MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL

By: Ms. Clarisse Ikan, LPT

 Data
Gathering and
Organizing
Data
STATISTICS

● Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that uses quantified

models, representations and synopses for a given set of
experimental data or real-life studies. Statistics studies
methodologies to gather, review, analyze and draw conclusions
from data.
TYPES OF DATA

● 1. Qualitative data are categorical data which takes the

form of categories or attributes such as sex, course, year
level, race, religion, etc.
● 2. Quantitative data are obtained from measurements
like heights, weights, ages, scores, etc.
MEASUREMENT SCALES
● 1. Nominal measurements are used for identification or classification
purposes
● 2. Ordinal measurements do not only classify items. They also give the
order or rank of classes or objects.
● 3. Interval measurements make use of numbers assigned to items or
objects.
● 4. Ratio measurements assigned as ratio of numbers being measured.
SAMPLING

is the process of selecting samples from a

population of interest in order to study and fairly
generalize the results back to the population from
which the sample was chosen.
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
● Reduced Cost (The cost of studying all the items in a population).
● Greater Scope (The time-consuming aspect of contacting the whole
population).
● Greater Speed (The physical impossibility of checking all items in the
population).
● Greater Accuracy (The adequacy of sample results in most cases).
alize the results back to the population from which the sample was
chosen.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
● any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection.
Samples are chosen in such a way that each member of the
population has a known though not necessarily equal chance of being
included in the samples.
● Random Selection is performed by selecting a group of subjects (a
sample) for study from a large group (population).
ADVANTAGES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
It avoids biases.
It provides basis for calculating the margin of
error.
 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Simple random sampling

● can be done through lottery.

● A random sample refers to a limited number of
individuals chosen from the population.
● Every individual has an equal chance of being selected in
the sample before the selection is done.
Stratified Random Sampling

● is done through dividing the population into categories or

strata and getting the members at random proportionate
to each stratum or sub-group.
Systematic random sampling

● to the process of selecting every nth element in the

population until the desired sample size is acquired. The
items or individuals of the population are arranged in
some order.
● A random starting point is selected and then every kth
member of the population is selected for the sample.
Cluster Sampling

● sometimes called area sampling because it is usually

applied when the population is large.
● Groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly
chosen.
● Is an advantageous procedure when the population is
spread out over a wide geographical data.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING

method does not involve random selection of samples. Each

member of the population does not have a known chance of
being included in the sample. Instead, personal judgement
plays a very important role in the selection.
TYPES OF NON-
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
ACCIDENTAL, HAPHAZARD OR
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

One of the most common methods, which is primarily

based on the convenience of the researcher. In other
words, get what you can without a lot of hassle.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

samples are taken with a purpose in mind.

very useful for situations where a target sample needs to be reached

quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary
concern.

convenience sampling but choosing the respondents on the basis of

predetermined criteria set by the researcher.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

● 1. Direct or Interview Method

● 2. Indirect or questionnaire Method
● 3. Registration Method
● 4. Other method: Observation, Experiment
DIRECT or INTERVIEW
Use at least two (2) persons – an INTERVIEWER & an INTERVIEWEE/S –
exchanging information.
● Gives us precise & consistent information because clarifications can
be made.
● Questions not fully understood by the respondent, may be repeated
until it suits the interviewee’s level.
● Time consuming
● Expensive
● Limited coverage
INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE
This is a method where written answers are given to prepared
questions.
● Compared to the Direct method, this requires less time
● It is inexpensive since the questionnaires can simply be mailed or
hand-carried.
● Gives the respondent a sense of freedom in honesty answering the
questions because of secrecy.
REGISTRATION METHOD

This is a method enforced by certain laws.

Examples:
● Registration of birth
● Registration of marriage
● Registration of death
OBSERVATION
This is a method which observes the behavior, characteristic, reaction,
interaction of individuals or organizations in the study.

● Observe: To notice using a full range of appropriate senses. To see,

hear, feel, taste, and smell
● This is also used when the respondents cannot read nor write.
EXPERIMENT

This method is used when the objective of the

study is to determine the cause and effect of
certain phenomena or event.
ORGANIZATION OF DATA
● After collecting the data, it is important to organize it for you to know
the results or the purpose. The second statistical process is the
organization of data.
● The collected data can be organized by using tables and frequency
distribution table.
● A frequency distribution table shows a clear and definite information
about set of data. You can easily identify the scores with highest or
lowest frequencies.
CLASS FREQUENCY

● number of observation belonging

to a class interval.
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

1. Textual Method – a narrative description of the data

gathered.

2. Tabular Method – a systematic arrangement of

information into columns and rows.

3. Graphical Method – an illustrative description of the

data.
LINE GRAPH
● used to represent changes (trend) in data over a period of time.
● The line graph below shows the sales (y) of a certain company in months
(x)
BAR GRAPH
● used to compare two or more quantities.
● The bar graph below shows the number of Mobile Subscribers in
Different Countries from 2006 to 2009.
PIE OR CIRCLE GRAPH
● used to show how all parts of something are related to the whole.
● The circle graph below shows the favorite school lunch of some selected
students.
PICTOGRAPH
● used to represent a large quantity by using pictures or icons.
● The pictograph below shows the happiness level of 5,600 employees in a
certain company.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
● After presenting the data, the next statistical process is the interpretation
of data. Interpreting data means translating the presented data through
observation and describing it.
● These will be the basis of the decision making and take considerations
that will help to improve something.
● The result of the interpretation will also give some recommendations
that will be beneficial to all people concerns in particular study.
 Measures of Central
Tendency
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 Measure of central tendency

● is any single value that is used to identify the “center” of the

data or typical value.

● 3 Types:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
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 MEAN MEDIAN MODE
• Sum of all observed • Defined as the • The observed value that occurs most
values divided by the positional middle value frequently.
number of when observations are • The data is said to be unimodal if
observations ordered from smallest there is only one mode, bimodal if
to largest (or vice there are two modes, trimodal if
versa) there are three modes.
Quantitative Data Quantitative Data Quantitative & Qualitative Data

• Most popular • Extreme values do not • May not exist

measure of central affect the median as • May also not be unique
location strongly as they do the • Extreme values do not affect the mode.
• Affected by extreme mean • Not necessarily unique - may have more than
values • Useful when one value.
• It is unique - there is comparing sets of data • When no values repeat in the data set, the
only one answer. • It is unique - there is mode is every value and is useless.
• Useful when only one answer. • When there is more than one mode, it is
comparing sets of difficult to interpret and/or compare
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data.
 MEAN

● The mean of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n.

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 EXAMPLE

● Six students in Math class of 20 students received test grades of 92, 84,
65, 76, 88, and 90. Find the mean of test scores. Use x to represent mean.
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 MEDIAN

● The median of a ranked list of n numbers is: - the middle number of n if n

is odd. - the mean of the two middle numbers if n is even.
● For grouped data:
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 EXAMPLE

● Find the median of the data below:

● 1. 4,8,1,14,9,21,12

● The list contains 7 numbers (odd). Ranking the numbers

from smallest to largest gives, 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21. The
middle number is 9. Thus, the median is 9. 2.
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 EXAMPLE

● Find the median of the data below:

● 2. 46,23,92,89,77,108

● The list contains 6 numbers(even). Ranking the numbers

from smallest to largest gives, 23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108. The
middle numbers are 77 and 89. Their mean is 83. Thus,
the median is 83.
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 MODE

● The mode of a list of numbers is

the number that occurs most
frequently.
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 EXAMPLE

● Find the mode of the ff: 1. 18, 15, 25, 34, 15,
28, 36
● Solution:
● 1. The number 15 occurs twice than other
numbers, thus 15 is the mode.
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 EXAMPLE

● Find the mode of the ff: 2. 5, 6, 10, 20, 28,

31, 39, 47,55
● 2. There is no number appearing more than
once in the list. Thus there is no mode.
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 EXAMPLE

● Find the mode of the ff: 3. 14, 19, 26, 19, 38,
52, 38, 70
● 3. The numbers 19 and 38 appear more
frequent than other numbers. Thus 19 and
38 are the modes. We call it bi-modal.
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Thank you!
Do you have any questions?