x − e −x ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎝x − 1⎠
e x + e −x of f (x) = 4xe at the point where

336. f (x) = 10 x x = −1. Graph both the function and the tangent line.
ln10
355. [T] Find the equation of the line that is normal to the
337. f (x) = 2 4x + 4x 2 graph of f (x) = x · 5 x at the point where x = 1. Graph
both the function and the normal line.
338. f (x) = 3 sin3x
356. [T] Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph
339. f (x) = x π · π x of x 3 − x ln y + y 3 = 2x + 5 at the point where x = 2.
dy
(Hint: Use implicit differentiation to find .) Graph both
340. f (x) = ln ⎛4x 3 + x⎞ dx
⎝ ⎠
the curve and the tangent line.

341. f (x) = ln 5x − 7 357. Consider the function y = x 1/x for x > 0.

342. f (x) = x 2 ln9x a. Determine the points on the graph where the
tangent line is horizontal.
343. f (x) = log(sec x) b. Determine the points on the graph where y′ > 0
and those where y′ < 0.
log 7 ⎛⎝6x 4 3⎞⎠
344. 5
f (x) = +

345. 2−4
f (x) = 2 x · log 3 7 x

For the following exercises, use logarithmic differentiation

dy
to find .
dx

346. y = x x

347. y = (sin2x) 4x

348. y = (ln x) ln x

349. log 2 x
y=x

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 335

358. The formula I(t) = sint is the formula for a 360. [T] An isotope of the element erbium has a half-life of
t
e approximately 12 hours. Initially there are 9 grams of the
decaying alternating current. isotope present.
a. Complete the following table with the appropriate a. Write the exponential function that relates the
values. amount of substance remaining as a function of t,
measured in hours.
t sint
et b. Use a. to determine the rate at which the substance
is decaying in t hours.
0 (i) c. Use b. to determine the rate of decay at t = 4
hours.
π (ii)
2 361. [T] The number of cases of influenza in New York
City from the beginning of 1960 to the beginning of 1961 is
modeled by the function
π (iii) 2 − 0.87t
N(t) = 5.3e 0.093t , (0 ≤ t ≤ 4),
where N(t) gives the number of cases (in thousands) and
3π (iv)
2 t is measured in years, with t = 0 corresponding to the
beginning of 1960.

2π (v) a. Show work that evaluates N(0) and N(4). Briefly

describe what these values indicate about the
disease in New York City.
2π (vi) b. Show work that evaluates N′ (0) and N′ (3).
Briefly describe what these values indicate about
3π (vii) the disease in the United States.

362. [T] The relative rate of change of a differentiable

100 · f ′ (x)
7π (viii) function y = f (x) is given by %. One model
2 f (x)
for population growth is a Gompertz growth function,
−cx
given by P(x) = ae −b · e where a, b, and c are
4π (ix)
constants.
a. Find the relative rate of change formula for the
b. Using only the values in the table, determine where generic Gompertz function.
the tangent line to the graph of I(t) is horizontal. b. Use a. to find the relative rate of change of a
population in x = 20 months when
359. [T] The population of Toledo, Ohio, in 2000 was a = 204, b = 0.0198, and c = 0.15.
approximately 500,000. Assume the population is
increasing at a rate of 5% per year. c. Briefly interpret what the result of b. means.
a. Write the exponential function that relates the total
For the following exercises, use the population of New
population as a function of t.
York City from 1790 to 1860, given in the following table.
b. Use a. to determine the rate at which the population
is increasing in t years.
c. Use b. to determine the rate at which the population
is increasing in 10 years.
336 Chapter 3 | Derivatives

Years since 1790 Population

0 33,131

10 60,515

20 96,373

30 123,706

40 202,300

50 312,710

60 515,547

70 813,669

Table 3.9 New York City Population Over

Time Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/
Largest_cities_in_the_United_States
_by_population_by_decade.

363. [T] Using a computer program or a calculator, fit a

growth curve to the data of the form p = ab t.

364. [T] Using the exponential best fit for the data, write a
table containing the derivatives evaluated at each year.

365. [T] Using the exponential best fit for the data, write a
table containing the second derivatives evaluated at each
year.

366. [T] Using the tables of first and second derivatives

and the best fit, answer the following questions:
a. Will the model be accurate in predicting the future
population of New York City? Why or why not?
b. Estimate the population in 2010. Was the prediction
correct from a.?

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Chapter 3 | Derivatives 337

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
KEY TERMS
acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity, that is, the derivative of velocity
amount of change the amount of a function f (x) over an interval ⎡⎣x, x + h⎤⎦ is f (x + h) − f (x)

average rate of change f (x + h) − f (a)

is a function f (x) over an interval ⎡⎣x, x + h⎤⎦ is
b−a
chain rule the chain rule defines the derivative of a composite function as the derivative of the outer function evaluated at
the inner function times the derivative of the inner function
constant multiple rule the derivative of a constant c multiplied by a function f is the same as the constant multiplied by
the derivative: d ⎛⎝c f (x)⎞⎠ = c f ′ (x)
dx
constant rule the derivative of a constant function is zero: d (c) = 0, where c is a constant
dx
derivative the slope of the tangent line to a function at a point, calculated by taking the limit of the difference quotient, is
the derivative
derivative function gives the derivative of a function at each point in the domain of the original function for which the
derivative is defined
difference quotient of a function f (x) at a is given by

f (a + h) − f (a) f (x) − f (a)

or x−a
h
difference rule the derivative of the difference of a function f and a function g is the same as the difference of the
derivative of f and the derivative of g: d ⎛⎝ f (x) − g(x)⎞⎠ = f ′ (x) − g′ (x)
dx
differentiable at a a function for which f ′(a) exists is differentiable at a

differentiable function a function for which f ′(x) exists is a differentiable function

differentiable on S a function for which f ′(x) exists for each x in the open set S is differentiable on S

differentiation the process of taking a derivative

higher-order derivative a derivative of a derivative, from the second derivative to the nth derivative, is called a higher-
order derivative
implicit differentiation dy
is a technique for computing for a function defined by an equation, accomplished by
dx
dy
differentiating both sides of the equation (remembering to treat the variable y as a function) and solving for
dx
instantaneous rate of change the rate of change of a function at any point along the function a, also called f ′(a),
or the derivative of the function at a

logarithmic differentiation is a technique that allows us to differentiate a function by first taking the natural logarithm
of both sides of an equation, applying properties of logarithms to simplify the equation, and differentiating implicitly
marginal cost is the derivative of the cost function, or the approximate cost of producing one more item
marginal profit is the derivative of the cost function, or the approximate profit obtained by producing and selling one
more item
marginal revenue is the derivative of the revenue function, or the approximate revenue obtained by selling one more
item
TENTATIVE COURSE CALENDAR - Any changes to this calendar will be announced:

D Web-based exercise WeBWorK

a Section (Math
t 2040)
e
A Review
u
g Syllabus
. 3.1 Limits
2
3
1
A
u
g 3.2 Continuity
. 3.3 Rates of Change
2
5
A
u 3.4 Definition of the
g Derivative
. 4.1 Techniques for
3 Finding Derivatives
2 0
S
e
Quiz I (3.1 to 4.1) &
p
Review
.
1
S
e
4.2 Derivatives of
p
Products and Quotients
.
6
3
S
e
p 4.3 The Chain Rule
.
8
S
e
p Quiz II (4.2 & 4.3) &
. Review
1
3
4
S
e
p
Exam I (3.1 to 4.3)
.
1
5
S
e
p
Review
.
2
5
0
S 1, 2 1, 2, Review
4.4 Derivatives of
e
Exponential Functions
p
Review
.