Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a tiny (about 9x6cm), low-cost ($35+),

single-board computer that supports embedded Linux
operating systems

The recommended
Operating System is called
Raspberry Pi OS (Linux
based)

https://www.raspberrypi.org
 Raspberry Pi
GPIO Pins

SD Card Ethernet
(the Back )

Camera
Connector USB A x 4

Power Supply (USB C) micro HDMI x 2

 GPIO

A powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the GPIO (general-purpose input/output) pins.

The Raspberry Pi has a 40-pin GPIO header as seen in the image
 GPIO Features
The GPIO pins are Digital Pins which are either True
(+3.3V) or False (0V). These can be used to turn on/off
LEDs, etc.
The Digital Pins can be either Output or Input.
In addition, some of the pins also offer some other
Features:
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
Digital Buses (for reading data from Sensors, etc.):
• SPI
• I2C
GPIO
 GPIO Zero
• The GPIO Zero Python Library can be used to communicate
with GPIO Pins
• The GPIO Zero Python Library comes preinstalled with the
Raspberry Pi OS (so no additional installation is necessary)
Resources:
• https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/gpio/p
ython/
• https://pypi.org/project/gpiozero/
• https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
• https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/recipes.html
 RPi.GPIO
• Rpi.GPIO is a module controlling the GPIO pins on the
Raspberry Pi
• RPi.GPIO is a more “low-level“ Python Library than
GPIO Zero. Actually, GPIO Zero is using RPi.GPIO
• The RPi.GPIO Python Library comes preinstalled with
the Raspberry Pi OS (so no additional installation is
necessary)

https://pypi.org/project/RPi.GPIO/
 Digital Bus Interfaces
• SPI
• I2C

• These are synchronous serial interfaces, which

means it relies on a shared clock signal to
synchronize data transfer between devices
 SPI vs. I2C
SPI I2C
• 4-Wire Protocol • 2-Wire Protocol
• SPI supports full-duplex. Data can be • SPI supports only half-duplex. Data
sent and received at the same time cannot be sent and received at the
• Higher data transfer rate than I2C same time
• Complex wiring if more than one Slave • Lower data transfer rate than SPI
• Multiple Slaves are easier
 SPI
• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
• 4–Wire Protocol (SCLK, CE, MOSI, MISO)
• SPI is an interface to communicate with
different types of electronic components
like Sensors, Analog to Digital Converts
(ADC), etc. that supports the SPI interface
• Thousands of different Components and
Sensors supports the SPI interface
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/spi/
 SPI
SPI devices communicate in full duplex mode using a master-slave architecture with a
single master
Raspberry Pi SPI ADC, SPI Sensor, etc.

SCLK SCLK
MOSI MOSI
SPI Master SPI Slave
MISO MISO
CE CE

The SPI bus specifies four logic signals:

• SCLK: Serial Clock (output from master)
• MOSI: Master Out Slave In (data output from master)
• MISO: Master In Slave Out (data output from slave)
• CE (often also called SS - Slave Select): Chip Select (often active low, output from master)
 Access SPI on Raspberry Pi
You need to Enable SPI on the Raspberry Pi
SPI Wiring on Raspberry Pi
GPIO 40 pins Connector
 ADC
• The Raspberry Pi has only Digital pins on the
GPIO connector
• If you want to use an Analog electric
component or an Analog Sensor together with
Raspberry Pi, you need to connect it through
an external ADC chip
• ADC – Analog to Digital Converter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter
 MCP3002 ADC chip
The MCP3002 is a 10-bit analog to digital converter with 2 channels (0-1).
The MCP3002 uses a SPI Interface

http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21294E.pdf
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/python-programming-tutorial-getting-started-with-the-
raspberry-pi/experiment-3-spi-and-analog-input
 Wiring

https://sites.google.com/a/joekamphaus.net/raspberry-pi-spi-interface-to-mcp3002/
Raspberry Pi GPIO Pins Wiring
+5V (Pin 2)

MOSI GPIO 10 (Pin 19)

MISO GPIO 9 (Pin 21)
SCLK GPIO 11 (Pin 23)
GND(Pin 25)
CS GPIO 8 (Pin 24)
 GPIO Zero and MCP3002
gpiozero.MCP3002(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)

channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the MCP3004/3204/3302
have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.

differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the channel attribute) is
read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).

Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value (for example,
when using an MCP3008 in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to channel 1).

value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain devices operating
in differential mode).

https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api_spi.html
 Read Data from ADC
For test purpose we start by wiring a 1.5V Battery to the CH0 (+) and CH1(-) pins on the ADC

Note! WE have set differential=True (meaning CH0 is “+“ and CH1 is “-“)
from gpiozero import MCP3002
from time import sleep

adc = MCP3002(channel=0, differential=True)

1.5V Battery
N = 20
ADC
for x in range(N):
adcdata = adc.value #Value between 0 and 1
#print(adcdata)
voltvalue = adcdata * 5 #Value between 0 and 5V
print(voltvalue)
sleep(1)
TMP36 Temperature Sensor
A Temperature sensor like TM36 use a
solid-state technique to determine the
temperature.

They use the fact as temperature

increases, the voltage across a diode
increases at a known rate.

https://learn.adafruit.com/tmp36-temperature-sensor
 TMP36 Temperature Sensor
Convert form Voltage (V) to degrees Celsius
From the Datasheet we have:

(𝑥! , 𝑦! ) = (0.75𝑉, 25°𝐶)

(𝑥" , 𝑦" ) = (1𝑉, 50°𝐶)

There is a linear relationship between

Voltage and degrees Celsius:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
This gives:
50 − 25 We can find a and b using the following
𝑦 − 25 = (𝑥 − 0.75)
1 − 0.75 known formula:

Then we get the following formula: 𝑦" − 𝑦!

𝑦 − 𝑦! = (𝑥 − 𝑥! )
𝑦 = 100𝑥 − 50 𝑥" − 𝑥!
Measure temperature with an ADC
from gpiozero import MCP3002
TMP36 Temperature Sensor from time import sleep

adc = MCP3002(channel=0, differential=False)

N = 10

for x in range(N):
adcdata = adc.value #Value between 0 and 1
#print(adcdata)

Wire a TMP36 temperature voltvalue = adcdata * 5 #Value between 0V and 5V

sensor to the first channel of an #print(voltvalue)
MCP3002 analog to digital tempC = 100*voltvalue-50 #Temperature in Celsius
converter and the other pins to tempc = round(tempC,1)
+5V and GND print(tempC)

sleep(1)
 ThingSpeak
• ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that lets you collect and
store sensor data in the cloud and develop Internet of Things
applications.
• The ThingSpeak service also lets you perform online analysis and act on
your data. Sensor data can be sent to ThingSpeak from any hardware
that can communicate using a REST API
• ThingSpeak has a Web Service (REST API) that lets you collect and store
sensor data in the cloud and develop Internet of Things applications (it
also has MQTT API).
• https://thingspeak.com
• Python Library for ThingSpeak: https://pypi.org/project/thingspeak/
ThingSpeak
 ThingSpeak Write
import thingspeak
import time

channel_id = xxxxxx
write_key = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

channel = thingspeak.Channel(id=channel_id, api_key=write_key)

N = 10
for x in range(N):
temperature = 24
response = channel.update({'field1': temperature})
time.sleep(15)

A Free ThingSpeak Channel can

https://thingspeak.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html only be updated every 15 sec
 import thingspeak

Write TMP36 Data

A Free ThingSpeak Channel can
import time
only be updated every 15 sec
from gpiozero import MCP3002

adc = MCP3002(channel=0, differential=False)

channel_id = xxxxxxx
write_key = ”xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx”

channel = thingspeak.Channel(id=channel_id, api_key=write_key)

N = 10
for x in range(N):
#Get Sensor Data
adcdata = adc.value #Scaled Value between 0 and 1
voltvalue = adcdata * 5 # Value between 0V and 5V
tempC = 100*voltvalue-50 # Temperature in Celsius
tempC = round(tempC,1)
print(tempC)

#Write to ThingSpeak
response = channel.update({'field1': tempC})
time.sleep(15)
 Write TMP36 Data
Here we see the Temperature Data in ThingSpeak:
 ThingSpeak Read
import thingspeak

channel_id = xxxxxx
read_key = ”xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

channel = thingspeak.Channel(id=channel_id, api_key=read_key)

#data = channel.get({})
data = channel.get_field({”field1"})

print(data)

https://thingspeak.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html
 I2C
• I2C is a multi-drop bus
• 2-Wire Protocol (SCL + SDA)
• Multiple devices can be connected to the I2C
pins on the Raspberry Pi
• Each device has its own unique I2C address
 I2C
Multiple devices can be connected to the I2C pins on the Raspberry Pi
Master – Device that generates the clock and initiates communication with slaves
Slave – Device that receives the clock and responds when addressed by the master.
Raspberry Pi
SDA
SCL
I2C Master

SDA SDA
SCL SCL
I2C Slave I2C Slave

…
ADC, DAC, Sensor, etc. with I2C Interface
 Access I2C on Raspberry Pi
You need to Enable I2C on the Raspberry Pi
 I2C Wiring on Raspberry Pi
GPIO 40 pins Connector

Note! The I2C pins include a fixed 1.8 kΩ pull-up resistor to 3.3v.
 Detecting I2C Devices
Install I2C Tools on the Raspberry Pi:
sudo apt-get install -y i2c-tools

Detecting and Find the Address of the I2C Device using the i2cdetect command:
sudo i2cdetect -y 1

We can read and write its registers using i2cget, i2cset and i2cdump
Example:
sudo i2cget -y 1 0x48

Device Address
 GPIO Python Libraries
• GPIO Zero
– https://pypi.org/project/gpiozero/
• RPi.GPIO
– https://pypi.org/project/RPi.GPIO/
• smbus (used for I2C communication)
 smbus Python Library
SMBus (System Management Bus) is a subset from the I2C protocol
You can access I2C devices from Python using the smbus library:
import smbus
DEVICE_BUS = 1
DEVICE_ADDR = 0x15
bus = smbus.SMBus(DEVICE_BUS)

command = 0x00
value = 0x01
bus.write_byte_data(DEVICE_ADDR, command, value)

data = bus.read_byte_data(DEVICE_ADDR, command)

https://pinout.xyz/pinout/i2c
https://raspberry-projects.com/pi/programming-in-python/i2c-programming-in-python/using-the-i2c-interface-2
 TC74 Temperature Sensor
SMBus/I2C Interface
TC74A0-5.0VAT • The TC74 acquires and converts
temperature information from its onboard
solid-state sensor with a resolution of
±1°C.
• It stores the data in an internal register
which is then read through the serial port.
• The system interface is a slave SMBus/I2C
port, through which temperature data can
be read at any time.

Datasheet: https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21462D.pdf
 TC74 Wiring
+5V Pin 2 SDA - Serial Data – Bidirectional
SDA (GPIO2) Pin3 SCLK - Serial Clock Input
SCL (GPIO3) Pin5 GND Pin 6 VDD – Power Supply Input
Raspberry Pi GPIO Pins

GND – Ground
NC - Not in use (Not Connected)
 TC74 Testing
Running the following in the Terminal:
sudo i2cdetect -y 1

This gives the TC74 address 0x48

Running the following in the Terminal:

sudo i2cget -y 1 0x48

This gives the values:

0x16 -> 22
0x17 -> 23 (while holding my
0x18 -> 24 fingertips on the sensor)
0x19 -> 25
 TC74 Python Code Example
import smbus
This code shows the basic
reading of the Sensor Data. channel = 1
address = 0x48
You can add a For Loop or a
While Loop for reading bus = smbus.SMBus(channel)
Sensor Data at specific
intervals. data = bus.read_byte_data(address, 0)
print(data)
You can plot the Data using
matplotlib, save data to a File Or just:
or send data to a cloud data = bus.read_byte(address)
service like ThingSpeak, etc. print(data)

This gives the Temperature Value in Degrees Celsius, e.g., 22

 BME280
• BME280 is a Digital Humidity, Pressure and
Temperature Sensor from Bosch
• The sensor provides both SPI and I2C interfaces
• Adafruit, Grove Seeed, SparkFun, etc. have
breakout board bords for easy connection to
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc.
• The Price for these breakout boards are $1-20
depending on where you buy these (ebay,
Adafruit, Sparkfun, …)
 BME280
• Humidity ±3% accuracy
• Barometric pressure ±1 hPa absolute accuraccy
• Temperature ±1.0°C accuracy
Datasheet:
https://www.bosch-sensortec.com/products/environmental-
sensors/humidity-sensors-bme280/
 BME280
Adafruit
SparkFun

The size is about 2.5x2.5mm

So, to connect it to Raspberry Pi, you typically
will use a breakout board

Grove Seeed
 BME280 Python Libraries
There exists lots of BME280 libraries you can use for your
BME280 Sensor

RPi.bme280:
https://pypi.org/project/RPi.bme280/

Here you find another Library:

https://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2016/07/using-bme280-i2c-
temperature-pressure-sensor-in-python/

I have tested both these, and they are working fine.

 BME280 Wiring
+5V Pin 2 SDA - Serial Data – Bidirectional
SDA (GPIO2) Pin3 SCLK - Serial Clock Input
SCL (GPIO3) Pin5 GND Pin 6 VDD – Power Supply Input
Raspberry Pi GPIO Pins

GND – Ground
NC - Not in use (Not Connected)

SDA
GND
SCLK
VCC

Running the following in the Terminal:

sudo i2cdetect -y 1

This gives the TC74 address 0x76

 BME280 Example
import smbus2
import bme280

port = 1
address = 0x76
bus = smbus2.SMBus(port)

calibration_params = bme280.load_calibration_params(bus, address)

data = bme280.sample(bus, address, calibration_params)

print(data)

# Or Getting specific data:

print(data.id)
print(data.timestamp)
print(data.temperature)
print(data.pressure)
print(data.humidity) https://pypi.org/project/RPi.bme280/