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28-Error Correction-18-04-2024

The document discusses different types of external memory including magnetic disk, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on disk components, read/write mechanisms, data organization, disk velocity, and characteristics of disk systems.

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Ravi Patel
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24 views

28-Error Correction-18-04-2024

The document discusses different types of external memory including magnetic disk, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on disk components, read/write mechanisms, data organization, disk velocity, and characteristics of disk systems.

Uploaded by

Ravi Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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External Memory

Module 6
Types of External Memory
• Magnetic Disk
– RAID
– Removable
• Optical
– CD-ROM
– CD-Recordable (CD-R)
– CD-R/W
– DVD
• Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
• A disk is a circular platter constructed of non magnetic material
substrate
• Disk substrate coated with magnetisable material (iron oxide…rust)
• Substrate used to be aluminium or aluminium alloy material.
• Now glass is used as substrate
• Benefits of using glass as substrate
– Improved surface uniformity
• Increases reliability
– Reduction in surface defects
• Reduced read/write errors
– Better stiffness
– Better shock/damage resistance
Disk Physics
Read and Write Mechanisms
• Recording & retrieval via conductive coil called a head
• May be single read/write head or separate ones
• During read/write, head is stationary, platter rotates
• Write
– Current through coil produces magnetic field
– Pulses sent to head
– Magnetic pattern recorded on surface below
• Read (traditional)
– Magnetic field moving relative to coil produces current
– Coil is the same for read and write
• Read (contemporary)
– Separate read head, close to write head
– The head consists of partially shielded magneto resistive (MR) sensor
– The MR material has an electrical resistance depends on direction of
magnetization medium moving under it
– MR design allows high frequency operation which equates to greater storage
density and speed
Data Organization and
Formatting
• Concentric set of rings, called tracks
– Gaps between tracks
– Reduce gap to increase capacity
– Same number of bits per track (variable
packing density)
– Constant angular velocity
• Tracks divided into sectors
• Minimum block size is one sector
• May have more than one sector per block
Disk Data Layout
Disk Velocity
• Bit near centre of rotating disk passes fixed point slower than bit on
outside of disk
• Information can then be scanned at the same rate by rotating the
disk at a fixed speed, known as the constant angular velocity (CAV)
– Gives pie shaped sectors and concentric tracks
– So, directly access individual tracks and sectors
– Move head to given track and wait for given sector
– Waste of space on outer tracks (Amount of data that can be
stored on outer track and inner track are same)
• Can use zones to increase capacity
– Each zone has fixed bits per track, multiple zone recording
– More complex circuitry
Disk Layout Methods Diagram
Multiple Zone Recording
• To increase density, modern hard disk systems use a
technique Multiple Zone Recording
• The surface is divided into number of concentric zone .
• Within a zone a number, the number of bit /track is
constant.
• Zones farther from the centre contain more sectors than
zones closer to the centre.
• Greater overall storage capacity at the expense of
somewhat more complex circuitry.
Finding Sectors
• We must be able to identify start of track
and sector
• The disk is formatted with some extra data
used only by the disk drive and not
accessible to the user
Characteristics
• Head Motion:
– Fixed head (rare) or movable head
• Removable or fixed
• Single or double (usually) sided
• Single or multiple platter
• Head mechanism
– Contact (Floppy)
– Fixed gap
– Flying (Winchester)
Fixed/Movable Head Disk
• Fixed head
– One read write head per track
– Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm
• Movable head
– One read write head per side
– Mounted on a movable arm
Removable or Not
• Removable disk
– Can be removed from drive and replaced with
another disk
– Provides unlimited storage capacity
– Easy data transfer between systems
• Nonremovable disk
– Permanently mounted in the drive
Multiple Platter
• One head per side
• Heads are joined and aligned
• Aligned tracks on each platter form
cylinders
• Data is striped by cylinder
– reduces head movement
– Increases speed (transfer rate)
Physical Characteristics of
Disk Systems
Multiple Platters
Tracks and Cylinders
Speed
• Seek time
– Moving head to correct track
• (Rotational) latency
– Waiting for data to rotate under head
• Access time = Seek + Latency
• Transfer rate – Data transfer
References
• William Stallings “Computer Organization
and architecture”, Prentice Hall, 7th edition,
2006.

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