B.Eng(HONS.

)Mechanical Engineering Lab Report

Subject Code & Title: Bernoulli’s Theorem

Semester: 1 / 2 / 3 Session: Jan /Apr / Aug Year:2023

(circle one) (circle one)

Experiment: Bernoulli’s Theorem Date of Submission: Oct 2023

Experiment date: 4 Oct 2023 Lab report due on 17 Sept2023

Instructor: Mr Mohamad Faiz

Declaration:
I certify that this assignment is my own work. Where material has been used from other
sources it has been properly acknowledged.

Student’s Name: Teoh Yit Shen Signed:

Assessor’s Feedback/ Marks:

Date of Discussion if any: Student Acknowledgement:

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING LAB REPORT

Contents
Section 1: Objectives.............................................................................................................................4
Section 2: Introduction..........................................................................................................................4
Section 3: Theory...................................................................................................................................6
Section 4: Experiment Setup & Procedure.............................................................................................8
Section 5: Calculation..........................................................................................................................10
Section 6: Results.................................................................................................................................23
Section 7: Discussion...........................................................................................................................26
Section 8: Conclusion...........................................................................................................................29
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to record the manometer’s water level height and
calculate the theoretical height, percentage of error and ascertain the relationship between
flow rate(Q), pressure(P), and distance along venture.

Section 1: Objectives
Through the practical experiment, there are two main objectives of performing this
experiment was:
1.To investigate the Bernoulli’s theorem
2.To obtain the relationship between flow rate, pressure, and distance along venture.

Section 2: Introduction
The Bernoulli’s principle was name after the Daniel Bernoulli who originally published this
principle in book named Hydrodynamic. There are few examples of Bernoulli application
such as air flight, lift, sailing, design water supply and sewer network and more. Although the
expression of Bernoulli’s theorem is simple, and the principle involved in the equation plays
vital roles in technology and can enhance people’s quality of life.
Next, Giovanni Battista Venturi, the eminent Italian physicist who first described the
differential pressure phenomenon which also Venturi effect in 1797. In 1886, Herschel tested
his Venturi meter idea while working in a company and by 1888, he felt he had conceptually
polished it and it named it in honor of Giovanni Battista Venturi.
The Venturi meter which monitors the rate of flow of fluid through a pipe such as water, oil,
chemical pharmaceutical and so on. In order to generate a pressure differential that can be
detected using a manometer to ascertain the rate of fluid flow. There are several distinct types
of meters that measure fluid flow, including Venturi meter, Orifice meter and pitot tube. They
are appropriate for various applications because it allows flow measurement without
disruption.
The setup for the experiment is shown in figure 2. Water enters from a TecQuipment
Hydraulic Bench and passes through a flexible hose into the meter. In addition, there is a
control valve which regulates the liquid’s flow rate. Furthermore, there are tubes connect to
vertical manometer and the scale of readings is on the board which able to record the readings
accurately. There are 11 of vertical manometers (from A to L) which can measure pressure
differentials.
As you can see from the figure 1, when the fluid flowing in the pipe passes through a
contraction section known as “throat”, its velocity of the fluid is higher because the cross-
sectional area of the throat is smaller than the pipe and there is pressure difference in different
cross-sectional area. As a result, it has a connection to both continuity equation and
Bernoulli’s principle. As the velocity increases, the pressure and the volume flow rate
decreases. This implies that velocity is inversely proportional to pressure and volume.
Figure 1: The Venturi meter
Section 3: Theory
In Bernoulli’s principle, fluids have varying viscosities at various depths; yet, in theory we
assumed that the fluid has no viscosity in order for the volume flow rate can be the same
while in reality, fluids have its value of viscosity. In addition, Bernoulli’s principle is a
fundamental concept in fluid dynamics and states that in a steady fluid and incompressible
flow of fluid. In Bernoulli’s principle we also assumed that sum of all the mechanical
energies including kinetic energy, fluid pressure and potential energy should remain constant
at all the point of the flow. Therefore, this implies that while the water moves along the pipe,
there is no energy loss due to frictional forces and other factors. Thus, the input mass and
energy for a given control volume are equal to the output mass and energy:
Qin = Qout

Ein = Eout

Bernoulli’s theorem states that:

2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
+ + h1= + + h 2---------------------(1)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

Where:

P: pressure

g: acceleration due to gravity

v = velocity of fluid

h = vertical elevation of the fluid/ head

In this experiment, since the duct is horizontal, the difference in height can be disregarded,

h1=h2

P= ρgh  sub into P1 & P2

2 2
V1 V2
h 1+ =h 2+ --------------------(2)
2g 2g

V 1=(A 2/ A 1)×V 2
Sub V1 into (2)

2
V2
h 1+ ¿
2g

V 2=
√ 2 g(h1−h 2)
1−¿ ¿
¿----------------------------(3)
Sub (3) in Q = A2V2

Q= A 2 V 2

Q= A 2 ×
√ 2 g ( h 1−h 2 )
1−¿ ¿
¿

The flow loses some energy when moving from one cross-sectional area to another, and
neither the velocity is perfectly accurate. As a result, the measured value of Q (flow rate) is
slightly less than the value of calculated from theory. Therefore, the coefficient of discharge
(Cd) is introduced as a correction factor for ‘real’ flow meter devices in order to measure it
properly.

Q=CA 2 ×
√ 2 g ( h 1−h 2 )
1−¿ ¿
¿
Section 4: Experiment Setup & Procedure

Figure 2: The experiment setup for venturi meter

 Hydraulics Bench
 Venturi meter
 Hand Pump
 Manometer Tubes
 Air Valve
 Manifold

Procedure:

1. The bench supply hose was connected to the upstream which on the left side of the
venturi meter.
2. The apparatus flow control and bench supply valve were set approximately one third
fully open positions.
3. Ensure that the air valve on the upper manifold was tightly closed.
4. Make sure the bench supply was switched on to allow water to flow. To clear the air
from manometer tubes, slightly tilted the apparatus or lightly tapped the tubes with
your finger to avoid the mistake of the experiment.
5. The apparatus flow control valve was shut so that the air will be trapped in the upper
parts of the manometer tubing and manifold.
6. The air valve was opened just enough for the water to rise approximately halfway up
the manometer scale. Then, shut the air valve.
7. Both bench supply and the apparatus control valves were adjusted to give a full flow.
Record all the water at full flow.
8. Now slightly reduced the flow rate through the meter and waited for it to stabilize.
Use hydraulic bench to measure the flow.
9. The pressure tapping readings and the flow were recorded.
10. The process was repeated for several flow rates down to the minimum flow that gives
you a reasonable set of pressure along the meter.
11. The area and the area of throat were recorded.
Section 5: Calculation

Flow Rate Q m3/s

Area A m2
Velocity V m/s
Pressure P Pa
Height (Head) H m
Density ρ m3

min+max
Q(Flow Rate )= ×calibration value
2
Calibration value = 1.05
L/min  m3/s
0.001
value× = m3/s
60
13.05+15.95
Q 1= × 1.05
2
= 15.22 L/min
= 2.54 × 10-4 m3/s

17.15+19.38
Q 2= × 1.05
2
= 19.18 L/min
= 3.20 × 10-4 m3/s

20.97+23.74
Q 3= ×1.05
2
= 23.47 L/min
= 3.91 × 10-4 m3/s

Finding Velocity (V)

Q= AV
Q = Flow Rate
A = Area
V = Velocity
A(mm2)  m2
“mm2”× 1×10-6 = m2
 Q1
V A=
AA
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.48m/s
Q1
V B=
AB
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
4.227 ×10
= 0.60m/s

Q1
V C=
AC
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
2.659× 10
= 0.96m/s
Q1
V D=
AD
−4
2.54 × 10
= −4
2.011×10
= 1.26m/s

Q1
V E=
AE
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
2.214 ×10
= 1.15m/s

Q1
V F=
AF
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
2.679× 10
= 0.95m/s
 Q1
V G=
AG
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
3.192× 10
= 0.80m/s

Q1
V H=
AH
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
3.746 ×10
= 0.68m/s

Q1
V J=
AJ
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
4.346 ×10
= 0.59m/s

Q1
V K=
AK
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
4.992 ×10
= 0.51m/s

Q1
V L=
AL
−4
2.54 ×10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.48m/s

For Flow Rate (Q2)

Q2
V A=
AA
 −4
3.20× 10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.60m/s
Q2
V B=
AB
−4
3.20 ×10
= −4
4.227 ×10
= 0.76m/s

Q2
V C=
AC
−4
3.20× 10
= −4
2.659× 10
= 1.20m/s
Q2
V D=
AD
−4
3.20 ×10
= −4
2.011×10
= 1.59m/s

Q2
V E=
AE
−4
3.20 ×10
= −4
2.214 ×10
= 1.45m/s

Q2
V F=
AF
−4
3.20× 10
= −4
2.679× 10
= 1.19m/s

Q2
V G=
AG
 −4
3.20× 10
= −4
3.192× 10
= 1.00m/s

Q2
V H=
AH
−4
3.20× 10
= −4
3.746 ×10
= 0.85m/s

Q2
V J=
AJ
−4
3.20 ×10
= −4
4.346 ×10
= 0.74m/s

Q2
V K=
AK
−4
3.20 ×10
= −4
4.992 ×10
= 0.64m/s

Q2
V L=
AL
−4
3.20× 10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.60m/s
Flow Rate (Q3)
Q3
V A=
AA
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.74m/s
 Q3
V B=
AB
−4
3.91 ×10
= −4
4.227 ×10
= 0.93m/s

Q3
V C=
AC
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
2.659× 10
= 1.47m/s
Q3
V D=
AD
−4
3.91 ×10
= −4
2.011×10
= 1.94m/s

Q3
V E=
AE
−4
3.91 ×10
= −4
2.214 ×10
= 1.77m/s

Q3
V F=
AF
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
2.679× 10
= 1.46m/s

Q3
V G=
AG
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
3.192× 10
= 1.22m/s
 Q3
V H=
AH
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
3.746 ×10
= 1.04m/s

Q3
V J=
AJ
−4
3.91 ×10
= −4
4.346 ×10
= 0.90m/s

Q3
V K=
AK
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
4.992 ×10
= 0.78m/s

Q3
V L=
AL
−4
3.91× 10
= −4
5.309× 10
= 0.74m/s
Finding the height (head)

2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
+ + h1= + +h2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
2 2
V1 V2
+h 1= +h 2
2g 2g
2 2
V 1 −V 2
h= + hA
2g

Take reference point as hA

mmm
“mm”/1000 = “m”
For flow rate (Q3); Take reference point as hA (0.246m)
g = 9.81m2/s
2 2
( 0.48) −(0.60)
h B= + 0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.239m
=239mm

(0.48)2−(0.96)2
hC = +0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.211m
=211mm

(0.48)2−(1.26)2
hD= +0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.177m
=177mm

(0.48)2−(1.15)2
h E= + 0.246
2 (9.8)
= 0.190m
=190mm

2 2
(0.48) −(0.95)
hF= +0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.212m
=212mm

(0.48)2−(0.80)2
hG = +0.246
2(9.8)
 = 0.225m
=225mm

(0.48)2−(0.68)2
hH= + 0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.234m
=234mm

2 2
(0.48) −(0.59)
h J= +0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.240m
=240mm

(0.48)2−(0.51)2
hK = + 0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.244m
=244mm

2 2
(0.48) −( 0.48)
h L= +0.246
2(9.8)
= 0.246m
=246mm

For flow rate (Q2); Take reference point as hA(0.257m)

2 2
( 0.60) −(0.76)
h B= + 0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.246m
=246mm
2 2
(0.60) −(1.20)
hC = +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.202m
=202mm
 2 2
(0.60) −(1.59)
hD= + 0.257
2 (9.8)
= 0.146m
=146mm
2 2
(0.60) −(1.45)
h E= + 0.257
2 (9.8)
= 0.168m
=168mm
2 2
(0.60) −(1.19)
hF= + 0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.203m
=203mm
2 2
(0.60) −(1.00)
hG = +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.224m
=224mm
2 2
(0.60) −(0.85)
hH= +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.239m
=239mm
2 2
(0.60) −(0.74)
h J= +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.247m
=247mm
2 2
(0.60) −( 0.64)
hK = +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.254m
=254mm
2 2
(0.60) −( 0.60)
h L= +0.257
2(9.8)
= 0.257m
=257mm
For flow rate (Q3); Take reference point as hA(0.284m)

(0.74)2−(0.93)2
h B= +0.284
2 (9.8)
= 0.271m
=271mm

(0.74)2−(1.47)2
hC = +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.202m
=202mm

(0.74)2−(1.94)2
hD= +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.120m
=120mm

(0.74)2−(1.77)2
h E= +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.152m
=152mm

(0.74)2−(1.46)2
hF= +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.203m
=203mm

(0.74)2 −(1.22)2
hG = +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.236m
=236mm

(0.74 )2−(1.04 )2
hH= +0.284
2 (9.8)
= 0.257m
=257mm

(0.74 )2−(0.90)2
hJ= +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.271m
=271mm
 2 2
(0.74) −(0.78)
hK = +0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.281m
=281mm
2 2
(0.74) −(0.74)
h L= + 0.284
2(9.8)
= 0.284m
=284mm

Find Percentage of Error

| |
H T −H
HT
×100 %

For flow rate(Q1)

%A= 0 %

%B= |239−243
239 |
×100 %

= 1.67%

%C= |211−220
211 |
× 100 %

= 4.27%

%D= |177−186
177 |
× 100 %

= 5.08%

%E= |190−190
190 |
×100 %

= 0%

%F= |212−210
212 |
×100 %

= 0.94%

%G= |225−220
225 |
×100 %
 = 2.22%

%H= |234−226
234 |
×100 %

= 3.42%

%J= |240−232
240 |
×100 %

= 3.33%

%K= |244−234
244 |
×100 %

= 4.10%

%L= |2 46−236
2 46 |
× 100 %

= 6.64%

For flow rate (Q2)

%A= 0 %

%B= |246−254
246 |
×100 %

= 3.25%

%C= |202−221
202 |
×100 %

= 9.41%

%D= |146−171
146 |
×100 %

= 17.12%

%E= |168−182
168 |
×100 %

= 8.33%

%F= |203−208
203 |
×100 %

= 2.46%

%G= |224−222
224 |
× 100 %

= 0.90%
%H= | 239−230
239 |×100 %

= 3.77%

%J= |247−238
247 |
× 100 %

= 3.64%

%K= |254−242
254 |
× 100 %

= 4.72%

%L= |257−2
257 |
45
×100 %

= 4.67%

For flow rate (Q3)

%A= 0 %

%B= |271−278
271 |
×100 %

= 2.58%

%C= |202−225
202 |
×100 %

= 11.39%

%D= |120−142
120 |
×100 %

= 18.33%

%E= |152−162
152 |
×100 %

= 6.58%

%F= |203−204
203 |
×100 %

= 0.49%

%G= |236−226
236 |
× 100 %

= 4.24%
%H= | 257−242
257 |
×100 %

= 5.84%

%J= |271−254
271 |
× 100 %

= 6.27%

%K= |281−26
281 |
0
×100 %

= 7.47%

%L= |28 4−26

281 |
6
×100 %

= 6.64%

Section 6: Results
Table 1: Tabulation of Result

Experimental Heads (H) Theoretical Heads Percentage of error

(mm) (HT) (%)
Tapping Flow= Flow= Flow= Flow Flow Flow Flow Flow Flow
(Cubic Q1 Q2 Q3
meter/
Second)
A 246 257 284 246 257 284 0 0 0
(Upstream,
h1)
B 243 254 278 239 246 271 1.67 3.25 2.58

C 220 221 225 211 202 202 4.27 9.41 11.39

D (Throat, 186 171 142 177 146 120 5.08 17.12 18.33
h2)
E 190 182 162 190 168 152 0 8.33 6.58

F 210 208 204 212 203 203 0.94 2.46 0.49

G 220 222 226 225 224 236 2.22 0.90 4.24

H 226 230 242 234 239 257 3.42 3.77 5.84

 J 232 238 254 240 247 271 3.33 3.64 6.27

K 234 242 260 244 254 281 4.10 4.72 7.47

L 236 245 266 246 257 284 4.10 4.67 6.34

Table 2: H5 Venturi Meter Apparatus:

Piezometer A B C D E F G H J K L
Reference
Diameter(mm 26.0 23.2 18.4 16.0 16.7 18.4 20.1 21.8 23.5 25.2 26.0
) 0 3 0 0 9 7 6 4 3 1 0
Area(mm^2) 530. 422. 265. 201. 221. 267. 319. 374. 434. 499. 530.
9 7 9 1 4 9 2 6 8 2 9

Distance From -54.0 -34.0 -22.0 -8.0 7.0 22.0 37.0 52.0 67.0 82.0 102.
Datum(mm) 0

Graph:

Graph 1: Experimental Heads Vs Tapping

 Experimental Heads vs Tapping
275

225
Experimental Heads (in mm)

175

125

75

25

HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HJ HK HL
Q1 246 243 220 186 190 210 220 226 232 234 236
Q2 257 254 221 171 182 208 222 230 238 242 245
Q3 284 278 225 142 162 204 226 242 254 260 266

Tapping

Graph 2: Theoretical Heads VS Tapping

 Theoritical Heads vs Tapping

275

225
Theoritical Heads (in mm)

175

125

75

25

HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HJ HK HL
Q1 239 211 177 190 212 225 234 240 244 246 0
Q2 246 202 146 168 203 224 239 247 254 257 0
Q3 271 202 120 152 203 236 257 271 281 284 0

Tapping

Section 7: Discussion
1.Comment on the graph and justify with theoretical explanation:
Based on the calculation above and graph papers presented a detail discussion of Bernoulli
theorem lab report is as follows:
According to the table 2 and the graph 1, area D has the smallest cross-sectional area whereas
area A & L have the largest cross-sectional area. From the calculation and graph clearly show
that the height (head) of the manometer column is decreasing, this is because of reduction in
area of fluid flow leads an increase of velocity and a reduction in pressure. As seen in the
graph when the area of the fluid flow decreases, the height of the water in the manometer
column drops. This means that they are directly proportional to each other.

Graph 3: Head VS Tapping (experimental & theoretical)

Head vs tapping(experimental & theoritical)

300

250

200
Heads (in mm)

150

100

50

Tapping(at flow rate (Q1))

Experimental Theoritical

2.Comment on the graph and justify with theoretical explanations:

Based on the graph above presented a detail discussion of Bernoulli theorem lab report is as
follows:
The graph 3 above demonstrates that the experimental and theoretical moves in a similar
trend curve. but the differences are they don’t have the same value of heads and measured
values because water is not an ideal fluid and there is a loss of energy due to friction force in
the experiment. Since water is a real fluid, so it has friction losses while ideal fluid does not
have friction losses. When the water passes through the pipe there is a friction loss in water
particle.

3.Comment Percentage difference between measured data and theoretical value:

Based on the calculation above the percentage difference between measured data and
theoretical value which known as ‘percentage of error’:
According to the table 1, ‘E’ has the lowest of percentage error in flow rate (Q1) whereas ‘D’
has the highest of percentage error in flow rate (Q3).
The formula of percentage error:

|
H T −H
HT |
×100 %

A high percentage of error results when there is a huge value gap between the theoretical and
experimental heads. There is some percentage of error because while theory, we assume that
the sum of energy is constant but in reality, there is energy loss due to frictional force and
other factors. There may also be measurement errors that result in experimental results that
differ from those predicted by theory. To make it more accurate, we can make multiple
measurements or taking the average of result.

4.Relationship between flow rate, pressure and distance along venture and the compatibility
of the Bernoulli’s theorem for venturi meter problem:
The relationship between flow rate, pressure and distance along venture is described by the
Bernoulli’s principle and the continuity equation.
Bernoulli’s Equation:
2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
+ + h1= + +h2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

Continuity equation:
Q ( flow Rate )= A 1 V 1=A 2V 2

According to Bernoulli’s principle, as the diameter of a pipe decreases, the velocity of the
fluid passing through increases and the pressure decreases. In the other hand, when the
diameter of a pipe increases, the velocity decreases and the pressure increases. The continuity
equation states that the flow rate of the fluid is constant. It means that if the diameter of the
pipe increases, the velocity needs to be decreases to maintain a constant flow rate which leads
to increase of pressure due to Bernoulli’s principle. Similarly, if the pipe diameter increases,
the fluid can flow slower, and the pressure can increase.
In Conclusion, the velocity of the fluid flow is inversely proportional to pressure and
diameter of a pipe.

Cause of Errors:
In this experiment, there are some experimental errors that cause the inaccuracies data:
Human inaccuracies: Mistakes committed by the experimenter while carrying out the
experiment or there may be some inaccuracies while collecting the data.
Instrumental errors: Fluid evaporation and leaky tubes that can lead to inaccurate results.
Calculation errors: In theory, friction is negligible in the calculation but in reality, there is due
to frictional losses which also energy losses when water passed through the pipe.
Summary of Discussion:
The relationship between flow rate, pressure, and the distance along the Venturi meter can be
elucidated through Bernoulli’s principle and the continuity equation.
According to the table 2 above, area D has the smallest cross-sectional area whereas area A &
L have the largest cross-sectional area When the fluid flowing in the pipe passes through a
contraction section, the velocity of the fluid is higher and the pressure decreases. Not only
that, when the area decreases or increases it cause the height of the water in the manometer
column too. As a result, it has a connection to both continuity equation and Bernoulli’s
principle.
The relationship between flow rate, pressure, and the distance along the Venturi meter can be
elucidated through Bernoulli’s principle and the continuity equation. According to Bernoulli’s
principle, when the pipe diameter narrows, the fluid velocity increases, leading to a decrease
in pressure. Conversely, when the pipe diameter widens, the fluid velocity decreases, leading
to an increase in pressure. This implies that the velocity of fluid flow is inversely proportional
to pressure and pipe diameter. However, in contrast to other studies, the pressure is equal to
Force/ Area which relates to another formula equation for pressure. This formula does not
connect with Bernoulli’s principle. It only works in other applications such as hydraulic
pressure.
In addition, the pattern of increasing and decreasing of the experimental and theoretical graph
are alike with each other in graph 3. The measured data is slightly different is because water
is not an ideal fluid so there will be friction force in water particle or other factors.
Furthermore, “E” has the lowest percentage of error in flow rate (Q1) while “D” has the
highest of percentage error in flow rate (Q3). There is percentage error because we assume
that sum of energy is constant in theory but in reality, there is energy loss due to friction force
and other factors. Another possibility that causes percentage error is measurement errors. To
get more accurate value, we can make multiple measurements of taking average results.
Lastly, in this experiment, there are various sources of errors including human inaccuracies
during experimentation, instrumental errors such as fluid evaporation and leaky tubes and
friction losses in theoretical calculations. To solve these errors are to make multiple
measurements to get a accurate results or avoid mistakes. In addition, replace worn-out
instruments and store them in a safety place to avoid damage. Next, to avoid calculation
error, we can apply the coefficient of discharge (Cd) as a correction factors.

Section 8: Conclusion
Aim and objective of this Bernoulli’s experiment was to investigate the Bernoulli’s theorem
and to obtain the relationship between flow rate, pressure, and distance along venture.
According to Bernoulli’s principle, when the pipe diameter narrows, the fluid velocity
increases, leading to a decrease in pressure. Conversely, when the pipe diameter widens, the
fluid velocity decreases, leading to an increase in pressure. the relationship between flow rate,
pressure, and distance along venture is the velocity of fluid flow is inversely proportional to
pressure and pipe diameter. In Bernoulli’s principle we also assume that sum of all the
mechanical energies including kinetic energy, fluid pressure and potential energy should
remain constant at all the point of the flow. Therefore, this implies that while the water moves
along the pipe, there is no energy loss due to frictional forces and other factors. Thus, the
input mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output mass and energy.
The experiment was successful because the experiment graph has the similar pattern of
increasing and decreasing with the theoretical graph. Unfortunately, the value cannot be the
exactly the same because of the friction losses when the fluid is passes through the pipe and
water is not an ideal fluid. Ideal fluid does not have friction losses. As Bernoulli state high
velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure and based on continuity equation. To get an
accuracy calculation, you can apply coefficient of discharge (Cd) as a correction factor. There
are also some factors cause inaccurate date such as human inaccuracies, instrumental errors,
and calculation errors. During my experiment, I think that the procedure is quite hard because
I didn’t have any experience on that so I hope that I could do that again. Lastly, my future
improvement is to improve measurement technique and able to cooperate with other
members.