Or AnS.

5.10 Single Phase Inverter

The single-phase bridge inverter is classified as:

1. Single-phase half-bridge inverter

2. Single-phase full-bridge inverter

The principle of operation of these two types are following:

PoWER CONVERTERS

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter

5.10.1

wire supply asshown in figure 5.57 (a).

It consists of two SCRs, two diodes and three

0<1s TI2, thyristor T conducts and load is subjected to

Also from figure 5.57 (b), for

upper voltage source At (= T/2, thyristor T, is commutated and

voltage
due
due to
2
conducts and load is subjected
T, isgated ON. During the period T2 <tsT, thyristor T;
a voltage (-VJ2) due to lower voltage source
VI2.

It from figure 5.57 (b) that load voltage is an alternating voltage waveform
is seen
of output voltage can be
of amplitude V/2 and of frequency 1/T Hz. Frequency
inverter

T.
changed by controlling

+t

Vo +
D,
v,2
+Load V/2
3T/2 2T
t

4T2->

(a) (b)

Figure 5.57 Single-phase half-bridge inverter

5.10.2 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

The main drawback of half-bridge inverter is that it requires three-wire dc supply. The
difficulty can be overcome by the use of full-bridge inverter as shown in figure 5.58 (a)
It consists of four SCRS and four diodes.
 KD,
T2 3T2
-Load
-V

(a) (b)

Figure 5.58 Single-phase ful-bridge inverter

In this inverter, number of thyristor and diode ís twice of that in a half-bridge inverter and
this will not go against full-inverter because the amplitude of output voltage is doubled

whereas output power is four tímes in this inverter as cornpared to their corresponding
values in half-bridge inverter.

For full-bridge inverter, when T, T; conduct, load voltage is V, and when T,, T.
conduct, load voltage is-V, as shown in figure 5.58 (b). Frequency of output voltage can
becontrolled by varying the periodic time T.

For resistive load, current ig will not be in phase with voltage Vo and diodes
connected in antiparallel with thyristor will allow the current to flow when the main

thyristors are turned OFF. These diodes are called feedback diodes.
5.11 DC-DC Converter (Chopper)
Chopper is a device which converts a fixed de voltage
a variable de voltage. Chopper
to

provides Smooth acceleration control, fast response. regeneration and high efficiency.
trucks and mine
Choppers are used in subway cars, trolley buses, marine hoists, forklift
haulers.

AC ink Chopper: This copper has two stage conversion. First DC

is converted into

is varied by the transformer

and
ACby the use of inverter. The magnitude of ACvoltage
it is converted back to dc using a rectifier.

AC DC
DC
Inverter

AC link Chopper
Figure 5.60
is used for direct conversion
device, which
one stage conversion
DC Chopper: This is de voltage at another
level.

at a level to an adjustable
of fixed dc voltage DC
DC
DE Chopper t

Figure 5.61 DC Chopper

 Chopper isa high speed ON/OFF semiconductor switch which is represented by a switch

asshown in figure s,62, No current flow the switch OFF

SW with an arrow will if is

and when itis ON, curent will flow in the direction of arrow only.

SW

Figure 5.62 Representation of chopper as a switch

According to the output voltage, chopper may be divided into two type step up chopper
and step down chopper.

5.11.1 Step Down Chopper

In this chopper, the output voltage willbe less than input voltage. The step down chopper
is shown in figure 5.63. Let Ton is the on period and Toi is the oft period of chopper.
In Ton period, loadvoltage will be equal to source voltage V,. When the chopper is of

during Toff period, load voltage will be zero but load current flows through the
freewheeling diode FD. Inductance releases its stored energy during Tof period. The
waveforms are shown in figure 5.63(b).

V,

SW + 000

FD
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.63 Step down chopper (a) circuit (b) output voltage and current
waveforms
It is cleared from the figure 5.63(b), that the
average load voltage Var is given by

Ton
Vav
Ton t loff

lony,
T =, .(5.17)
5.11.2 Step Up Chopper
In this chopper, average output voltage is greater than input voltage. The circuit in

different mode of operation and current waveforms are shown in figure 5.66.
 5.85

PoWER CONVERTERS
L
Mode I inductor
SW. In Ton period, we know
When chopperis ON, current flows through L and switch As
5.66(b).
is shown
in figure not change
stores energy and polarity of inductance voltage does
current
input energy
therefore
inductor opposesthe intantaneous change in current the
period,
from toDuring Ton
immediately but increases linearly / h. L). Ton
through
Wn =(oltage acrOSs L)(average current
=V AITon
Where

and AI = 2

Thus
..5.18)
Ton

Mode II

When chopper is OFF current flows through L. D and load as shown in figure 5.55(C).

InToff period, inductor

L
D D

A
(sw: |SW

(a)
(b)
L D

A
Ton
0 Toft
T
(c)
(d)
Figure 5.66 (a) Step up chopper, (b) when
switch is
Switch is OFF, (d) current ON
(c) When
wavefrom
 CLEClKIGA GNEERING

releases its energy with opposite polarity. Thus the average output voltage across load is

given by

di,
Vay = V,+ L dt
..5.19)

di
Where L is the voltage across inductor L
dt

Therefore average output voltage exceeds the source voltage and chopper is called as

step up chopper. In this interval, current decreases from h to I1. During Ton period, the
energy output to the load

Wout (Voltage across L)(average current through L).Tof

..5.20)
2 JTof

Let us assume that the system is lossless, then from eq. (5.18) and (S.20), we have

Win =W out

2 Ton -(Van- 2t4 Toff

VaTo (Ton t Tof)V,

(Ton +o)
Toff

T
Va .5.21)
T-Ton

Since the duty cycle a is variable, hence the required step up output yoltage can be
obtained.

Solved Examples
5.9 Rectifiers

Rectifier is a device which converts AC voltage into DC (unidirectional) voltage and the
process of converting AC voltage into unidirectional voltage is called rectification. In

previous sections, we have studied that PN junction diodes possess the property of

rectification and therefore can be used in rectifiers.. Rectifiers can be classified into tw

types namely Half Wave Rectifier (HWR) and Full Wave Rectifiers (FWR). In the

following sections we shall study the principle of operation and working of HWR and
FWR circuits.

5.9.1 Half Wave Rectifier

In a half wave rectifier only positive half cycle of the AC voltage appears

terminalof the rectifier. The negative half cycle is suppressed and that is why it is called
half wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier is the most simple rectifier and it employs only one diode. The
circuit diagram of a wave rectifier is shown in
half figure 5.43. The transformer is used
to supply AC voltage of desired magnitude to the rectifier. It also isolate the roctifier

circuít from AC supply mains.

Input

Diode
,Output

P N

AC
supply R
V, (Rectified voltage )

L2'

Transformer

Figure 5.43 Half wave rectifier circuit

 (a) Input voltage

(b)Current in the load

(c) Outputvoltage

Figure 5.46 Input and output waveforms

5.9.3 Full Wave Rectifier
A fullwave rectifier (FWR)gives a full rectified wave at the output unlike HWR which

gives only half rectified wave. There are two types of full wave rectifiers.

[Link] Centre Tap FWR

The centre tap FWR essentiallyconsists of two PN diode and a centre tap transformer

as shown in figure 5.47. In this rectifier only diode conducts for positive half cycles and
the other conducts for negative half cycle of the input ACwave.
Operation: Let the applied input voltage of the rectifier be

Vsupply= 2vj = 2V, sino

Since the tapping of the transformer is exactly in the middle of the secondary winding,
both part of the secondary winding will have an equal voltage of v, = Vmsin with respect
to common point F, which may be connected to ground.

D,
A B

AC F
supply E
RL
V

C D
D,

Figure 5.47 Centre tap FWR circuit

During positive half cycle of the input of the diode D,

voltage, the terminal A (p-side)
ositive with respect to terminal B(n-side) of the diode. Thus, diode D, becomes
resistance f

24
(a)Input voltage wave

D, D,
conducts\Vconducts
.-(b)Load current
D, Open D,Open

Vo

(c)Output voltage

Figure 5.50 Voltage and current waveform of FWR

 PoWER ONVERTERS

[Link] Bridge type FWR

FWR are large value of PIV and under utilization of
The main draw back of centre tap

transformer. Moreover, transformer with centre tap is required. These drawbacks are

renoved in bridge type FWR.

of four diodes which are connected in the form of a
The bridge type FWR consists

bridge as shown in figure 5.52.

A A
D D2

AC V
D8supply V sin

RL
D4 D;
00000909000900
D D

Figure 5.52

voltage of the rectifier be

Operation: Let the applied input

V; = Vm Sin
half cycle of the input voltage wave
terminal A is positive with respect
During positive
D.
to terminal
and C. Terminals B and C are positive
with respect
to terminal B
during positive half cycle is as shown
The polarity of voltage across various diodes

in figure 5.53.
A

D,

D4 D,

D
Figure 5.53
V,

(a) Input voltage

D,&D, D,&D, D,&D,

Conducts Conducts Conducts

(b)Output current

Vo

(c)Output voltage

Figure 5.55