Basic Principle of Routing

Objectives

n After learning this course, you will be able to:

l Master the composition of route table

l Master the definition and classification of route

l Master the characteristics of different routes

l Know the application scenarios of different routes

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Contents

n Basic conception
n Classification and features of route
n Using the route table
n Relationship between route table and router

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 Route table

n The information that router need to forward data is stored in a

table, called ‘route table’
n Router checks the destination address of the packet, and chooses
the next hop based on the information in route table.
n Route table is stored in RAM

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 Route table composition

n Destination address （Dest）

n Mask （Mast）
n Next hop address (Gw)
n Forwarding physical interface （interface）
n Source of the information (Owner)
n Route priority （pri）
n metric（metric）

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 Route table composition

Example
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric

172.16.8.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1 static 1 0

172.16.8.0 -- Destination network address

255.255.255.0 -- Destination network mask
1.1.1.1 -- Next hop address
fei_1/1 -- Route learning interface and forwarding interface
static -- how does router learn this entry
1 -- route priority
0 -- Metric
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 Route table establishing and refreshing

n How is route established at the beginning?

n How to maintain the route table after it is established?

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Contents

n Basic conception
n Classification and features of route
n Using the route table
n Relationship between route table and router

8
 Route Types

Directly connected
route

Static route

Dynamic route

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 Directly connected route

10.0.0.1/24 192.168.0.1/30
e1_1
fei_1/1
A 192.168.0.2/30 B 172.16.0.1/24

IPv4 Routing Table:

Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 10.0.0.1 fei_1/1 address 0 0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.1 e1_1 direct 0 0
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1 e1_1 address 0 0

n Directly connected route

l When network address is configured and the status of the
interface is valid, the network configured on this network will
appear in the route table and associated with this interface，the
route will change with the status of the interface.

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 Static Route

n The route manually set by the network administrator is not

updated automatically with the change of network topology.
n The route table takes effect under the condition that the next
hop is reachable.
n Advantage: It does not occupy the network resources or system
resources.
n Disadvantage: It needs to be configured by the administrator
manually one by one, and does not automatically adjust with the
change of network status.

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 Static Route Configuration

Stub Network
172.16.1.0

10.0.0.0
B BA
Network 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

n This is a unidirectional route, there should be an

opposite route configured on the counterpart router.
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 Default Route

n The default route is a route in the route table, used to transfer

the data packets in the route table that does not have a specific
route entry.
n The default route can be a static route set by the administrator,
or be automatically generated by the dynamic route protocol.
n Advantage: It dramatically reduces the number of route entries
in the route table.
n Disadvantage: If the default route is not configured correctly, it
will cause the route loop, or not the optimal route.

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 Default Route Configuration

Stub Network
172.16.1.0

Network
A B
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

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 Dynamic route

OSPF RIP OSPF RIP

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8 3.0.0.0/8

n Routing protocol is a software process running on the router.

n It will exchange routing information with other routers，

studying route information of network not directly connected
and adjusting the route information when topology changes.

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 Route priority

n Select the route that has the highest priority to the route table。

RIP OSPF

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/1 10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3

Route table
Notice： the comparison of
route priority must be
between identical routes.
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 Default route priority

Route Source Default priority

Connected interface 0
Static route 1
External BGP 20
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP v1, v2 120
Internal BGP 200
Special (For inner process) 255

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 Float static route

fei_1/1 10M 177.1.1.1

Network
178.1.1.1
DDN

n How to configure static route when there are redundant links?

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 Float static route

fei_1/1 10M 177.1.1.1

Network
178.1.1.1
DDN

ZXR10(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 177.1.1.1

ZXR10(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 178.1.1.1 5 tag 200

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Contents

n Basic conception
n Classification and features of route
n Using the route table
n Relationship between route table and router

20
 Longest Prefix Match principle

ZXR10#show ip route
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1 address 0 0
2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/2 direct 0 0
2.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 2.1.1.1 fei_1/2 address 0 0
3.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/3 direct 0 0
3.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 3.1.1.1 fei_1/3 address 0 0
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1 ospf 110 10
10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/2 static 1 0
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/3 rip 120 5
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1 static 1 0

10.1.1.1?
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Contents

n Basic conception
n Classification and features of route
n Using the route table
n Relationship between route table and router

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 Routing function

n The functions of routing is to create and maintain route table,

make it ready for the LMP check in the forwarding process. It
requires several basic steps：

l What kind of protocols to route？

l Is the destination network address in the route table?
l What is the next hop address？
l Which interface to send out the packet？

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 Router working process summary

Add route based Search entry in route table

on route priority Based on destination address

Routing Route Forwarding

process table process

Longest match
principles
Routing protocol study
possible route, select the
best route based on metric

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Review

n Basic concepts in routing

n Classification and features of route
n Relationship between route table and router

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 Questions

n How is the route table established?

n What is the standard when a router is selecting the route to route
table?
n When forwarding IP packet, If there are many matches, what will
router do?

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Thank you