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Career development Types of Operating Systems (With OS Functions and Examples)

Types of Operating Systems (With OS

Functions and Examples)
Indeed Editorial Team

Updated October 16, 2023

Types of Operating Systems: OS Functions and Examples

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Video: Types of Operating Systems: OS Functions and Examples

Understanding operating systems or OS is essential to working in IT. OS types
vary depending on the device and its function. This video reviews what

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operating systems are, why they're important, and the different types of
operating systems in use today.

Every computer, smartphone or similar electronic device comes with special software called an
operating system. An operating system, also known as an OS, is the engine behind the utility
value of computers and smartphones. There are different types of operating systems
depending on the device, manufacturer and user preference, and if you work, or want to work,
in the information technology field, it's important to understand them.

In this article, we’ll discuss what operating systems are, explain why they're important and
explore the different types of operating systems in use today.

Key takeaways:

An operating system is software that supports and manages all the programs and
applications used by a computer or mobile device.

An operating system uses a graphic user interface (GUI), a combination of graphics and text,
that allows you to interact with the computer or device.

Every computer or smart device needs at least one operating system to run applications and
perform tasks.

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What are operating systems?

An operating system (OS) is a type of software interface between the user and the device
hardware. This software allows users to communicate with the device and perform the desired
functions. Operating systems use two components to manage computer programs and
applications:

The kernel is the core inner component that processes data at the hardware level. It handles
input-output management, memory and process management.

The shell is the outer layer that manages the interaction between the user and the OS. The
shell communicates with the operating system by either taking the input from the user or a
shell script. A shell script is a sequence of system commands that are stored in a file.

Operating system functions

Basic functions of an operating system include:

Booting: An operating system manages the startup of a device.

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Memory management: An operating system coordinates computer applications and

allocates space to different programs installed in the computer.

Data security: An operating system protects your data from cyberattacks.

Loading and execution: An operating system starts and executes a program.

Drive/disk management: An operating system manages computer drives and divides disks.

Device control: An operating system enables you to allow or block access to devices.

User interface: This part of an operating system, also known as UI, allows users to enter and
receive information.

Process management: The operating system allocates space to enable computer

processes, such as storing and sharing information.

Most operating systems come pre-installed on the device. However, users can change their OS
or upgrade to a newer version of the operating system for better device performance.

Related: Learn About Being a CIO (Chief Information Officer)

Types of operating systems

Here are the different types of operating systems you need to know:

1. Batch OS
The batch operating system does not have a direct link with the computer. A different system
divides and allocates similar tasks into batches for easy processing and faster response.

The batch operating system is appropriate for lengthy and time-consuming tasks. These
systems are used for tasks such as managing payroll systems, data entry and bank statements.
To avoid slowing down a device, each user prepares their tasks offline and submits them to an
operator. The advantages and disadvantages of using a batch operating system include:

Advantages Disadvantages

Many users can share batch systems. There is Batch operating systems are challenging
little idle time for batch operating systems. to debug.

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Advantages Disadvantages

Any failure of the system creates a

It becomes possible to manage large workloads.
backlog.

It's easy to estimate how long a task will take to It may be costly to install and maintain

Related: What Is a Transaction Processing System (TPS)?

2. Time-sharing or multitasking OS
The time-sharing operating system, also known as a multitasking OS, works by allocating time
to a particular task and switching between tasks frequently. Unlike the batch system, the time-
sharing system allows users to complete their work in the system simultaneously.

Examples of time-sharing operating systems include Multics and Unix. These types of systems
allow many users to be distributed across various terminals to minimize response time.
Potential advantages and disadvantages of time-sharing operating systems include:

Advantages Disadvantages

There's a quick response during task The user's data security might be a
performance. problem.

System failure can lead to widespread

It minimizes the idle time of the processor.
failures.

All tasks get an equal chance of being Problems in data communication may
accomplished. arise.

The integrity of user programs is not

It reduces the chance of software duplication.
assured.

Related: Top 11 Unix Interview Questions and Example Answers

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3. Distributed OS
This system is based on autonomous but interconnected computers communicating with
each other via communication lines or a shared network. Each autonomous system has its
own processor that may differ in size and function. These operating systems are often used
for tasks such as telecommunication networks, airline reservation controls and peer-to-peer
networks .

A distributed operating system serves multiple applications and multiple users in real time. The
Career Guide
data processing function is then distributed across the processors. Potential advantages and
disadvantages of distributed operating systems are:

Advantages Disadvantages

If the primary network fails, the entire

They allow remote working.
system shuts down.

They allow a faster exchange of data among

They're expensive to install.
users.

Failure in one site may not cause much They require a high level of expertise to
disruption to the system. maintain.

They reduce delays in data processing.

They minimize the load on the host computer.

They enhance scalability since more systems can

be added to the network.

Related: Distributed Systems Engineering: A Definitive Guide

4. Network OS
Network operating systems are installed on a server providing users with the capability to
manage data, user groups and applications. This operating system enables users to access and
share files and devices such as printers, security software and other applications, mostly in a
local area network.
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Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS X.
Potential advantages and disadvantages of these systems are:

Advantages Disadvantages

Centralized servers provide high

They require regular updates and maintenance.
stability.

Security issues are easier to handle

Servers are expensive to buy and maintain.
through the servers.

It's easy to upgrade and integrate new Users' reliance on a central server might be
technologies. detrimental to workflows.

Remote access to the servers is

possible.

Related: 7 Network Topology Types (Plus Definitions and Key Features)

5. Real-time OS
Real-time operating systems provide support to real-time systems that require observance of
strict time requirements. They are typically used for tasks such as scientific experiments,
medical imaging , robotics and air traffic control operations. The response time between
input, processing and response is tiny, which is beneficial for processes that are highly
sensitive and need high precision.

These processes include operating missile systems, medical systems or air traffic control
systems, where delays may lead to loss of life and property. Real-time operating systems may
either be hard real-time systems or soft real-time systems. Hard real-time systems are
installed in applications with strict time constraints.

The system guarantees the completion of sensitive tasks on time. Hard real-time does not
have virtual memory. Soft real-time systems do not have equally rigid time requirements. A
critical task gets priority over other tasks. Potential advantages and disadvantages of real-
time operating systems include:

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Advantages Disadvantages

They use device and systems maximally, They have a low capacity to run tasks
hence more output. simultaneously.

They allow fast shifting from one task to

They use heavy system resources.
another.

The focus is on current tasks, and less They run on complex algorithms that are not
focus is put on the queue. easy to understand.

They're unsuitable for thread priority because of

They can be used in embedded systems.
the system's inability to switch tasks.

Real-time systems are meticulously

programmed, hence free of errors.

They allow easy allocation of memory.

Related: 50 In-Demand IT Skills To Enhance Your Resume

6. Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems such as Android OS, Apple and Windows mobile OS run exclusively
on small devices such as smartphones, tablets and wearables. The system combines the
features of a personal computer with additional features useful for a handheld device.

Mobile operating systems start when a device is powered on to provide access to installed
applications. Mobile operating systems also manage wireless network connectivity. Potential
advantages and disadvantages of mobile operating systems are:

Advantages Disadvantages

Most systems are easy for users to Some mobile OS put a heavy drain on a device’s
learn and operate. battery, requiring frequent recharging.

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Advantages Disadvantages

Some systems are not user-friendly.

Related: What Is Mobile Device Management and Why Does It Matter?

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Common operating systems

Here are the most common operating systems in use:

Microsoft Windows
Created by Microsoft, Microsoft Windows is one of the most popular proprietary operating
systems for computers in the world. Most personal computers come preloaded with a version
of Microsoft Windows. One downside of Windows is that compatibility with mobile phones
has been problematic.

Related: 21 Keyboard Shortcuts for Windows and Mac Devices

Apple iOS
Apple iOS from Apple is used on smartphones and tablets manufactured by the same
company. Users of this system have access to hundreds of applications. The operating system
offers strong encryption capabilities to control unauthorized access to users' private data.

Google Android
Android from Google is the most popular operating system in the world. It's mainly used on
tablets and smartphones. It also runs on devices made by other manufacturers. Users have
access to numerous mobile applications available on the Google Play Store.

Apple macOS
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Developed by Apple, this proprietary operating system runs on the manufacturer's personal
computers and desktops. All Apple and Macintosh computers come equipped with the latest
version of macOS, previously known as OS X systems. The ability to prevent bugs and fend off
hackers make Apple operating systems popular with their users.

Related: What Is an App? Types of Apps and Examples

Linux
Created by the Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds, Linux is today developed by programmer
collaborators across the world who submit tweaks to the central kernel software. Linux is
popular with programmers and corporate servers. It is available for free online.

Related: Linux vs. Unix: What's The Difference?

Frequently asked questions

What’s the difference between an open-source and proprietary

OS?

An open-source operating system, such as those built on the Linux kernel

(like the Android OS), makes available its code to the public. This source
code can be modified by anyone and the software grows based on open
collaboration. A proprietary OS, on the other hand, is branded software,
where the code is protected by the maker, such as Microsoft or Apple,
meaning the code can’t be modified by others. Any changes made to the
operating system will be from the organization that owns it. In general,
open-source software is updated and fixed more quickly than proprietary
software.

Why is it important to know about operating systems?

Knowledge of operating systems is important for the following reasons:

It allows you to understand the inner workings of a device.

It enables you to fix minor issues with the device.

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It allows you to improve your coding skills.

It allows you to determine what operating system is best for you.

Learning about OS and improving your understanding of basic computer technology isn't
just for computer enthusiasts—these are important skills for all computer users.

Which jobs work directly with operating systems?

Operating systems are the “brains” behind a computer’s functionality,

and there are numerous tech jobs that work directly with them, including
software developers, web developers, software engineers, coders, and
computer programmers. While many programmers today are skilled in
cross-platform programming, meaning the software they develop is
capable of running on multiple platforms, there are, of course, still
specific-OS developers, such as a Linux developer, a macOS developer or
an Android developer.

Please note that none of the companies or products mentioned in this article are affiliated with
Indeed.

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