Ganesh Barkade, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci.

, 2023, Vol 1, Issue 6, 47-55 | Research

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PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

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Research Article
Extraction, Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Activity of
Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis
Akshata B. Sinare1, Mayur G. Tandale1, Rutuja B. Sonawane1, Rutuja R. Sumbe1,
Vaibhav D. Talekar1, Ganesh D. Barkade2*
1
Research Scholar, Dr Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar –
414111.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s College
of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar – 414111.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: 25 May 2023 Many medicinal plants are claimed to be useful in skin diseases in all traditional systems
Accepted: 28 May 2023 of medicine and folklore. At the same time, these herbal remedies are used orally and
Published: 13 June 2023 by topical application. Looking at the scope of the herbal drug and the increasing
Keywords: demand, especially for liver disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease,
Antibiotics, Antibacterial inflammation, infectious disease, skin disease, etc. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis grows as a
activity, Hibiscus rosa- green herb in tropical areas. It is a low shrub with large, glossy green leaves and showy
sinensis, Methanol extract, tube-shaped flowers. The plant loses leaves for a short time during the winter. This study
Phytochemical analysis, etc aims to determine phytochemical components using different solvents and to study the
DOI: antibacterial effect of methanol extract to varying concentrations against these bacteria.
10.5281/zenodo.8030089 Phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Leaves extracts indicate the presence
of various medicinally valuable components, including alkaloids, glycosides,
carbohydrates, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids,
proteins, and amino acids. Current findings indicate that methanol is a good solvent for
extracting antibacterial agents. Further studies are needed to investigate the individual
phytochemical compounds of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Leaves can be considered as
effective as the most effective artificial antibiotics.

INTRODUCTION
Plants contain secondary metabolites, organic organisms but often play an important role in plant
compounds not directly involved in the normal defenses1. Examples include alkaloids, glycosides,
growth, development, or reproduction of terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids and

*Corresponding Author: Ganesh D. Barkade

Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Pharmacy, Vilad
Ghat, Ahmednagar
Email : [email protected]
Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of
any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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 Ganesh Barkade, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci., 2023, Vol 1, Issue 6, 47-55 | Research
saponins2. Furthermore, there is growing interest • Family: Malavaceae
in the chemical composition of plants towards the • Genus: Hibiscus L.
discovery of more effective biotherapeutic agents3. • Species: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
The importance of natural products in modern
medicine has been discussed in recent reviews and
research4,5.
Medicinal plants are now getting more attention
than ever because they can benefit society,
especially in medicine and pharmacology. The
therapeutic value of these plants lies in bioactive
phytochemical constituents that produce definite
physiological action on the human body6. Plants
contain secondary metabolites, also known as Figure 1: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
phytochemical, natural bioactive compounds, or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a glabrous shrub widely
plant constituents, that are not directly involved in cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics.
organism' normal growth, development, or Previous studies have shown that Hibiscus rosa-
reproduction but often play an important role in sinensis possesses many biological activities, such
plant defence. Some of the most important as anticomplementary, antidiarrheic and
bioactive phytochemical constituents are antiphlogistic activity11. It has also been reported
alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, that the plant's flower contains ant spermatogenic,
terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and androgenic12, antitumor and anticonvulsant
many more7. They are found in plants, such as properties; the leaves and flowers are hair growth
vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, and roots, promoters and aid in healing ulcers13.
which work with nutrients and fibre to act as a The reported biological activities of Hibiscus
defence against disease8,9. rosa-sinensis include antiestrogenic, anti-
An antibacterial is a substance that kills or inhibits implantation, abortifacient, antipyretic,
the growth of bacteria, and antimicrobial drugs antispasmodic, hypotensive, embryotoxic,
either kill bacteria or prevent microbial growth. antispermatogenic, insect attractant, analgesic,
Plants have evolved to synthesize chemical antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties14.
compounds that help defend against attacks from This study aimed to identify new potential plant
predators such as insects, fungi, and herbivorous antimicrobial agents from Hibiscus rosa-
mammals. By chance, some of these compounds, sinensis species that the pharmaceutical industry
although toxic to plant predators, have been shown could develop and to promote the use of Hibiscus
to have beneficial effects in treating human rosa-sinensis species in the treatment of various
diseases. Such secondary metabolites have a very diseases15.
diverse structure; many are aromatics, most of Its flowers are large, generally red in the original
which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted varieties, and firm but lack scent16. Numerous
derivatives. Many herbs and spices humans use to varieties, cultivars, and hybrids are available with
flavour food yield useful medicinal values10. different shades of colour ranging from white to
❖ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis pink and red and from orange to yellow. In
ayurvedic medicine, the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• Kingdom: Plantae
flower, leaf, and root extracts are used to treat the
• Order: Malvales

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problems related to the menstrual cycle in women. Flower – 5-10 gm,
Dose
In bleeding haemorrhoids, the roots mashed with leaf powder/ paste – 3-5 gm
milk are benevolent. The leaves are analgesics, Oils, Face masks, Powders,
Formulations
aperients, emollients and laxatives. Hibiscus rosa- Scents, Soaps
sinensis petal stimulates hair growth and prevents
premature greying and loss of hair and scalp 2. Nutrients and their Constituents:
disorders. The buds have a cooling and astringent Raw Hibiscus rosa-sinensis contains
effect and remove the burning sensation of the carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, potassium,
body17. vitamin C, and vitamin B. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Mucilage prepared from the root of Hibiscus rosa- tea tends to be lower in nutrients but offers many
sinensis has been used to treat cough18,19. The beneficial compounds.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers were described in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis contains anthocyanins,
ancient Indian medical literature as having which are pigments that give the flowers their
beneficial effects on heart disease20. Lately, both vibrant red color. It also has flavonoids, phenolic
experimental and clinical studies have shown that acids, and organic acids; many of these
powder from the dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa- compounds act as antioxidants. Oxidative stress
sinensis has significant protective effects in contributes to chronic conditions such as high
ischemic heart disease21,22. The most important blood pressure, cancers, diabetes, and heart
was the methanolic extracts from the flowers of disease26.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis23, which show 3. Traditional and Claimed Applications:
anticonvulsant and hypotensive effects among The leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were used to
crude extracts24,25. Bacterial infection is important treat dysentery and diarrhoea, to promote the
in many pathological conditions where Hibiscus draining of abscesses and as an analgesic in the
rosa-sinensis extracts are used as traditional traditional medicine of the Cook Islands, Haiti,
medicines. Japan and Mexico27. Plant flowers were used in
1. Ayurvedic Names, Formulations and diabetes, epilepsy, bronchial catarrh and
Doses: leprosy28,29. They were refrigerant, emollient,
Table 1: Ayurvedic Names, Formulations and demulcent, aphrodisiac and emmenagogue. Petals
Doses of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were used to stimulate thicker hair growth and to
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis prevent premature greying, hair loss and scalp
Trisandhya, oundrapushpa, disorders.
Ayurvedic Names japapushpa, raktapushpa, 4. Therapeutic and Medicinal
arkapriya, harivallabha Characteristics:
Hindi: gudahala, gudhal Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is used for treating loss of
Tamil: semaparuti appetite, colds, heart and nerve diseases, upper
Regional Names
Telugu: dasanamu
respiratory tract pain and swelling (inflammation),
Marathi: jaswand
fluid retention, stomach irritation and disorders of
Important Methyl-sterculate, beta-
circulation; for dissolving phlegm; as a gentle
Phytoconstituents sitosterol, aspartic acid
laxative; and as a diuretic to increase urine output.
Raktapitta – Bleeding
disorders, Hridroga – Research has uncovered a range of health benefits
Therapeutic Uses Cardiac disease, Arsha – linked to drinking Hibiscus rosa-sinensis tea,
Bleeding piles

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showing that it may lower blood pressure, reduce Concerning air-dried medication, we computed the
the growth of bacteria, and even aid weight loss30. percentage of water-soluble ash as follows.
MATERIALS AND METHODS • Insoluble acid ash
• Preparation of Plant Material The residue is formed by burning the residual
The freshly collected leaves of Hibiscus rosa- insoluble materials after boiling the entire ash with
sinensis were carefully cleaned and plugged from weak hydrochloric acid. Using 25 ccs of dilute
the stem. The leaves were air-dried in an aerated hydrochloric acid, simmer the ash for 5–10
room for 6 weeks. The dried leaves were minutes, collect the insoluble materials in a
pulverized using mortar and pestle into smaller crucible or ashless filter paper, ignite, and weigh.
particles and then blended to powder using an Concerning the air-dried medication, we estimated
electric blender. 50g of the powdered leaves were the percentage production of acid-insoluble ash as
obtained. 500ml of methanol was measured into follows31.
the 50g of the powdered leaves and then stored in • Extractable value in water
an air-tight container for 4 days. In a closed flask, stirring frequently, 1 g of
• Preparation of Extract coarsely ground air-dried medication was
50g of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves powder was macerated with 100 ml of distilled water for 24
subjected to extraction using methanol and water hours. The filtered solution was evaporated in a
by shaking the mixture for about one hour in a tarred flat bottom shallow dish, dried at 100°C, and
shaker at room temperature. Subsequently, the weighed. The proportion of water-soluble
samples were filtered on Whatman filter paper. extractives was calculated concerning the air-dried
Then the filtrate was taken for extraction and drugs 32.
concentration in a Soxhlet apparatus using Soxhlet • Value of alcohol-soluble extractive
extraction. The final extract was collected in In a stoppered flask, macerate 5 g of carefully
sterile-labelled containers. weighed, coarsely powdered medication with 100
• Preliminary Phytochemical Screening ml of alcohol (90 per cent v/v) for 24 hours,
Different extractions were stored in a refrigerator stirring frequently during the first 6 hours. Filtered
at 4°C to screen their phytochemical constituents quickly via filter paper to avoid excessive alcohol
and detect antibacterial activity. Phytochemical loss. In a covered dish, evaporate 25 mL of
screening of the leaves extract was tested for alcoholic extract to dryness and weigh it. We used
phytochemicals by standard procedures. The the formula below to determine the percentage
methanol extract of the leaves was used for the w/w of alcohol-soluble extractive concerning the
preliminary phytochemical screening procedure air-dried medication. Extractive value in per cent
for the presence of bioactive ingredients such as alcohol-soluble=4 (Wt. of residue) Based on the
tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and comparison of Petroleum ether and methanolic
steroids. extracts of TC in the table above, the methanolic
PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION section had a higher ash value and extractive value
The existence of ash value and extractive value than the Petroleum ether extract.
was determined using physicochemical testing. SOXHLET EXTRACTION
• Ash that dissolves in water
The ash was boiled for 5 minutes with 25 ml of
water, and then the soluble materials were
collected in a crucible, burned, and weighed.

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such as Methanol, Petroleum ether and aqueous
extracts, revealed that alkaloids, glycosides,
flavonoids, phenols, steroids, proteins, and amino
acids are present in all sections, but the amounts
vary.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 6.1: Physicochemical Analysis of powdered
drug of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Acid
Extractive
Insoluble
Figure 3: Assembly of Soxhlet Extraction Name of Test Ash Value
Ash Value
Principle (gm)
(gm)
Extraction is performed in the laboratory using a Weight of empty dish 60.70 60.70
fat extractor (Soxhlet extractor). The fat extractor
Weight of powder taken 0.33 0.26
employs the solvent reflux and syphon concept to
Weight of ash + dish 61.03 60.96
continually extract solid matter from a pure
solvent, resulting in increased solvent extraction Percentage of ash 99.45 99.57
efficiency. Before extraction, the solid material is Table 6.2: Phytochemical Tests of Hibiscus rosa-
crushed to enhance the solid-liquid contact area. sinensis
After that, the solid material is placed in a filter Sr. Ingredients Hibiscus
No. rosa-
paper container and extracted. The bottom end of
sinensis
the extractor is attached to a reflux condenser and
a round bottom flask containing a solvent. The 1. Carbohydrates: Molisch Test -
solvent is boiled in the bottom flask, and the 2. Monosaccharides: Barfoed’s Test -
vapour rises through the extractor's branch pipe,
condenses, and falls into the extractor, where the 3. Pentose Sugars +
solvent is contacted with the solid for extraction.
The solvent holding the extract is syphoned back 4. Hexose Sugars: Selwinoff’s Test +
when the solvent surface surpasses the highest 5. Non-reducing Polysaccharides - -
point of the syphon. The flask is repeated, Starch: Iodine Test
removing a portion of the material and
6. Proteins: Millon’s Test -
concentrating it in the flask.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 7. Amino Acids: Tyrosine Test -
The presence and absence of primary and
secondary metabolites such as starch, tannins, oil, 8. Fats and Oil: Saponification Test +
mucilage, and lignin were revealed by
10. Steroids: Salkowski Test +
histochemical examination using various reagents.
Air-dried powdered leaves' identity, purity, and 11. Glycosides: Bontrager’s Test -
strength were tested using physicochemical
methods, including ash and extractive values. 12. Flavonoids: Sulphuric Acid Test +
The phytochemical screening of chemical
13. Alkaloids: Mayer’s Test +
constituents of plants in various solvents studied,

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greater structural diversity than drugs or
Calculation of the extracting value compounds from standard combinatorial
Extractable value in water in a closed flask, 1 g of chemistry. The use of medicinal plants to treat
coarsely ground air-dried medication was microbial diseases has been well-known and well-
macerated with 100 ml of distilled water for 24 documented since ancient times. Medicinal plants
hours, stirring frequently. The filtered solution was synthesize many defensive compounds to protect
evaporated in a tarred flat bottom shallow dish, themselves and predators, and these compounds
dried at 100°C, and weighed. The percentage of have antimicrobial activity. The ability of the plant
water-soluble extractives was estimated using air- extract to reduce or inhibit the growth of
dried medicines as a reference. microorganisms or kill pathogenic organisms is
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY known as antimicrobial activity or efficacy.
Principle Several plant species have been the antimicrobial
Natural products (secondary metabolites) are the activity of plant extracts that may be tested by agar
major sources of drugs, and these products have diffusion or cup-plate methods.

Figure 6.1: Zone of Inhibition of E. coli Figure 6.2: Zone of Inhibition of S. aureus

Table 6.3: Antimicrobial activity, Zone of CONCLUSIONS

Inhibition of E. coli Extraction, Phytochemical investigation and
Concentration(µg/ml) Zone of Inhibition (cm) antimicrobial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
50 0.3 are executed. In Phytochemical analysis,
100 0.5 Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Steroids,
200 0.8 Proteins, and Amino acids are present in Hibiscus
STD (Streptomycin) 0.9 rosa-sinensis.
Table 6.4: Antimicrobial activity, Zone of
In Antimicrobial activity, E. coli and S. aureus
Inhibition of S. aureus show significant inhibition of growth in different
Concentration(µg/ml) Zone of Inhibition concentrations in which E. coli is more potent than
(cm) S. aureus.
50 0.3 FUTURE PROSPECTS
100 0.5 The chemical components that are the main active
200 0.7 principles in the physiological activities of
STD (Streptomycin) 0.8 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis calyx are anthocyanins and

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