International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology 2021

Paleovolcanic Groundwater Basin System in Batur Mountain and

Surrounding, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province
Alviani Permatasari1, Pius Artdanno Bernaldo1, Ludovicus Damardika Jasaputra1, Nazwa Khoiratun Hisan1,
Arhananta2, Agung Prayoga2, Aditya Rizky Wibowo2, Nur Alif Yusuf Putra Karlina1
1
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional
“Veteran” Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55283, Indonesia
2
Antasena Research Group

ABSTRACT
Mount Batur is one of the ancient volcanoes in the Mount Sewu subzone. The complexity of the karst aquifers in
the North of Mount Batur and the lack of aquifer research on volcanic rocks is a discussion that is needed to
encourage development in accordance with the needs of groundwater. Research is in Jepitu, Gunungkidul,
Yogyakarta Province. The method used is ASTER and LANDSAT imagery processing using ENVI, surface mapping
which consists of lithology, stratigraphic, geological structure and groundwater data collection, geoelectric data
interpretation, and aquifer modeling. Based on imagery data processing, it is interpreted to have groundwater
potential between grain aquifers and fractured aquifers. Based on surface mapping and interpretation of
geoelectric data, the study area consists of andesitic lava and Andesite intrusion as aquifug, Wuni Breccia and
Wonosari Limestone as aquicludge, and Tufan Wuni Sandstone and Coluvial as aquifer. Apart from the inter-
grain aquifers, fractured aquifers were also found controlled by the tension tension with a trend tending to the
West with the direction of groundwater flow towards the North.
Keywords: aquifer, groundwater, karst, paleovolcanic

INTRODUCTION Research Area

Background The research location is in Jepitu, Gunungkidul,
The existence and quality of water surface is Yogyakarta Province with UTM coordinates: 466616,
decreasing day by day, while water is the primary need 9093287; 471093, 909879
that cannot be stopped. In the 2008-2017, groundwater
exploration has been carried out using various methods
including Halik (2008), Samosir (2018), Huda (2011),
Sedana (2015), and Usman (2017). This proves that
groundwater exploration is increasingly being carried
out in line with the increasing demand for water.
Previously, Kusumayudha (2015) discussed how the
hydrogeology and fracture aquifers in limestone;
Puradimaja (2006) and Prastistho (2018) discuss
fractured aquifers in volcanic rock; then Yuniardi, et al
(2019) and Kristanto (2020) discussed what is the
potential for groundwater in volcanic deposits.
In Siregar, et al. (1994) stated that in the Wonosari
Karst Area, several units have the potential to become
an aquifer, that including the contact area of the
Nglanggran-Wonosari formation, the Wonosari
sandstone unit, and the lower slope facies of the
Wonosari reef (Packstone). Figure 1. Research area
The research area is included in the Mount Batur area
which is one of the ancient volcanoes in the Mount
METHODOLOGY
Sewu subzone. The complexity of karst aquifers,
influenced by the presence of paleovulcanic deposits The research method consists of several imageryry
and the lack of aquifer research in volcanic sediments, processing including LANDSAT OLI / TIRS 8 and
ASTER imageryry analysis using ENVI software
is an indispensable discussion for the development of
(Version 5.3), IFSAR imageryry, interpretation of
groundwater exploration. Based on the explanation
geoelectric data, and surface mapping to produce a 3-
above, the authors conducted research on the Mount
dimensional model map of the aquifer. ASTER
Batur Paleovulcanic groundwater basin system to
produce a 3-dimensional model of the aquifer of the imagery with a combination of several bands is needed
area. to determine the distribution of clay mineral in the
study area and LANDSAT 8 OLI / TIRS to interpret
NDMI. Furthermore, using the IFSAR imagery drawn
regional and detailed alignment patterns in the study
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area. Secondary data from geoelectric method with (Kusumayudha, 2015). The Kepek Formation consists
schlumberger configuration at several points of of reef and calcarenite which were above the Wonosari
observation trajectory. Then, surface mapping was formation during the Pliocene-Pleistocene
carried out by collecting data on lithology, stratigraphy, (Kusumayudha, 2005).
geological structures, and groundwater, as well as The youngest lithology in the Gunungsewu area is the
making 3 dimensional aquifer models. Terra Rossa Deposit, a sediment from Mount Merapi
and alluvium. Consists of clay, mud, sand, grains,
GEOLOGY gravel and gravel, and plant remains. In addition, the
The research area is included in the Gunungsewu area, Merapi sediment consists of fine-grained pyroclastic
with rock formations from the oldest to the youngest such as sand, volcanic ash and dust (Kusumayudha,
geological sequence, namely the Semilir Formation, 2015).
Nglanggran Formation, Sambipitu Formation, Oyo The geological structure that develops in the study area
Formation, Wonosari Formation, Kepek Formation, is syncline which is expressed as Wonosari height with
and Terrarosa Local Deposits (Kusumayudha, 2015). an Axial N75˚E-N255˚E orientation, with a dip of less
The Semilir Formation consists of sandstones, tuffs, than 10˚ and homocline hills with a dip of 5˚ - 15˚ to
tuffaceous sandstones, lapilli, tuff breccias, lappilli the southeast. Patterns of faults, joints, and fissures are
breccias, agglomerates, andesitic breccias,claystone, mapped using satellite imageryry, which is generally
siltstone, and Oligocene - Early Miocene shale (Suyoto, NW-SE direction. On the other hand, the general dip
1994 in Kusumayudha, 2015). direction is to SW, SE, and South, while the Joints
pattern shows NW-SE and NE-SW (Kusumayudha,
2015).

HIDROGEOLOGY
Physically, limestone can function as a good aquifer
(Kusumayudha 2015). The Gunungsewu area is a
representation of an interesting karst hydrogeological
system. Domenico and Schwartz (1990) divided the
characteristics of the flow components in karst into
two, namely (1) the seepage (diffuse) flow component
and (2) the conduit flow component. The diffuse
component is the component of the flow that enters the
underground river which occurs slowly through the
surface zone of the karst hill (epikarst) and then
replenishes the underground river in the form of
seepage, while the conduit component is the
Figure 2. Geological Map of Research Area (Kusumayudha, component of the flow that infuses underground rivers
2015) and pass through large cavities with fast flow rates.
The Gunungsewu area has been compiled by high and
The Semilir Formation is deposited suppressed but low morphology so that according to Kusumayudha
there are relationships that are disrupted in some parts (2015).
by the Nglanggeran Formation. The Nglanggeran The hydrogeological system of the Gunungsewu area
Formation consists of andesitic breccias, agglomerates, can be divided into 3 (three subsystems), namely Bake
polymix breccias, lava deposits, tuffaceous sandstones subsystem, Wonosari- Baron subsystem, and Sadeng
and sandstones. The ages of their formation are from subsystem.
oligo-miocene to Middle Miocene (Suyoto, 1994 in
Kusumayudha, 2015). Nglanggeran Formation is RESULT AND DISCUSSION
deposited in harmony by the sambipitu formation IFSAR Interpretation
which consists of claystone, calcareous siltstone, Imagery interpretation is carried out to determine the
chalky sandstone and tuffaceous sandstone. The lineages in the research area. The imagery used is
formation of Sambipitu is Middle Miocene (Suyoto, IFSAR. Based on the results of imagery interpretation,
1994 in Kusumayudha, 2015). The Oyo Formation is data is obtained in the form of sigma 1, sigma 3, and
deposited above with the Sambipitu Formation. This extensional force. In the research area, there is a
rock unit consists of calcarenite, layered limestone, straightness with the orientation direction general NW-
calcareous sandstone and tuffaceous limestone SE with Sigma 1: N 345° E, Sigma 3: N 265° E, and
sandstone. The ages of its formation are Middle extensional force: N 355° E. From the straightness
Miocene to Mio-Pliocene (Kusumayudha, 2015). The draw, it can be seen that there are 2 forces working in
Oyo Formation is overlain by the Wonosari Formation the study area, namely the NW- trending force. SE and
which consists of coral reefs, massive and layered NE-
limestones from the Middle Miocene to Pliocene
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Figure 3. Lineament Map of Research Area

Fault Fracture Density Analysis

Figure 4. Fault Fracture Density Map of Research Area

The interpretation of the geological structure as Medium density shown in green in the Southeast,
reflected by the straightness density shows that the South, Northwest, North, and Northeast of the research
dominant straightness directions are NW-SE and NE- area, low density shown in blue in the Northwest, West,
SW. The calculation of the fault fracture density is then Southwest, and Southeas of the research area, and very
displayed in the form of a straightness density contour low density shown in purple are scattered in the
map. It can be seen on the fault fracture density map, Southwest and Southeast of the research area. Based
the study area can be grouped into 5 density classes, of the fault fracture density analysis, the locations with
namely very high density shown in red in the East and the highest fracture density values are in the East-
Northeast of the study area, high density shown in Northeast part of research area.
yellow spreading from the East to the North.
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LANDSAT 8 and ASTER Intepretation

Figure 5. a. Humidity Map of Research Area; b. ASTER Map of Research Areas

ASTER imagery is used to interpret the distribution of

clay minerals. ASTER Imagery Interpretation using
ENVI 5.5 software. a combination of band 5 and band
7 is used for interpretation of kaloninite minerals.
Combination of band 5, band 6, and band 7 for
interpretation of smectite / illite / sericite minerals.
Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS imageryry is used for
Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)
processing. NDMI processing using ENVI 5.5
software. This method is very helpful for knowing the
soil moisture index. In NDMI processing, a composite
band ratio band 5 and band 4 is used, so that the soil
moisture index is obtained.

GEOPHYSICS
Geoelectrictricity Method
Geoelectric measurement activities have been carried
out by Samosir, 2018 around Jepitu and its
surroundings using the Schlumberger method which
was carried out as many as 14 points using the Syscal
Figure 6. a. Geoelectric Crossing; b. Geoelectric Path
Junior tool (Figure 6a). The determination of the Profile
measurement point is based on the morphology of the
valley with the interpretation of the possible GEOLOGY OF RESEARCH AREA
lithological conditions aquifer. Stratigraphy
Based on these measurements, the results show that in Based on detailed mapping activities, the research area
the geoelectric profile of track 1, the aquifer density is can be mapped into five rock units. The units are:
at an elevation of 30-110 m, the geoelectric profile for Limestone Unit, Tuffaceous Sandstone Unit, Andesite
line 3 is at an elevation of 50-125 m, and the Rock Unit, Andesite Lava Rock Unit, and alluvial
geoelectric profile for line 4 is at an elevation of 70- deposits. The rock units are divided into two
142 m (Figure 6b). formations, namely: the Wuni Formation and the
Wonosari Formation.
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The Wuni Formation

This formation is the oldest formation in the Telitian
area. Formation with its type is Pacitan (East Java).
This lithostratigraphic unit consists of volcanic rocks
(tuff sandstones, breccias, and intrusive igneous rocks
and lava). Tufan Sandstone Unit derived from material
resulting from volcanic activity. The distribution
follows the formation of the Wediombo bay.

The Breccia Unit

The Breccia Unit is spread from Mount Batur to Mount
Manjung, is patterned like a tuff sandstone, which
follows the formation of Wediombo Bay.

a. b.

c. d.

e.

Figure 7. Geological Map of the Research Area

a. b.
Figure 9. Lithological features of Wuni breccia units; (A)
Breccias outcrops in wild grooves; (B) appearance of
andesite fragments of breccias; (C) oxidized breccia
outcrops; (D) sample fragments of oxidized breccias

Igneous Rock Units

c. d. Igneous Rock Units which are andesite intrusion rocks
that are clearly exposed on Mount Batur and Mount
Manjung. The igneous rock is fractured in the general
direction N100° E / 51°

Wonosari Formation
f. The study area is included in the Wonosari Formation,
e.
composed of limestone lithology formed from marine
activity and the deposition of reefs. This formation in
the study area is divided into four different types of
limestone facies, namely Grainstone, packstone,
wackstone, and mudstone facies (Dunham, 1949).
Grainstone facies appear in the field to form a steep
Figure 8. Lithological characteristics of the Wuni; lava- morphology. The distribution of grainstone facies in
andesite unit (A) appearance of the secondary structure in the
the research area includes the Gejelok luweng area,
form of burly; (B) the appearance of the primary structure in
the form of scorchia (C) a burly example that cuts the lava; Balong Village, Tileng Village.
(D) primary structure in the form of sheeting joints; (E) lava The facies of the Packstone feature are megascopically
eroded by sea water; (F) thin lava incision in the study area composed of mutually supporting grains, and with a
matrix. The spread of the packstone facies in the
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research area is evenly distributed in the research area. fault with brecciation of N190 ° E. And fault with
Composed of granules in the form of foraminifera N55 ° E / 65 ° rake 15 °, plunge bearing 10 °, N60 ° E.
shells, mollusks, algae, and carbonate sludge content This fault passes along the side of Mount Batur and is
<10%. Grain size more than 2 mm. possible to the northwest of Mount Batur
Facies of Wackstone, the field appearance is white,
smooth surface, slightly honed. Fossils are rarely 3D AQUIFER MODEL
found, dominated by carbonate sludge between 50 and Based on the modeling in figure 11, it can be seen that
70%, with a grain count of more than 10%. Mudstone the type of aquifer in the research area is divided into
facies appearances on the field are yellowish brown. 2 types of aquifer, namely free aquifer and semi-
The surface of this limestone is smoother than other confined aquifer. Observed free aquifer based on
types of limestone. In the field mudstone facies form a detailed field mapping. Meanwhile, semi-confined
sloping morphology, because they are less resistant to aquifers are observed based on secondary data from
weathering. geophysical measurements conducted by Samosir,
2015. The 3-dimensional model above shows that the
Structural Geology aquifer system in the study area can be divided into 2
types of aquifer based on the composition of the
aquifer which is influenced by the constituent
lithology and geological structure. The aquifer system
of the research area includes: (a) the aquifer system
between grains and fractures shown by a yellow cross-
sectional imagery and (b) a fractured aquifer system
a. b. shown by a blue cross-sectional imagery.

CONCLUSION
- The results of this study obtained six rock units,
namely Wuni Andesite lava as an aquifug, andesite
c. d. intrusion as an aquifug, Wuni Breccia as an aquiklud,
Wuni tuffaan sandstone. As aquifers, Wonosari
Limestone as aquicludge and Coluvial sediment as
aquifer.
- Has two aquifer systems, namely the interstellar
f. aquifer system in the Wuni and colovial tuff
e. sandstone units, and fractured aquifers in the
Andesite and Andesite lava units.
- For fracture aquifer systems, the groundwater is
controlled by tension (tensile) with the general NW-
SE direction on both faults.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank God for giving us the strength to finish this
paper. To beloved parents who have supported moriil
and non-materiel, as well as to ANTASENA
Figure 10. Structural Geology of Research Area; (A) Lava
RESEARCH GROUP who have helped in the making
bedded, (B) Lava bedded, (C) Left Slip Fault, (D) Shear Joint, of this research. Hopefully this work can be useful for
(E) Shear zone; (F) Shear and Gash Fracture us and the readers. Thank you.

Joint
Appearance of the alignment of the Jepitu area and its
surroundings with SRTM and topographic maps
showing the direction of the ridge in a west-east
direction. The muscular size data available in the field
is northwest trending- southeast. on Mount Batur there
is a joint that intersects with a general direction NE-
SW and NW-SE.

Fault
The southern mountainous area is an area controlled
by the confluence of tectonic plates in the form of
subduction. The structure formed is a left horizontal
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Figure 11. 3 Dimensional Aquifer Model

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