EN MATH 1 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Topic: Functions and Limits

A. Functions

A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) such that to each value of the first variable
(x) there corresponds a unique value of the second variable (y).
The first of the two numbers in the ordered pair (x, y) is called the independent variable, or
argument, of the function.
The second variable y is called the dependent variable.
The set of all values taken on by the independent variable is called the range of the function.
If there is only one value of y for each value of x then the y=f(x) is a one-valued (or single-valued)
function. Otherwise, the function is a many-valued function.
The two main classifications of functions are (1) algebraic functions and (2) transcendental
functions. The two types of algebraic functions are rational and irrational functions. The two kinds of
rational functions are integral functions (or polynomials) and fractional functions which are quotients
of polynomials. The two types of transcendental functions are the elementary transcendental
functions and are the trigonometric functions, the inverse trigonometric functions, the exponential
functions, and the logarithmic functions.

Example: Perform the indicated operations.

1. If f ( x )=x 2−x +3 , find f ( 0 ) , f ( 2 ) , f (−4 ) , f (−2 x).

Solution:
a) f ( x )=x 2−x +3 , f ( 0 )=02−0+3=3
b) f ( x )=x 2−x +3 , f ( 2 ) =22−2+3=4−2+3=5
c) f ( x )=x 2−x +3 , f (−4 ) =(−4 )2−(−4 ) +3=16+ 4+3=23
d) f ( x )=x 2−x +3 , f (−2 x )=(−2 x )2−(−2 x )+ 3=4 x 2+2 x +3

2. If f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 ,find f ( c ) , f ( 0 ) , f ( 3 ) , f (−1 ) , f (x+3)

Solution:
a) f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 , f ( c )=c (c−3)2
b) f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 , f ( 0 )=0(0−3)2=0
c) f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 , f ( 3 )=3 (3−3)2=3 (0)2=0
d) f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 , f (−1 )=(−1 ) (−1−3 )2=(−1 ) ( 16 )=16
e) f ( y )= y ( y−3)2 , f ( x+ 3 )=( x +3 ) ( x+ 3−3 )2= ( x+3 ) x 2=x 2 (x +3)

()
2
b−b 1
3. If F ( b )= ,
2 find
F ( 0 ) , F ( 1) , F , F¿
1+b 2
Solution:
2 2
b−b 0−0
a. F ( b )= 2
, F ( 0 )= 2
=0
1+b 1+0
2
b−b2 1−(1) 0
b. F ( b )= , F ( 1 )= = =0
1+b 2 1+(1)2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
−( ) −
()
2
b−b 1 2 2 2 4 4 1
c. F ( b )= 2
, F = 2
= = =
1+b 2 1 1 5 5
1+( ) 1+
2 4 4
2
b−b
d. F ( b )= 2
, F¿
b+ b

4. If φ ( x )=cos x , find φ ( 0 ) , φ ( π2 ), φ (−x ) , φ( π − y)

Solution:
a. φ ( x )=cos x , φ ( 0 )=cos 0=1

b. φ ( x )=cos x , φ ( π2 )=cos π2 =0
c. φ ( x )=cos x , φ (−x )=cos (−x )=cos x
d. φ ( x )=cos x , φ ( π− y )=cos ( π− y )=cos π cos y +sin π sin y=(−1 ) cos y + ( 0 ) sin y =−cos y

Problem Set 1:
Perform the indicated operations.

1. If g ( x )=4 x 4−3 x 2+ 2 x−2 , find g ( 2 ) , g (−2 ) , g ( 12 ) g (−x ) .

2. If g ( x )=x 4−2 x 3−7 x 2 +2 x +16 , find g (−1 ) , g (−2 ) , g (2 ) , g ( 3 ) .

3. If H ( y )=cos y−sin y , find H ( 0 ) , H ( π2 ), H ( π ) , and also show that

H ( + x )=H ( π−x )=−H (−x)
π
2

If g ( x )=cos 2 x , find g ( ) , g ( ) , g (−x ) , g ( π + x ) , g ( x − ) .

π π π
4.
4 2 2
5. For the function f ( x )=tan x , show that
2
sec xtany
f ( x + y )−f ( x )=
1−tanxtany
Theorems of Limit

Theorem 1
The limit of the sum of two (or more) functions is equal to the sum of their limits:
lim [ u ( x ) + v ( x) ] =lim u( x )+lim v (x)
x →a x→a x→ a

Theorem 2
The limit of the product of two (or more) functions is equal to the product of their limits:

[ ][
lim [ u(x)∙ v (x ) ] = lim u(x ) lim v (x)
x →a x→a x→a ]
Theorem 3
The limit of the quotient of two functions equal to the quotient of their limits, provided the limit
of the denominator is not zero.
lim u (x)
u (x) x→ a
lim = ,if lim v (x)≠ 0
x →a v (x) lim v (x) x → a
x→ a
sin α tan α 1
lim =1 lim =1 lim =0
α →0 α α→ 0 α α→ ∞ x

Example: Evaluate the following limits.

1. lim [ x +3 x−5 ] =lim (x )+lim (3 x ¿)+ lim (−5 ) =(4) + 3 ( 4 )−5=23¿

2 2 2

x→ 4 x→4 x→ 4 x→4
2
lim 2 t +1
2. lim 3
[
2t 2 +1
t →0 t +3 t−4
=
]
t→0
3
lim t +3 t−4
t→0
(0¿¿ 2)+1 1 −1
=2 3 =
0 +3 t−4 −4
=
4
¿

x −1
2
(x−1)(x+ 1) x +1 1+1 2
3. lim =lim =lim = =
x →1
2
x +3 x−4 x→ 1 ( x −1)(x + 4) x→ 1 x+ 4 1+ 4 5
3
√2
( )
3
sin2 θ sin2 θ cos 3 θ (cos π / 4) 2 1
4. lim = lim = lim = = =
3
θ → π / 4 tan θ
3
θ → π / 4 sin θ θ→ π /4 sinθ sin π /4 √2 2
3
cos θ 2
 lim 2sin θ cos θ
π 2
sin 2 θ θ→
6 2cos θ
5. lim = =lim =2 ¿¿
π sin θ tanθ sin θ sin θ π sin θ
θ→ θ→
6 6
cos θ
2
x + x−12 ( x +4)(x −3) x+ 4 3+ 4 7
6. lim =lim =lim = =
2
x →3 2 x −7 x+ 3 x→ 3 (2 x−1)(x−3) x →3 2 x−1 2 ( 3 ) −1 4
tan θ sin θ 1 1
7. lim =lim =lim =
θ → 0 sin 2 θ θ→ 0 cos θ 2sin θ cos θ
2
θ → 0 2 cos θ 2¿ ¿ ¿
1−cos y 1−cos y 1−cos y
8. lim =lim =lim ¿
y → 0 sin y
2
y → 0 1−cos y
2
y →0 ¿¿
2 2
sin α 2 sin α sin θ
9. lim 2
, Let θ=α . if α =0 , θ=0 ,thus lim 2
=lim =1
α →0 α α →0 α θ→0 θ
sin θ √ θ sinθ ( ) ( )
2 2
sin α sin α
= √ 0 1 =0
2
10. lim , Let θ=α . if α =0 , θ=0 ,thus lim =lim =
α →0 α α →0 α θ → 0 √θ θ
sin kx ksin kx sin kx ksinθ
11. lim =lim , let θ=kx , if x=0 , θ=0 , thus lim =lim =( k ) ( 1 )=k
x →0 x x→0 kx x →0 x θ →0 θ

12. lim
√ x−2 =lim √ x−2 =lim 1 =lim 1 = 1
x →2 √ x −4 x →2 √ (x −2)(x +2) x→ 2 √ x+2 x → 2 √ 2+2 2
2

√ √ (1−x)(1+ x + x 2) √
√ √
3 2
1−x 1+ x + x 1+1+1 3 1
13. lim =lim =lim =lim = = √6
x →1 √ 1−x √(1−x)(1+ x) x →1 √1+ x x → 1 1+1 2 2
2
x →1

4
2
4 x0
14. lim 2
= lim = =0
x→ ∞ 2 x −3 x →∞ 3 2−0
2− 2
x
2
2x 2 2 2
lim =lim = =
15. x→ ∞ 3 x 2 +5 x→ ∞ 5 3+0 3
3+ 2
x

Problem Set 2:
Perform the indicated operations.

2
(t +1)
1. lim
t →1 2(t 2 +3)2
2
3 w −4 w+2
2. lim 3
w→2 w −5
3
y −13 y +12
3. lim 3
y →3 y −14 y +15
 3
β −7 β−6
4. lim 3 2
β →3 2 β −11 β + 12 β +9
3
4 x −3 x+ 1
5. lim 3 2
x→ 12 x −8 x −x+ 1
1
2
3 2
2 α −5 α −4 α +12
6. lim 3
α →2 α −12 α +16
cos 2 θ
7. limπ tan θ
θ→
2
3
sin α
8. lim
α →0 sin α −tan α
θ
9. lim 2
θ → 0 sin θ

sin ax
10. lim
x →0 tan bx

x−3
11. lim
x →3 √ x −9
2

1
(1−x 2) 3
12. lim 1
x →1 3 3
(1−x )
1
( x 2+ 4 x−5) 2
13. lim 1
x →1 2 3
( x −4 x +3)
2
x
14. lim 2
x→ ∞ 3 x −4 x +1

1
15.
lim 1
x→ ∞
1+ 2 x