Suez University

Faculty of Petroleum
and Mining Engineering

Course Title: Thermodynamics

MPE 223
Sem. 2 – 2023-2024

Lecture No. : 8
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Dr. Salwa Mansour

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 Introduction To The Second Law
o In natural Process:
Heat transfer from high temp. medium
to a low temp. medium occurs without
requiring any devices.

o In the reversed Process:

Heat transfer from low temp. medium to
a high temp. medium requires specific
devices are (Refrigerators and Heat
Pumps).
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 Introduction To The Second Law
➢ Major Uses of The Second Law
▪ The second law may be used to identify the direction of processes.

▪ The second law also asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law is
concerned with the quantity of energy and the transformations of energy from one form
to another with no regard to its quality. The second law provides the necessary means to
determine the quality as well as the degree of degradation of energy during a process.
▪ The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits for
the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and
refrigerators.
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 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
➢ In the development of the second law of thermodynamics, it is very
convenient to have a hypothetical body with a relatively large thermal energy
capacity (mass × specific heat) that can supply or absorb finite amounts of
heat without undergoing any change in temperature. Such a body is called a
thermal energy reservoir or just a reservoir.

➢ A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of

heat is called a source, and one that absorbs
energy in the form of heat is called a sink.

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 Heat Engines
➢ Heat Engines: The devices that convert heat to work.
▪ They receiveheat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil
furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
▪ They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a
rotating shaft.)
▪ Theyrejectthe remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink
(the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
▪ They operate on a cycle.
Heat engines and other cyclic devices
usually involve a fluid to and from which
heat is transferred while undergoing a
cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid.
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 A steam power plant
➢ The work-producing device that best fits into the definition of a heat engine
is the steam power plant

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 A steam power plant
➢ Thermal efficiency

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 A steam power plant
➢ Thermal efficiency

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 Heat Engine
⁕ Can we save Qout?
In a steam power plant, the condenser is the device where large quantities of waste
heat is rejected to rivers, lakes, or the atmosphere.
Can we not just take the condenser out of the plant and save all that waste energy?
The answer is, unfortunately, a firm no for the simple reason that without a heat
rejection process in a condenser, the cycle cannot be completed.

Every heat engine must waste some energy by transferring it to a low-temperature

reservoir in order to complete the cycle, even under idealized conditions.

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 Heat Engine
➢ Example .1
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate of waste heat
rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power output and the thermal efficiency
for this heat engine.

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 The Second Law Of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–planck Statement

➢ It is impossible for any device that operates on

a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce a net amount of work.

➢ No heat engine can have a thermal

efficiency of 100 percent, or as for a power
plant to operate, the working fluid must
exchange heat with the environment as well
as the furnace.
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 Refrigerators And Heat Pumps
o The transfer of heat from a low-temperature medium to a
high-temperature one requires special devices called
refrigerators.
o Refrigerators, like heat engines, are cyclic devices.
o The working fluid usedin the refrigeration cycle is called a
refrigerant.
o Themost frequently used refrigeration cycle is the vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle.

In a household refrigerator, the freezer compartment

where heat is absorbed by the refrigerant serves as
the evaporator, and the coils usually behind the
refrigerator where heat is dissipated to the kitchen
air serve as the condenser.
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 Refrigerators And Heat Pumps

➢ Coefficient of Performance

The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the

coefficient of performance (COP). “Tell us how effective a heat
pump or air conditioner is at transferring heat versus the amount
of electrical power it consumes”.

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the

refrigerated space.

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 Refrigerators And Heat Pumps
➢ Heat Pumps
▪ The coefficient of performance of a heat
pump is always greater than unity since
COPR is a positive quantity.
▪ That is, a heat pump will function, at worst,
as a resistance heater, supplying as much
energy to the house as it consumes.
▪ In reality, however, part of QH is lost to the
outside air through piping and other
devices, and COPHP may drop below unity
when the outside air temperature is too low.
▪ When this happens, the system usually
switches to a resistance heating mode. Most for fixed values of QL and QH
heat pumps in operation today have a
seasonally averaged COP of 2 to 3.
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 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clasius Statement

➢ It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a

cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.
It states that a refrigerator cannot operate unless its compressor
is driven by an external power source, such as an electric motor.
This way, the net effect on the surroundings involves the
consumption of some energy in the form of work, in addition to
the transfer of heat from a colder body to a warmer one.
To date, no experiment has been conducted that contradicts the
second law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof of its
validity.
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 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clasius Statement
➢ Example .2
Refrigerant-134a enters the evaporator coils placed at the back of the freezer section of a
household refrigerator at 100 kPa with a quality of 20 percent and leaves at 100 kPa and
−26°C. If the compressor consumes 600 W of power and the COP of the refrigerator is 1.2,
determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and (b) the rate of heat rejected to the
kitchen air.

Solution

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clasius Statement

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 Reversible And Irreversible Processes
➢ Reversible process: A process that can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings.
➢ Irreversible process: A process that is not reversible.
• All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible.
• Why are we interested in reversible processes?
(1) they are easy to analyze
(2) they serve as idealized models (theoretical limits) to
which actual processes can be compared.
• Some processes are more irreversible than others.
• We try to approximate reversible processes. Why?
Reversible processes deliver the most and consume the
least work.

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 Reversible And Irreversible Processes
➢ The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called
Irreversibilities, they include:
o The friction.
o The unrestrained expansion.
o The mixing of two fluids.
o The heat transfer across a finite temperature difference.
o The electric resistance.
o The inelastic deformation of solids.
o The chemical reactions.
The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.

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 Reversible And Irreversible Processes

Irreversibilities

(a) Heat transfer

through a temperature
difference is
irreversible.

Friction renders a
process irreversible.
(b)the reverse
process is Irreversible compression
impossible. and expansion processes.
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 The Carnot Cycle
 The Carnot cycle is an ideal standard cycle that has reached the highest efficiency, but it
cannot be achieved in reality.
▪ Process 1-2 Reversible Isothermal Expansion (TH = constant)
▪ Process 2-3 Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (temperature drops from TH to TL)
▪ Process 3-4 Reversible Isothermal Compression (TL = constant)
▪ Process 4-1 Reversible Adiabatic Compression (temperature rises from TL to TH)

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 The Carnot Cycle
➢ The Reversed Carnot Cycle
▪ The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
▪ Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed, in which case it becomes the
Carnot refrigeration cycle.

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 The Carnot Principles
1. The efficiency of an
irreversible heat engine
is always less than the
efficiency of a reversible
one operating between
the same two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all
reversible heat engines
operating between the
same two reservoirs are
the same.
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 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
o A temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of the substances that are
used to measure temperature is called a
thermodynamic temperature scale.
o Such a temperature scale offers great
conveniences in thermodynamic
calculations.
This temperature scale is called the Kelvin
scale, and the temperatures on this scale are
called absolute temperatures.

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 The Carnot Heat Engine
➢ Any heat engine

➢ Carnot heat engine

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 The Carnot Heat Engine
➢ Example .3
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature source at
652°C and rejects heat to a low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine (a) the thermal
efficiency of this Carnot engine and (b) the amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.

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 The Quality of Energy
✓ These efficiency values show that energy has quality as well as quantity.
✓ More of the high-temperature thermal energy can be converted to work. Therefore, the
higher the temperature, the higher the quality of the energy.

Can we use C unit for

temperature here?

How do you increase the thermal

efficiency of a Carnot heat engine?

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 The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump
➢ Any refrigerator or heat pump

➢ Carnot refrigerator or heat pump

How do you increase the COP of a Carnot refrigerator

or heat pump? How about for actual ones?
o These are the highest coefficients of performance that a
refrigerator or a heat pump operating between the
temperature limits of TL and TH can have
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 The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump

❑ The COP of a reversible refrigerator or heat pump is the maximum

theoretical value for the specified temperature limits.
❑ Actual refrigerators or heat pumps may approach these values as their
designs are improved, but they can never reach them.
❑ The COPs of both the refrigerators and the heat pumps decrease as TL
decreases.
❑ That is, it requires more work to absorb heat from lower-temperature
media.

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 The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump
➢ Example .4
A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is
25°C. The refrigerator consumes 500 W of power when operating
and has a COP of 4.5. Determine:
(a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
(b) the temperature of the refrigerated space.

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The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump

Solution

solution

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 The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump
➢ Example .5
A heat pump is to be used to heat a house
during the winter, as shown in Fig. 6–52.
The house is to be maintained at 21°C at all
times. The house is estimated to be losing
heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the
outside temperature drops to –5°C.
Determine the minimum power required to
drive this heat pump.

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The Carnot Refrigerator And Heat Pump
Solution

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Any Questions?

Thank You