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UNIT 3: WORLD OF REGIONS or the Soviet Union and

communism.
GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE - First World described countries
SOUTH (FOCUS: LATIN AMERICA) whose views aligned with NATO
➢ Global South - regions of Latin and capitalism
America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania - Second World referred to
mostly low- income and often politically countries that supported
or culturally marginalized. communism and the Soviet Union
- Also called "developing World" ➢ The Global South captures a
such as Africa, Latin America, and deterritorialized geography of
the developing countries in Asia, capitalism’s externalities and means
"developing countries," "less to account for subjugated people
developed countries," and "less within the borders of wealthier
developed regions” including countries, such that there are
poorer "southern" regions of economic Souths in the geographic
wealthy "northern" countries North and Norths in the geographic
- refers to these countries' South.
"interconnected histories of ➢ It refers to the resistant imaginary of
colonialism, neo-imperialism, a transnational political subject that
and differential economic and results from a shared experience of
social change through which subjugation under contemporary global
large inequalities in living capitalism.
standards, life expectancy, and
access to resources are ➢ laboratories of modernity - Colonies
maintained. in the Asia pacific and South Asia
- symbolic designation meant to influenced the West and vice versa.
capture the semblance of ➢ Pacific Pivot - a foreign policy shift
cohesion that emerged when was implemented by the United States
former colonial entities engaged in to commit more resources and
political projects of decolonization attention to the region.
and moved toward the realization
of a post- colonial international ASIAN REGIONALISM
order ➢ Regionalism - decentralization of
political powers or competencies from a
THREE PRIMARY CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL higher towards a lower political level
SOUTH ➢ it distinguishes between top-down from
➢ It refers to economically disadvantaged bottom up regionalism
nation-states and as a post-cold war - top - down regionalism describes
alternative to “Third World”. the decentralization of
- Third World is a phrase frequently competencies or the establishment
used to describe a developing of regional institutions by the state
nation - bottom -up includes all patterns of
- arose during the Cold War to endeavors toward political
identify countries whose views did decentralization from within the
not align with NATO and capitalism particular region
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- “Open Regionalism” which aims -class societies in these countries by

to develop and maintain the 1980s
cooperation with outside actors. ➢ Middle-class occupies different
positions in their respective societies
➢ Asia Pacific and South Asia - as well as in relation to their
together to the regions of East (or nation-states as they constitute the
Northeast) Asia, South Asia, the Pacific expanding regional consumer market
Islands, and South Asia.
➢ It includes some of the world’s most 2 SALIENT POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF
economically developed states such EAST ASIAN MIDDLE-CLASS FORMATION
as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and ➢ Middle class formation in Southeast
Taiwan, and highly impoverished Asia was driven by global and
countries such as Cambodia, Laos, regional transnational capitalism
and Nepal. working in alliance with national states
➢ It also includes the largest and most ➢ Middle class in Japan, South Korea,
populous states on the globe and Taiwan were created by
including China and India and some of developmental states and national
the world’s smallest such as the capitalism.
Maldives and Bhutan ➢ New urban middle classes in East
➢ World Trade Organization - only Asia, whether in Japan, South Korea,
global international organization Taiwan, or Southeast Asia, with their
dealing with the rules of trade between middle-class jobs, education, and
nations income, have in turn created their own
new lifestyles commensurate with
MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION their middle-class income and status.
The Third Wave
➢ The product of regional economic MIDDLE CLASSES IN THE PHILIPPINES
development in the post war era are ➢ New urban middle classes emerged
the middle classes in east Asia in the post 1986 Philippines
➢ Regional economic development ➢ created through growth in retail trade,
took place within the context of the manufacture, banking, real estate
American informal empire in “Free development, and an expanding range
Asia”, with the US-led regional of specialist services such as
security system and the triangular accounting, advertising, computing,
trade system as its two major pillars and market research.
➢ First wave - of regional economic ➢ Government policies promoting
development took place in Japan from liberalization and deregulation have
mid1950’s to the early 1970s and led spurred the growth of diverse
to the emergence of a middle-class by enterprises in the Philippines,
the early 1970s. fostering connections with foreign
➢ Second wave - took place between the investors and markets in East and
1960s and 1980s in South Korea, Southeast Asia.
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
and led to the formation of middle
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UNIT 4: WORLD OF IDEAS the sharing of information of other

peoples
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES ➢ Languages as a means to develop the
➢ Global village - a term coined by ability to communicate across culture
Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a are the lifeline of globalization. Without
Canadian media theorist, to express language there would be no
the idea that people throughout the globalization; and vice versa, without
world are interconnected through the globalization there would be no world
use of new media technologies languages
➢ According to scholars, the world was
globalized in the 1900s upon the 2. Script
advancement of media and ➢ Writing is humankind’s principal
transportation technology. technology for collecting, manipulating,
- Changes in migration patterns storing, retrieving, communicating and
where people move easily and disseminating information
advancement in media which - system of graphic marks
brought changes to human life representing the units of a
heightens globalization specific language.
➢ Globalization, which refers to economic - may have been invented
and political integration on a world independently three times in
scale, has a crucial cultural different parts of the world: in the
dimension in which the media has the Near East, China and
central role. Mesoamerica
➢ Global institutions like the media have ➢ Cuneiform script created in
an impact upon the structures and Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, only
processes of the nation‐state, writing system which can be traced to
including its national culture. its earliest prehistoric origin.
➢ In that sense, media globalization is - system of counting and
about how most national media recording goods with clay
systems have become more tokens
internationalized, becoming more - syllabary and alphabet illustrates
open to outside influences, both in the development of information
their content and in their ownership and processing to deal with larger
control amounts of data in ever greater
abstraction
5 TIME PERIODS IN THE STUDY OF
GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA
1. Oral Communication 3. The Printing Press
➢ Human speech is the oldest and most ➢ Printing press - device that allows for
enduring. Humans are allowed to the mass production of uniform printed
cooperate and communicate through matter, mainly text in the form of books,
language. pamphlets and newspapers
➢ Human ability to move from one place ➢ Johannes Gutenberg further
to another and to adapt to a new and developed this in the 15th century with
different environment are facilitated by his invention of the Gutenberg press
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CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRINTING extremely mobile and resourceful

PRESS capital
➢ changed the very nature of knowledge, ➢ World music is defined as the
preserved knowledge which had been umbrella category which various
more malleable in oral cultures, also types of traditional and non Western
standardized knowledge. music are produced for Western
➢ Print encouraged the challenge of consumption
political and religious authority - It is a label of industrial origin that
because of its ability to circulate refers to an amalgamated global
competing views. Printing press marketplace of sounds as ethnic
encouraged the literacy of the public commodities
and the growth of schools ➢ Changes in musical culture constitute
one of the aspects of globalization,
4. Electronic Media and they concern institutions, system of
➢ refers to the broadcast or storage value, and social groups involved in
media that take advantage of musical life
electronic technology. ➢ The change in popular music is not the
➢ include television, radio, internet, fax, outcome of globalization but rather
CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other popular music industry is a part of
medium that requires electricity or globalization phenomena
digital encoding of information.
➢ The term electronic media is often GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
used in contrast with print media ➢ Globalization implicates religions in
➢ most powerful and pervasive mass several ways. It calls forth religious
media is television as it brought the response and interpretation.
visual and aural power of film with the ➢ consequences of this implication for
accessibility of radio; introduction of religion is that globalization
television was a defining moment in encourages religious pluralism.
globalization ➢ Religions identify themselves in relation
to one another, and they become less
5.Digital Media rooted in particular places because of
➢ Phones and television are now diasporas and transnational ties.
considered digital while computers are - Globalization further provides
considered the most important media fertile ground for a variety of
influencing globalization. noninstitutionalized religious
➢ Computers give access to global and manifestations and for the
market places and transform cultural development of religion as a
life. political and cultural resource

POPULAR MUSIC AND GLOBALIZATION ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE

➢ Popular music explains the complex GLOBALIZATION PROCESS
dynamics of globalization not only ➢ Modernist Perspective- perspective
because it is popular but music is of most intellectuals and academics.
highly mediated, is deeply invested - Its view is that all secularizations
in meaning and has proven to be an would eventually look alike and the
different religions would all end up
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as the same secular and “rational” TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND

philosophy. MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATION
- It sees religious revivals as ➢ Throughout the 20th century
sometimes being a reaction to the migration of faiths across the globe has
Enlightenment and modernization. been a major feature
➢ Post-Modernist Perspective- rejects ➢ Deterritorialization of religion - the
the Enlightenment, modernist values of appearance and the efflorescence of
rationalism, empiricism, and science, religious traditions in places where
along with the Enlightenment, these previously had been largely
modernist structures of capitalism, unknown or were at least in a minority
bureaucracy, and even liberalism position
- core value of post-modernism is ➢ Transnational religion - means of
expressive individualism describing solutions to new-found
- can include “spiritual experiences,” situations that people face as a result
but only those without religious of migration and it comes as two quite
constraints distinct blends of religious universalism
- largely hyper- secularism, and it and local particularism
joins modernism in predicting, and _________________________________
eagerly anticipating, the 1. It is possible for religious universalism
disappearance of traditional to gain the upperhand, whereby
religions. universalism becomes the central
- Globalization, by breaking up and reference for immigrant communities. In
dissolving every traditional, local, such instances, religious transnationalism
and national structure, will bring is often depicted as a religion going
about the universal triumph of global.
expressive individualism. 2. It is possible for local ethnic or
➢ The Pre-Modernist Perspective - national particularism to gain or maintain
best represented and articulated by the the most important place for local
Roman Catholic Church, especially by immigrant communities.
Pope John Paul II _________________________________
- Each religion has secularized in its ➢ Transnational national communities
own distinctive way, which has are constructed and religious
resulted in its own distinctive hierarchies perform dual religious and
secular outcome secular functions that ensure the
- suggests that even if globalization groups’ survival
brings about more secularization, it ➢ Transnational religion - cases of
will not soon bring about one institutional transnationalism whereby
common, global worldview communities living outside the national
- Secularization is understood as a territory of a states maintain religious
shift in the overall frameworks of attachments to their home churches
human condition; it makes it ➢ Indigenization, hybridization or
possible for people to have a glocalization - processes that register
choice between belief and non the ability of religion to mold into the
belief in a manner hitherto fabric of different communities in ways
unknown that connect it intimately with
communal and local relations
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➢ Global -local or glocal religion

represents a genre of expression,
communication and individual identities

Forms of Glocalization
1. indigenization - connected with the
specific faiths with ethnic groups whereby
religion and culture were often fused into
a single unit; also connected to the
survival of particular ethnic groups
2. vernacularization - involved the rise of
vernacular language endowed with the
symbolic ability of offering privileged
access to the sacred and often promoted
by empires
3. nationalization - consolidation of
specific nations with particular
confessions and has been a popular
strategy both in Western and eastern
Europe
4. Transnationalization - complemented
religious nationalization by forcing
groups to identify with specific religious
traditions of real or imagine national
homelands or to adopt a more universalist
vision of religion
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UNIT 5: GLOBAL POPULATION AND ENGINES OF GLOBALIZATION

MOBILITY ➢ Cities are the engines of
globalization.
GLOBAL CITY - They are social magnets, growing
➢ Global city - urban center that enjoys faster and faster. In the current
significant competitive advantages and generation, urban life has become
that serves as a hub within a globalized the dominant form of human life
economic system. throughout the world.
- cities are seen as the building ➢ Now, institutional innovation is
blocks of globalization failing to keep up with the rate of
➢ New York, London, and Tokyo can be growth and change, and the problems
identified as global cities, all of which confronting urban populations depend
are hubs of global finance and more on size and the rate of growth
capitalism. than on cultural expectations
➢ World cities are categorized as such
based on the global reach of GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
organizations found in them. Not only ➢ Demography - derived from the Greek
are there inequalities between these words demos for “population” and
cities there also exists inequalities graphia for “description” or “writing,”
within each city thus the phrase, “writings about
population.”
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY - coined by Achille Guillard, a
1. Seats of Economic Power Belgian statistician, in 1855
2. Centers of Authority - Washington DC - origins of modern demography can
may not be wealthy as New York but it is be traced back to the John
the seat of American state power. Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills of
3. Centers of Political Influence - Cities Mortality’ which was published in
that house major international 1662
organizations may also be considered ➢ Cited by Tulchinsky - demography
centers of political influence. refers to the study of populations,
4. Centers of Higher Learning and with reference to size and density,
Culture - A city’s intellectual influence is fertility, mortality, growth, age
seen through the influence of its distribution, migration, and vital
publishing industry. statistics and the interaction of all these
5. Economic Opportunities - Economic with social and economic conditions
opportunities in a global city make it
attractive to talents from across the world. EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
6. Economic Competitiveness - The ➢ Remarkable effect of the
Economist Intelligence Unit has added demographic transition - enormous
other criteria like market size, purchasing gap in life expectancy that emerged
power of citizens, size of the middle class, between Japan and the West on the
and potential for growth. one hand and the rest of the world on
the other
➢ There was a reverse in global
population shares during the 20th
century as Africa, Asia, Latin America,
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and Oceania had high levels of breeding and crop rotation and
population growth rates. farming techniques
➢ The United States projected that - improvements generally include
population growth will be shifted toward access to technology, basic
Africa. healthcare, and education.
➢ In terms of age structure, the overall ➢ Stage 3 - birth rates fall.
trend in Japan and the West was - Birth rates decrease due to various
downward until 1950. Their fertility factors
dependency ratio was close to 0.5. - Population growth begins to level
➢ The developing countries like India off.
and the Philippines had higher - The birth rate decline in developed
dependency ratios than the West in countries started in the late 19th
1900. century in northern Europe.
- A great increase in dependency - Mexico’s population is at this
ratio was caused by the decline in stage.
infant and child mortality and high ➢ Stage 4 - there are both low birth rates
levels of fertility, with its peak and low death rates
around 1970. - Sweden is considered to currently
➢ The gap in fertility between the West be in Stage 4.
and the less developed countries - As the large group born during
became smaller by the 21st century stage two ages, it creates an
economic burden on the
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION shrinking working population.
➢ Stage 1 - pre-industrial society, death - Death rates may remain
rates and birth rates are high and consistently low or increase slightly
roughly in balance. due to increases in lifestyle
- Population growth is typically very diseases due to low exercise levels
slow in this stage, because the and high obesity and an aging
society is constrained by the population in developed countries.
available food supply; therefore, ➢ Stage 5 (Debated) - Some scholars
unless the society develops new delineate a separate fifth stage of
technologies to increase food below-replacement fertility levels
production, any fluctuations in birth - United Nations Population Fund
rates are soon matched by death (2008) categorizes nations as
rates. high-fertility, intermediate-fertility,
➢ Stage 2 - that of a developing country, or low-fertility.
death rates drop rapidly due to
improvements in food supply and GLOBAL MIGRATION
sanitation, which increase life spans ➢ Global migration - a situation in which
and reduce disease. people go to live in foreign countries,
- Afghanistan is currently in this especially to find a job.
stage. - migration is often conceptualized
- e improvements specific to food as a move from an origin to a
supply typically include selective destination, or from a place of birth
to another destination across
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administrative borders within a - Lack of political rights and

country or international borders prevalent exploitation of a
particular group or community in
TYPES OF MIGRATION any nation state act as push
➢ Internal migration - people moving factors for migration to get away
from one area to another within one from such a situation.
country ➢ Environmental Factor - people who
➢ International migration - the have been displaced by natural
movement people who cross the disasters and those who choose to
borders of one country to another migrate because of the worsening
- Five sub-groups environmental condition of a particular
➢ Immigrants - who move permanently area.
to another country ➢ Economic Factors - Migration, driven
➢ Workers - who stay in another country by economic, social, and cultural
for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a factors, impacts individuals and families
year) economically.
➢ Illegal immigrants -foreign-born - Recent studies suggest it boosts
person who is not a legal resident of a economies by expanding the
country, and who enters or remains skilled workforce, despite ongoing
there without legal means debate about its direct impact on
➢ Migrants - whose families have host country GDP growth.
“petitioned” them to move to the ➢
destination country.
➢ Refugees/asylum-seekers - those
“unable or unwilling to return because
of a well-founded fear of persecution on
account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion”

REASON FOR MIGRATION

➢ Push factor - induces people to move
out of their present location
➢ Pull factor - induces people to move
into a new location
➢ Cultural factor - a compelling push
factor, forcing people to emigrate from
a country. Forced international
migration has historically occurred for
two main cultural reasons: slavery and
political instability.
➢ Socio-political factors - Situation of
war, oppression and the lack of
socio-political rights are the major
factors of migration in contemporary
time.