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Chapter - 04 - HT

The document discusses transient heat conduction and lumped system analysis. It provides objectives, definitions of lumped systems, and criteria for applying lumped system analysis. The temperature of a lumped system approaches the environment temperature exponentially over time.

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18 views

Chapter - 04 - HT

The document discusses transient heat conduction and lumped system analysis. It provides objectives, definitions of lumped systems, and criteria for applying lumped system analysis. The temperature of a lumped system approaches the environment temperature exponentially over time.

Uploaded by

iB13e
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION


Objectives
Assess when the spatial variation of temperature is •
negligible, and temperature varies nearly uniformly with
time, making the simplified lumped system analysis
applicable
Obtain analytical solutions for transient one-dimensional •
conduction problems in rectangular, cylindrical, and
spherical geometries using the method of separation of
variables, and understand why a one-term solution is
usually a reasonable approximation
Solve the transient conduction problem in large mediums •
using the similarity variable, and predict the variation of
temperature with time and distance from the exposed
surface
Construct solutions for multi-dimensional transient •
conduction problems using the product solution approach
2
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Interior temperature of some
bodies remains essentially
uniform at all times during a
heat transfer process.
The temperature of such
bodies can be taken to be a
function of time only, T(t).
Heat transfer analysis that
utilizes this idealization is
known as lumped system
analysis.

A small copper ball


can be modeled as a
lumped system, but
a roast beef cannot. 3
Integrating with
t = 0 T = Ti at The geometry and
t = tatT = T(t) parameters involved in the
lumped system analysis.

time
constant

4
This equation enables us to •
determine the temperature
T(t) of a body at time t, or
alternatively, the time t
required for the temperature
to reach a specified value T(t).
The temperature of a body •
approaches the ambient
temperature T exponentially.
The temperature of the body •
changes rapidly at the
beginning, but rather slowly
later on. A large value of b
indicates that the body
approaches the environment
temperature in a short time
The temperature of a lumped system
approaches the environment
temperature as time gets larger. 5
The rate of convection heat
transfer between the body
and its environment at time t

The total amount of heat transfer


between the body and the surrounding
medium over the time interval t = 0 to t

The maximum heat transfer between


the body and its surroundings

Heat transfer to or from a


body reaches its
maximum value when the
body reaches the
environment temperature. 6
Criteria for Lumped System Analysis
Characteristic
length

Biot number

Lumped system analysis


is applicable if

When Bi  0.1, the temperatures


within the body relative to the
surroundings (i.e., T −T) remain
within 5 percent of each other.

7
Small bodies with high
thermal conductivities
and low convection
coefficients are most
likely to satisfy the
criterion for lumped
system analysis.

When the convection coefficient h is


high and k is low, large temperature
differences occur between the inner
and outer regions of a large solid.

Analogy between heat


transfer to a solid and 8
passenger traffic to an island.

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