AISI S310-23

AISI STANDARD

North American Standard

for the Design of Profiled

Steel Diaphragm Panels

2023 Edition
 AISI S310-23

AISI STANDARD

North American Standard

for the Design of Profiled
Steel Diaphragm Panels

2023 EDITION
ii AISI S310-23

DISCLAIMER

The material contained herein has been developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI) Committee on Specifications. The Committee has made a diligent effort to present accurate,
reliable, and useful information on cold-formed steel diaphragm design. The Committee
acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous researchers, engineers, and
others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the subject. Specific references are
included in the Commentary on the Standard.
With anticipated improvements in understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel
diaphragms and the continuing development of new technology, this material may eventually
become dated. It is anticipated that future editions of this Standard will update this material as
new information becomes available, but this cannot be guaranteed.
The materials set forth herein are for general information only. They are not a substitute for
competent professional advice. Application of this information to a specific project should be
reviewed by a registered professional engineer. Indeed, in most jurisdictions, such review is
required by law. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein does so at their own risk
and assumes any and all resulting liability arising therefrom.

1st Printing – December 2023

Produced by American Iron and Steel Institute

Copyright American Iron and Steel Institute 2023
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition iii

PREFACE

The American Iron and Steel Institute Committee on Specifications has developed AISI S310-
23, the 2023 Edition of the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels,
to provide design provisions for diaphragms consisting of profiled steel decks or panels which
include fluted profiles and cellular deck profiles. This Standard is intended for adoption and use in
the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

User Notes are non-mandatory portions of this Standard.

The major changes of this edition include:

• The standard sections have been reorganized to improve ease of use.
• The specific section for standing seam panels has been removed, but the design is
covered under test-based design.
• The sections for double skin panels and the appendix for combined shear and axial
loading case have been moved to design examples (not included).
• Connection strength of panels to steel supports is in accordance with AISI S100.
• Wood screw connection strength is in accordance with the ANSI/NDS, National Design
Standard for Wood Construction.
• Test-based design follows the provisions of AISI S100.
• Flexibility of connections and connection strength not in included AISI S100 have been
moved to Appendix 1.

The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous engineers,
researchers, producers, and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the
subjects.

American Iron and Steel Institute

December 2023
iv AISI S310-23

APPROVAL OF AISI S310-23 BY

AISI COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN
OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

R. B. Haws, Chair RBH Consulting

T. Sputo, Vice Chair Steel Deck Institute
H. H. Chen, Secretary American Iron and Steel Institute
D. Allen Association of the Wall and Ceiling Industry
H. Blum University of Wisconsin-Madison
P. Bodwell Verco Decking
J. Buckholt Computerized Structural Design
J. K. Crews Unarco Material Handling
R. S. Douglas National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
W. S. Easterling Iowa State University
P. W. Ford Steel Framing Industry Association
R. S. Glauz RSG Software
P. S. Green Bechtel Power Corporation
P. Hainault R. A. Smith
G. J. Hancock University of Sydney
A. J. Harrold Consultant
Z. Li SUNY Polytechnic Institute
R. Limerick Nucor Buildings Group
R. L. Madsen Devco Engineering
J. Mahn Marino\WARE Design Group
S. Majlesi Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
W. McRoy IAPMO Uniform Evaluation Service
C. Melcher Simpson Strong-Tie
C. Moen RunToSolve
A. Newland ADTEK Engineers
K. Peterman University of Massachusetts Amherst
J. J. Pote New Millennium Building Systems
C. Raebel American Institute of Steel Construction
N. A. Rahman FDR Engineers
G. Ralph ClarkDietrich Building Systems
V. E. Sagan Metal Building Manufacturers Association
T. Samiappan Quick Tie Products
B. W. Schafer Johns Hopkins University
M. Seek Old Dominion University
F. Sesma CEMCO
M. Tancredi Ferroeng Group Inc.
S. Torabian Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
C. Yu University of North Texas
K. Zeydel Nevell Group
R. Ziemian Structural Stability Research Council
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition v

APPROVAL OF AISI S310-23 BY

SUBCOMMITTEE 33 – DIAPHRAGM DESIGN

T. Sputo, Chair Steel Deck Institute

P. Bodwell, Vice Chair Verco Decking
H. H. Chen, Secretary American Iron and Steel Institute
A. Bechtel The College of New Jersey
K. Cullum Simpson Strong-Tie
R. S. Douglas National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
B. Gerber IAPMO Uniform Evaluation Service
C. Gill Hilti
H. Koh University of Wisconsin - Madison
M. Mahn Marino\WARE Design Group
I. Micklethwaite ASC Profiles
C. Moen RunToSolve
K. Peterman University of Massachusetts Amherst
G. Ralph ClarkDietrich Building Systems
V. E. Sagan Metal Building Manufacturers Association
B. W. Schafer Johns Hopkins University
S. Torabian Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
K. Voigt New Millennium Building Systems
C. Yu University of North Texas
vi AISI S310-23

SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

A = Number of exterior support connections per flute located at D1.1
the sidelap at an interior panel or edge panel end

Aa = Material shear deformation component for cellular panel or D3.2, D4.2, F2.2
perforated cellular panel

Ae = Ratio of bottom perforated width to the bottom width D2.1

Af = Ratio of top perforated width to the top width D2.1

Ai = Ratio of perforated width to the full element width D2.1

Av = Cross-sectional area per unit width, b, of reinforcement E1.1

oriented parallel to the direction of shear, in.2 (mm2)

Aw = Ratio of web perforated width to the web width D2.1

b = Unit width of diaphragm with structural concrete fill, 12 in. E1.1

for U. S. customary units and 1000 mm for SI units

C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and D1.2, D3.2, D4.2, F1.2, F2.2
distortion at support connections

Cf = Calibration coefficient G2.2

cp = Hole center-to-center spacing D2.1

d = Panel corrugation pitch, in. (mm) D1.1, D1.2, E1.1, E1.2, F1.2

d = Top profiled panel corrugation pitch, in. (mm) D3.2

d’ = Equivalent width of cellular panel perforated bottom plate D4.2

adjusted for perforations and measured between longitudinal
rows of fasteners connecting the top profiled panel to the
bottom plate, in. (mm)

dc = Structural concrete thickness above top of profiled panel, E1.2, F1.1, F1.2
in. (mm)

Dd = Depth of panel, in. (mm) D1.1, E1.2

Dn = Unitless warping factor considering distortion at panel ends D1.2

determined using the parameters as shown in Figure D1.1-1

do = Hole diameter in washer, in. (mm) 1.2.3.1

dp = Perforation hole diameter D2.1

e = One-half the bottom flat width of panel measured between D1.1

points of intercept as illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition vii

E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa) D1.2, E1.1, E1.2, F1.2, F2.2

e = Distance from the top profiled panel longitudinal fastener to D3.2

the web, in. (mm)

Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete in accordance with E1.1, E1.2

ACI 318, ksi (MPa)

Ep = Width of perforation band in the bottom flat of width, D2.2

2e, in. (mm)

f = Top flat width of panel measured between points of intercept D1.1, D2.1, D3.2
illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)

f’c = Specified concrete structural compressive strength, psi (MPa) E1.1, E1.2, F1.1, F1.2

f'c = Material shear deformation component for perforated cellular F2.2

panel determined in accordance with Section D4.2

Fm = Mean value of fabrication factor, F, determined by statistical G2.2

analysis or where applicable, as limited by AISI Table K2.1.1-1
for type of component involved

Fp = Width of perforation band in the top flat of width, f, in. (mm) D2.2

Fxx = Tensile strength of electrode classification, ksi (MPa) 1.2.3.1

Fy = Design yield stress as determined in accordance with D1.1

AISI S100 Section A3.3.1

Fys = Specified minimum yield stress of reinforcement, ksi (GPa) E1.1

G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m) F1.2, B3.2.4, B3.3, B3.7,

D1.2, D2.2, D3.2, E1.2,
E2.2, F1.2, G2.2

h = Flat dimension of web measured in plane of web D1.1, D2.1

i = Index of perforated elements in a profile D2.1

Ixg = Moment of inertia of fully effective panel per unit width, D1.1
in.4/ft (mm4/mm)

K = Stiffness factor relating support and sidelap connection D1.2

flexibilities

k = Ratio of the perforated element stiffness relative to that of a D2.1, D2.2

solid element

K3 = Stiffness contribution of the insulating concrete fill F1.2, F2.2

viii AISI S310-23

kb = Ratio of perforated element stiffness relative to that of a solid D4.2

element in the perforated bottom plate of cellular panel of the
same thickness, tb, and determined in accordance with
Eqs. D2.1-5 and D2.1-6

kc = Factor for structural concrete strength E1.1

L = Total panel length D1.1, D1.2

Lv = Span of panel between supports with fasteners, ft (m) D1.1

Lw = Length of top arc seam sidelap weld, in. (mm). See AISI S100 1.2.4.1
Figure J2.4.1-1 for details.

Mm = Mean value of material factor, M, determined by statistical G2.2

analysis or, where applicable, as limited by AISI S100
Table K2.1.1-1 for type of component involved

N = Number of support fasteners per unit width at an interior or D1.1, D3.1

edge panel’s end

Nc = Average number of support fasteners per unit width E1.1

nd = Number of support connections at the flute bottom relative D1.1

to the tributary width, wt, along the ends of interior or edge
panels and into exterior supports

ne = Number of edge support connections between transverse D1.1

supports and along an edge panel length, L

Next= Bearing length at exterior support (3/4 in. (19 mm) minimum) D1.1

np = Number of interior supports along a total panel length, L D1.1, D1.2

ns = Number of sidelap connections along a total panel length, L, D1.1, D1.2

and not into supports

nsc = Modular ratio of steel profiled panel to concrete E1.1

Pn = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of arc spot weld with 1.2.3.1

washer, kip (kN)

Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection D1.1, D3.1

per fastener determined in accordance with Appendix 1

Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection E1.1

per fastener determined in accordance with AISC 360 for
welded steel headed stud anchors or Appendix 1 as
applicable
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition ix

Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection 1.4.1

per fastener in the absence of a tensile load

Pnfs= Nominal shear strength [resistance] of an edge support D1.1

connection installed parallel with an edge panel span and
between transverse supports

Pnft = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection 1.4.1

per fastener in the presence of a tensile load

Pnot= Nominal tension strength [resistance] of a support connection 1.4.1

per power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-out

Pnov= Nominal tension strength [resistance] of a support connection 1.4.1

per power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-over

Pns = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a sidelap connection D1.1

per fastener determined in accordance with Appendix 1

po = Ratio of the area of perforations to the total area in the D2.1

perforated band

qs = Perforated web adjustment factor D1.1

R = Inside bend radius D1.1

s = Developed flute width per pitch, in. (mm) D1.1, D1.2, E1.1, E1.2, F1.2

s = Developed flute width of top profiled panel in a cellular panel D3.2

in accordance with Eq. D1.1-15

s’ = Developed flute width of top profiled panel per width, wd, in a D4.2
cellular panel in accordance with Eq. D2.2-1

Sni = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by connections at
interior panels or edge panels

Snc = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by support
connections at the corners of interior panels or edge panels

Sne = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by connections
along the edge parallel to the panel span in an edge panel
and located at a diaphragm reaction line

Snp = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by connections
x AISI S310-23

along the ends of interior panels or edge panels and into

exterior supports

Sno = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by panel out-of-plane
buckling, kip/ft (kN/m)

Sn = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of D1.1

diaphragm or wall diaphragm controlled by panel local
web buckling over exterior support

S = Connection shear flexibility, in./kip (mm/kN) 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4.1,

1.3.1,1.5.2, 1.6.2

Sf = Structural support connection shear flexibility determined in D1.2

accordance with Appendix 1, in./kip (mm/kN)

Ss = Sidelap connection shear flexibility determined in accordance D1.2

with Appendix 1, in./kip (mm/kN)

t = Base metal thickness of the panel, in. (mm) D1.1, D1.2, F1.2

t = Base steel thickness of top profiled panel in cellular panel, D3.2, E1.1, E1.2, F1.2
in. (mm)

t = Total combined base steel thickness of panel involved in shear 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3.1, 1.5.2,
transfer above the shear transfer plane, in. (mm) 1.6.2

t = Total combined base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of 1.2.3.1

sheets beneath the washer and above the shear transfer
plane, in. (mm)

t = Base steel thickness of thinner connected sheet, in. (mm) 1.2.4.1

T = Required allowable tensile strength of a support connection per 1.4.1

fastener determined for ASD loads and load combinations in
accordance with Section A3

= Required tensile strength [tensile force due to factored loads] 1.4.1

of a support connection per fastener determined for LRFD or
LSD loads and load combinations in accordance with Section A3

t1 = Thickness of member in contact with screw head or washer, 1.3.1

in. (mm)

t2 = Thickness of member not in contact with screw head or 1.3.1

washer, in. (mm)
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition xi

ta = Average thickness of structural concrete, calculated as the E1.1

cross-sectional area of the structural concrete over one
profiled panel divided by the width of the profiled panel,
in. (mm)

tb = Base steel thickness of bottom plate in cellular panel, in. (mm) D3.2

te = Equivalent transformed concrete thickness, in. (mm) E1.1

U1 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every valley D1.2

across the panel width, w

U2 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every second D1.2

valley across the panel width, w

U3 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every third valley D1.2

across the panel width, w

U4 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every fourth D1.2

valley across the panel width, w

VF = Coefficient of variation of fabrication factor listed in G2.2

AISI S100 Table K2.1.1-1 for type of component involved

VM = Coefficient of variation of material factor listed in G2.2

AISI S100 Table K2.1.1-1 for type of component involved

VQ = Coefficient of variation of load effect G2.2

w = Panel cover width D1.1, D1.2

w = Web flat width of panel measured between points of intercept D1.1

illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)

w = Web flat width of top profiled panel measured between points D3.2
of intercept illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)

wd = Distance measured across the width and between longitudinal D3.2, D4.2
rows of fasteners connecting the top profiled panel to the
bottom plate, in. (mm)

wdp= Total width of perforation bands in bottom plate width, wd, D4.2
in. (mm)

we = Panel cover width at the edge panel D1.1

Wp = Width of perforation band in web flat of width, w D2.1, D2.2

xii AISI S310-23

wt = Tributary width to any given bottom flute with support D1.1

connection(s) along the end perpendicular to the panel span
and located at exterior support

xe = Distance from panel centerline to an exterior support D1.1, D1.2

connection in a panel

xee = Distance from panel centerline to an exterior support D1.1

connection in an edge panel

xp = Distance from panel centerline to an interior support D1.1, D1.2

connection in a panel

xpe = Distance from panel centerline to an interior support D1.1

connection in an edge panel

Z’ = LRFD-adjusted lateral design value, Z, in accordance with 1.6.1

NDS

α = Conversion factor for units D1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4.1,

1.3.1, 1.5.2, 1.6.2

α3 = Measure of exterior support fastener group distribution across D1.2

a panel width

α4 = Measure of interior support fastener group distribution across D1.2

a panel width, w, at an interior panel

α5 = Conversion factor for units 1.2.4.1

β = Factor defining connection contribution and interaction to D1.1

diaphragm shear strength per unit length

βo = Target reliability index G2.2

δbi = Lateral displacement indicator at bottom of corrugation for D1.2

valley fastener cases, i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)

δij = Deflection indicator of profile racking per unit load per unit D1.2
length required for D, in.3 (mm3)

δti = Lateral displacement indicator at top of corrugation for valley D1.2

fastener cases, i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)

φ = Lateral resistance factor in accordance with NDS 1.6.1

φtot = Resistance factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by 1.4.1

pull-out and determined by test using AISI S100 Chapter K
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition xiii

φtov = Resistance factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by 1.4.1

pull-over

γc = Support factor for warping determined in accordance with D1.2

Table D1.2-1

γi = Final displacement indicator at top of corrugation for valley D1.2

fastener cases, i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)

λ = Connection strength reduction factor at corner fastener, D1.1

unitless

µ = Poisson’s ratio for steel D1.2, F1.2

Ωtot= Safety factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by 1.4.1

pull-out and determined by test using AISI S100 Chapter K

Ωtov= Safety factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by 1.4.1

pull-over

θ = Angle between plane of web and plane of bearing surface, D1.1

45° ≤ θ ≤ 90°

λLW= Factor for lightweight concrete E1.1

xiv AISI S310-23

TABLE OF CONTENTS
NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE DESIGN OF
PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGM PANELS
Preface......................................................................................................................................................... iii
Symbols and Definitions .......................................................................................................................... vi
NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE DESIGN OF PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGM PANELS ........ 1
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS ......................................................................................................................1
A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions ............................................................................................... 1
A1.1 Scope................................................................................................................................................ 1
A1.2 Applicability ................................................................................................................................... 1
A1.3 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 2
A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms ........................................................................................................ 3
A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards ........................................................................... 3
A2.1 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards for United States and Mexico ................. 4
A2.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards for Canada ................................................. 4
A3 Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 4
A3.1 Materials for United States and Mexico ..................................................................................... 5
A3.2 Materials for Canada ..................................................................................................................... 5
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................6
B1 General Provisions .............................................................................................................................. 6
B2 Loads and Load Combinations.......................................................................................................... 6
B3 Design Basis.......................................................................................................................................... 6
B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads] ................................................................... 6
B3.2 Design for Strength ....................................................................................................................... 7
B3.2.1 Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Requirements .......................................................... 7
B3.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Requirements .......................................... 7
B3.2.3 Limit States Design (LSD) Requirements ........................................................................ 7
B3.2.4 Shear Deflection Requirements ......................................................................................... 8
B3.3 Design for Diaphragm Panels ...................................................................................................... 8
B3.4 Design of Connections .................................................................................................................. 8
B3.5 Design for Stability ........................................................................................................................ 9
B3.6 Design of Floor, Roof and Wall Diaphragm Assemblies ......................................................... 9
B3.7 Design for Serviceability............................................................................................................... 9
B3.8 Design for Fatigue ......................................................................................................................... 9
B3.9 Design for Corrosion Effects ........................................................................................................ 9
B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations .......................................................................................... 9
B5 Profiled Panel Properties .................................................................................................................... 9
B6 Fabrication and Erection ................................................................................................................... 10
B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance ........................................................................................ 10
B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness ................................................................................................. 10
B8 Evaluation of Existing Diaphragm Panels ..................................................................................... 10
C. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM BY ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 10
D. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM ..................................................................................................... 11
D1 Profiled Panels ................................................................................................................................... 11
D1.1 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................................................................... 11
D1.2 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ............................................................................... 15
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition xv

D2 Perforated Profiled Panels ................................................................................................................ 19

D2.1 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ........................................................... 19
D2.2 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ........................................................... 20
D3 Cellular Panels ................................................................................................................................... 21
D3.1 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................................................................... 21
D3.2 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ............................................................................... 22
D4 Perforated Cellular Panels ................................................................................................................ 23
D4.1 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ........................................................... 23
D4.2 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ........................................................... 23
E. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FILLED PROFILED PANELS ................................................................. 24
E1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panels ..................................................................................... 24
E1.1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ................................ 24
E1.2 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ................................. 26
E2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panels ..................................................................................... 26
E2.1 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ................................ 26
E2.2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness................................. 27
F. INSULATING CONCRETE FILLED PANELS ..................................................................................... 28
F1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panels..................................................................................... 28
F1.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Shear Strength ..................................................... 28
F1.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ................................ 29
F2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panels..................................................................................... 30
F2.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ................................ 30
F2.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ................................ 30
G. TEST-BASED DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 31
G1 Panel Connections ............................................................................................................................. 31
G1.1 Test Standards .............................................................................................................................. 31
G1.2 Panel In-Plane Shear Strength and Stiffness Using Test-Based Connections ..................... 31
G2 Diaphragm Assemblies..................................................................................................................... 31
G2.1 Test Standards .............................................................................................................................. 32
G2.2 Test-Based Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness ........................................................................ 32
APPENDIX 1: CONNECTION STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS................................................................... 33
1.1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2 Welded Connections ......................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.1 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection Shear
Flexibility ...................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.2 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connection Shear Flexibility ........................................... 33
1.2.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member ....... 33
1.2.3.1 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Shear Strength ................................................................ 33
1.2.3.2 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Connection Shear Flexibility ........................................ 34
1.2.3.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Tension Strength ............................................................ 34
1.2.3.4 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Combined Shear and Tension ...................................... 34
1.2.4 Arc Seam Welds ........................................................................................................................... 34
1.2.4.1 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection
Shear Flexibility ................................................................................................................. 34
1.2.4.2 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connection Shear Flexibility .............................. 34
1.2.5 Top Arc Seam Welds ................................................................................................................... 35
1.2.5.1 Top Arc Seam Weld Connection Shear Flexibility ....................................................... 35
xvi AISI S310-23

1.3 Screw Connections ............................................................................................................................ 35

1.3.1 Screw Connection Shear Flexibility........................................................................................... 35
1.3.2 Screw Shear Strength and Stiffness Through Insulation........................................................ 36
1.4 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections ............................................................................... 36
1.4.1 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Combined Shear and Tension ........................................... 36
1.5 Button Punch Connections ............................................................................................................... 37
1.5.1 Non-Piercing Button Punch Shear Strength ............................................................................ 37
1.5.2 Non-Piercing Button Punch Connection Shear Flexibility .................................................... 37
1.6 Fasteners Into Wood Supports ........................................................................................................ 37
1.6.1 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Shear Strength............................................. 37
1.6.2 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Flexibility ..................................................... 38
1.6.3 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Combined Shear and Tension .................. 38
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 1

NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE DESIGN OF

PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGM PANELS

A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
This chapter addresses the scope and applicability of the Standard, lists the definitions of the
terminology used, summarizes referenced specifications, codes, and standards, and provides
requirements for materials.
The chapter is organized as follows:
A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions
A2 Reference Specifications, Codes, and Standards
A3 Materials

A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions

A1.1 Scope
This Standard applies to the design of in-plane shear strength and shear stiffness for panels
and associated fasteners commonly used as the stressed skin of
(a) Diaphragms, and
(b) Wall diaphragms (shear walls).
This Standard does not address determination of available strength [factored resistance] for the
other components in a diaphragm or wall diaphragm system.
This Standard shall apply to panels that are installed:
(c) With or without insulation between the panel and the support,
(d) With or without concrete fill over the panel,
(e) With or without perforations in the panel, and
(f) With structural supports made of steel, wood, or concrete.
This Standard does not preclude the use of other materials, assemblies, structures or designs
if the other materials, assemblies, structures or designs demonstrate equivalent performance
for the intended use of those specified in this Standard. Where there is a conflict between this
Standard and other reference documents, the requirements contained within this Standard
govern.

A1.2 Applicability
This Standard includes Symbols, Chapters A through G, and Appendix 1.
This Standard includes design provisions for Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), and Limit States Design (LSD). These design methods shall
apply as follows:
• ASD and LRFD—the United States and Mexico, and
• LSD—Canada.
In this Standard, bracketed terms are equivalent terms that apply particularly to LSD.
The in-plane nominal shear strength [resistance] and shear stiffness of diaphragm or wall
diaphragm profiled panels or cellular panels shall be determined in accordance with Chapters C
through G and Appendix 1 of this Standard.
2 AISI S310-23

A1.3 Definitions
Where terms appear in this Standard in italics, such terms shall have the meaning as defined
in this section or as defined in AISI S100 if they are not defined in this section. Terms included
in square brackets shall be specific to Limit States Design (LSD) terminology. Terms not
italicized shall have the ordinary accepted meaning in the context for which they are intended.
Terms designated with  are common AISC-AISI terms that are coordinated between the
two standards developers.

General Terms
Cellular Panel. Assemblage of one or more profiled panels or profiled panel and flat sheet
interconnected to form a built-up section.
Connection. Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between
two or more members.
Connection Shear Flexibility. The property of a connection allowing local deflection caused by a
unit load and associated with panel distortion or slotting, and connection slip or strain.
Diaphragm. Roof, floor, or other membrane or bracing system acting to transfer in-plane forces
to the lateral force-resisting system.
Edge Panel. Full or partial width panel that transfers in-plane forces to the lateral force-resisting
system of the structure along a line that generally parallels the length of the panel.
Exterior Support. Support located at an end of an edge or interior panel.
Insulating Concrete. A mixture of Portland cement, cellular or expanded mineral concrete
aggregate, and water forming a relatively lightweight concrete. The aggregate porosity and
air content provide insulating characteristics to roofs.
Interior Panel. Full or partial width panel that transfers in-plane forces to other interior panels or
edge panels.
Interior Support. Support located at an interior zone of an edge or interior panel.
Interlocking Sidelap Connection. A connection formed at a vertical sheet leg (edge stiffener of
panel) inside an overlapping sheet hem, or at vertical legs back-to-back.
Joint. Area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. Categorized by type of
fastener or weld used and the method of force transfer.
Nominal Shear Strength. The in-plane shear strength of the profiled panel, including the
contribution of connections to support members and adjacent panels.
Panel. A product conforming to the definition of profiled panel, cellular panel, perforated panel or
perforated cellular panel without or with concrete fill.
Perforated Cellular Panel. Assemblage of a profiled panel with another profiled panel or flat sheet
including perforations.
Perforated Profiled Panel. Profiled panel with perforations.
Profiled Panel. Product formed from a single steel sheet into fluted profiles with top and bottom
flanges connected by web members.
Shear Stiffness. The in-plane resistance to deformation of a panel, including the connections,
measured by the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding displacement.
Sidelap. Joint at which adjacent panels contact each other along a longitudinal edge.
Sidelap Connection. A connection with a fastener or weld located at a sidelap while not penetrating
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 3

a support. Also called a stitch connection.

Structural Analysis. Determination of load effects on members and connections based on
principles of structural mechanics.
Structural Concrete. A mixture of Portland or other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and water, used for structural purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete.
Support Connection. A connection with a fastener or weld attaching one or more sheets to
supporting members.
Top Arc Seam Sidelap Welds. Arc seam welds applied at the top of an interlocking sidelap
connection.
Wall Diaphragm. A wall, bearing or nonbearing, designed to resist lateral forces acting in the
plane of the wall. Commonly referred to as a “vertical diaphragm” or “shear wall”.

A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms

Any compatible system of measurement units is permitted to be used in the Standard except
where explicitly stated otherwise. The unit systems considered shall include U.S. customary
units (force in kilopounds (kip) and length in inches (in.)), and SI units (force in Newtons (N)
and length in millimeters (mm)).

A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards

The following documents or portions thereof are referenced in this Standard and shall be
considered part of the requirements of this Standard.
1. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 25 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 800,
Washington, DC 20001:
AISI S100-16(R2020)w/S3-22, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members With Supplement 3
AISI S240-20, North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing
AISI S400-20, North American Standard for Seismic Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Systems
AISI S904-17, Standard Test Methods for Determining the Tensile and Shear Strength of Screws
AISI S905-17, Test Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Connections
AISI S907-17, Test Standard for Cantilever Test Method for Cold-Formed Steel Diaphragms
2. ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA,
19428-2959:
ASTM C33/C33M-18, Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C330/C330M-23, Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
ASTM C332-23, Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete
ASTM C869-09, Standard Specification for Foaming Agents Used in Making Preformed Foam for
Cellular Concrete
ASTM D1761-20, Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood and Wood-Based
Materials
ASTM E488/E488M-22, Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete Elements
ASTM E1190-21, Standard Test Methods for Strength of Power-Actuated Fasteners Installed in
Structural Members
4 AISI S310-23

ASTM F1667-21a, Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
ASTM A615/A615M-22, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A706/A706M-22a, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A1064/A1064M-22, Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire
Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
ASTM A1022/A1022M-22a, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wire
and Welded Wire for Concrete Reinforcement

A2.1 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards for United States and Mexico
1. American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, MI 48331:
ACI 318-19(22), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
2. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700,
Chicago, IL 60601-1802:
ANSI/AISC 360-22, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
3. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191
–4400:
ASCE/SEI 7-22, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures
4. American Welding Society (AWS), 550 N. W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33135:
ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M-20, Structural Welding Code – Steel
ANSI/AWS D1.3/D1.3M-18, Structural Welding Code – Sheet Steel
5. American Wood Council, 1111 Nineteenth Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036:
ANSI/AWC NDS-2018, National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction
TR-12, General Dowel Equations for Calculating Lateral Connection Values, 2015

A2.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards for Canada

1. CSA Group, 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M9W 1R3:
CAN/CSA A23.3-04(R2010), Design of Concrete Structures
CAN/CSA 086:19, Engineering Design in Wood
CAN/CSA S16:19, Design of Steel Structures
W47.1:19, Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding of Steel
W55.3-08 (R2018), Certification of Companies for Resistance Welding of Steel and Aluminum
W59-13, Welded Steel Construction (Metal Arc Welding)
2. National Research Council of Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg. M-58, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6:
National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), 2020

A3 Materials
Panels and cold-formed steel supports shall conform to the material requirements of AISI
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 5

S100, Section A3.

1. Insulating concrete aggregate shall conform to ASTM C332.
2. Foaming agent for lightweight cellular insulating concrete shall comply with ASTM C869.

A3.1 Materials for United States and Mexico

Hot-rolled steel supports shall conform to the material requirements of ANSI/AISC 360.
Wood supports shall conform to the material requirements of ANSI/AWC NDS.
Structural concrete shall conform to the material requirements of ACI 318.

A3.2 Materials for Canada

Hot-rolled steel supports shall conform to the material requirements of CSA S16.
Wood supports shall conform to the material requirements of CSA 086.
Structural concrete shall conform to the material requirements of CSA A23.3.
6 AISI S310-23

B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
This chapter addresses general requirements.
The chapter is organized as follows:
B1 General Provisions
B2 Loads and Load Combinations
B3 Design Basis
B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations
B5 Panel Properties
B6 Fabrication and Erection
B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
B8 Evaluation of Existing Diaphragm Panels

B1 General Provisions
The design of cold-formed steel diaphragm panels shall be consistent with the intended
behavior of the diaphragm in the structure and the assumptions made in the structural analysis.

B2 Loads and Load Combinations

Loads and load combinations shall be as stipulated by the applicable building code. Where no
building code is stipulated, the loads, load combinations, and nominal loads [specified loads]
shall be those stipulated as follows:
(a) In the United States and Mexico, ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for
Buildings and Other Structures; and
(b) In Canada, National Building Code of Canada.

B3 Design Basis
No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be exceeded when the structure is
subjected to the applicable load combinations.
Design shall be in accordance with the following methods:
(a) ASD or LRFD—the United States and Mexico; and
(b) LSD—Canada.

B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads]

The required strength [effect due to factored loads] of panels and connections shall be
determined by structural analysis for the appropriate load combinations as stipulated in Section
B2.
The required strength [effect due to factored loads] shall be noted as follows:
R = Required strength [effect due to factored loads]
= R in accordance with ASD load combinations
= Ru in accordance with LRFD load combinations
= Rf in accordance with LSD load combinations
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 7

B3.2 Design for Strength

Panels and their connections shall be designed to have strength such that the available strength
[factored resistance], Ra, equals or exceeds the required strength [effect due to factored loads].
Design for strength shall be in accordance with:
(a) Section B3.2.1 for Allowable Strength Design (ASD),
(b) Section B3.2.2 for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), or
(c) Section B3.2.3 for Limit States Design (LSD).

B3.2.1 Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Requirements

The required strength shall not exceed the allowable diaphragm shear in accordance with
Equation B3.2.1-1 for ASD:
R ≤ Ra (Eq. B3.2.1-1)
where
R
Ra = n (Eq. B3.2.1-2)
Ω
R = Required strength for ASD
Ra = Allowable strength
Rn = Nominal shear strength per unit length of diaphragm system as specified in Chapter
D or E
Ω = Safety factor for diaphragm strength specified in Chapters C, D, E, F and G

B3.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Requirements

The required strength shall not exceed the factored diaphragm shear in
accordance with Equation B3.2.2-1 for LRFD:
Ru ≤ Ra (Eq. B3.2.2-1)
where
Ra = φRn (Eq. B3.2.2-2)
Ru = Required strength for LRFD
Ra = Design strength
Rn = Nominal shear strength per unit length of diaphragm system as specified in Chapter
D or E
φ = Resistance factor for diaphragm strength specified in Chapters C, D, E, F and G

B3.2.3 Limit States Design (LSD) Requirements

The effect of factored loads shall not exceed the factored diaphragm shear resistance in
accordance with Equation B3.2.3-1 for LSD:
Rf ≤ Ra (Eq. B3.2.3-1)
where
Ra = φRn (Eq. B3.2.3-2)
Rf = Effect of factored loads for LSD
Ra = Factored resistance
8 AISI S310-23

Rn = Nominal shear resistance per unit length of diaphragm system as specified in

Chapter D or E
φ = Resistance factor for diaphragm resistance specified in Chapters C, D, E, F and G

B3.2.4 Shear Deflection Requirements

The design shear deflection shall not exceed the permissible shear deflection in the
applicable building code in accordance with Equation B3.2.4-1. In the absence of a building
code, shear deflection requirements shall be permitted to be determined in accordance with:
a) In the United States and Mexico, ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads and Associated
Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures; and
b) In Canada, National Building Code of Canada.
δ n ≤ δa (Eq. B3.2.4-1)
where
δn = Predicted diaphragm deflection at the design load
δa = Maximum permissible diaphragm deflection
Deflection, δn, is determined using stiffness analytical methods. Diaphragm shear stiffness,
G’, of the panel shall be determined in accordance with Chapter D, E, F or G.

B3.3 Design for Diaphragm Panels

The nominal shear strength [resistance], Sn, and diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, shall be
established by analysis (engineering mechanics) or test. The nominal [resistance] and available
strength [factored resistance] of steel diaphragm panels that meet specified geometric and material
limitations shall be permitted to be determined in accordance with Chapters D, E, F and G, as
applicable.

B3.4 Design of Connections

The strength of connection elements subject to shear or combined shear and tension shall be
designed in accordance with the provisions of AISI S100 Chapter J. Connecting elements not
covered by AISI S100 shall be designed in accordance with Appendix 1 of this Standard. The
forces and deformations used in design shall be consistent with the intended performance of
the connection and the assumptions used in structural analysis. Self-limiting inelastic
deformations of the connections are permitted.
The elastic stiffness of connection elements shall be designed in accordance with the
provisions of Appendix 1 of this Standard.
The strength and stiffness of connections outside the scope of AISI S100 Chapter J or
Appendix 1 shall be determined by test in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter K.
User Note:
It is important to consider the combined effects that induce diaphragm shear in the plane of the
panels in combination with out-of-plane wind uplift (outward wind effect) on the panels. The
connections of the panels to supports will be subject to both shear effects from the diaphragm action
and tension from the outward wind.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 9

B3.5 Design for Stability

Stability for floor diaphragms, roof diaphragms and wall diaphragms (shear wall) using panels as
the stressed skin shall be in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter C.

B3.6 Design of Floor, Roof and Wall Diaphragm Assemblies

The design of floor diaphragm, roof diaphragm and wall diaphragm (shear wall) assemblies
shall be in accordance with this Standard and the applicable materials standards for the
adjoining members or materials.

B3.7 Design for Serviceability

The building structure shall be designed to perform its required functions during its
expected life. Serviceability limit states shall be selected based on the intended function of the
structure and shall be evaluated using realistic loads and load combinations. The in-plane shear
deflection of floor diaphragms, roof diaphragms, or wall diaphragm (shear wall) assemblies using
panels and associated support framing shall be determined with engineering mechanics using
loads as specified by the applicable building code or project requirements and the diaphragm shear
stiffness, G’, provisions of Chapter D, E, F or G. The shear deflection for the panels is also
permitted to be determined by analysis following the provisions of Chapter C for both linear
elastic design or non-linear design.

B3.8 Design for Fatigue

Fatigue need not be considered for seismic effects or for the effects of wind loading on
typical building lateral force-resisting systems and building enclosure components. Fatigue
shall be considered in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter M for cold-formed steel structural
members and their connections subject to repeated loading within the elastic range of stresses of
frequency and magnitude sufficient to initiate cracking and progressive failure.

B3.9 Design for Corrosion Effects

Where corrosion may impair the strength or serviceability of a structure, structural
components shall be protected against corrosion or shall be designed to tolerate corrosion.

B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations

Dimensional limits and considerations shall be as specified in Chapters D, E and F.

B5 Profiled Panel Properties

Properties of strength, gross (full) cross-sections and reduced cross-sections (cross-sectional
area, moment of inertia, section modulus, radius of gyration, etc.) shall be determined in
accordance with AISI S100 with conventional methods of structural design.
For perforated panels, the section properties shall be based on analysis or testing.
10 AISI S310-23

B6 Fabrication and Erection

(Reserved)

B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance

(Reserved)

B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness

The delivered minimum thickness shall be in accordance with AISI S100.

B8 Evaluation of Existing Diaphragm Panels

(Reserved)

C. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM BY ANALYSIS

The determination of diaphragm shear strength and shear stiffness of profiled and cellular panels,
profiled and cellular panels with structural concrete fill and profiled and cellular panels with insulating
concrete fill by rational engineering analysis is permitted.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 11

D. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM

This chapter addresses the diaphragm shear strength and diaphragm shear stiffness for profiled
panels and cellular panels without concrete fill.
The chapter is organized as follows:
D1 Profiled Panels
D2 Perforated Profiled Panels
D3 Cellular Panels
D4 Perforated Cellular Panels
D5 Profiled Panels with Connections Through Insulation

D1 Profiled Panels
This section shall apply to profiled panels without perforated elements and within the
following limits:
(a) 0.5 in. (12 mm) ≤ profiled panel depth ≤ 7.5 in. (191 mm),
(b) 0.014 in. (0.35 mm) ≤ base profiled panel thickness ≤ 0.075 in. (1.91 mm) for depth less than or
equal to 3.0 in. (76.2 mm),
0.034 in. (0.85 mm) ≤ base profiled panel thickness ≤ 0.075 in. (1.91 mm) for depth greater than
3.0 in. (76 mm),
(c) 33 ksi (230 MPa) ≤ specified Fy of profiled panel ≤ 80 ksi (550 MPa),
45 ksi (310 MPa) ≤ specified Fu of profiled panel ≤ 82 ksi (565 MPa),
(d) Profiled panel pitch ≤ 12 in. (305 mm), and
(e) Support fastener ≤ 18 in. (460 mm).

D1.1 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The available shear strength [factored resistance] per unit length of a profiled panel shall be the
least available strength [factored resistance] obtained from the limit states controlled by either
connection strength or panel stability using the applicable resistance factors or safety factors in
Table D1.1-1.
12 AISI S310-23

Table D1.1-1
Safety Factors and Resistance Factors
Limit State
Support Load Type or Connection Strength, Snf Panel Stability, Snb
Connection
Member Combinations
Type Ω φ φ Ω φ φ
Type Including
(ASD) (LRFD) (LSD) (ASD) (LRFD) (LSD)
Welds 2.15 0.75 0.60
Wind Screws 2.00 0.80 0.75
All Others Chapter G
Steel
Welds 3.00 0.55 0.40
Earthquake
Screws 2.30 0.70 0.55 2.00 0.80 0.75
and All Others
All Others Chapter G
Screws
Wood All 3.00 0.55 0.50
Nails
All Others All All Others Chapter G

The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a profiled panel controlled by
connection strength shall be the smallest of Sni, Snc, Sne and Snp.
Pnf
S=
ni [2A( λ − 1) + β] (Eq. D1.1-1)
L
0.5
 N 2 β2 
S nc =   Pnf (Eq. D1.1-2)
 L2 N 2 + β2 
 
(2 α 1 + n p α 2 )Pnf + n e Pnfs
S ne = (Eq. D1.1-3)
L
nd
S np = Pnf (Eq. D1.1-4)
wt
where the ratio of the number of support fasteners to the tributary width, nd/wt, shall be
the resulting governing minimum combination for the panel under consideration.
The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a profiled panel controlled by panel
stability shall be the smallest of Sno and Sn.
0.25
7890  I 3xg t 3d 
S no =   (Eq. D1.1-5)
αL2v  s 
 d − e  1 
S n = Pnw    (Eq. D1.1-6)
 D d  d 
where
Sni = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by connections at interior panels or edge panels
Snc = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by support connections at the corners of interior panels or edge panels
Sne = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by connections along the edge parallel to the panel span in an edge panel
and located at a diaphragm reaction line
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 13

Snp = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by connections along the ends of interior panels or edge panels and into
exterior supports
Sno = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by panel out-of-plane buckling, kip/ft (kN/m)
Sn = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or wall diaphragm
controlled by panel local web buckling over exterior support
A = Number of exterior support connections per flute located at the sidelap at an interior
panel or edge panel end
λ = Connection strength reduction factor at corner fastener, unitless
Dd L v
= 1− ≥ 0.7 for U.S. customary units (Eq. D1.1-7)
240 t
Dd L v
= 1− ≥ 0.7 for SI units (Eq. D1.1-8)
369 t
where
Dd = Depth of panel, in. (mm). See Figure D1.1-1
Lv = Span of panel between supports with fasteners, ft (m)
t = Base metal thickness of the panel, in. (mm)
β = Factor defining connection contribution and interaction to diaphragm shear strength
per unit length
= n s α s + 2n p α p2 + 4α e2 (Eq. D1.1-9)
where
ns = Number of sidelap connections along a total panel length, L, and not into supports
αs = Pns (Eq. D1.1-10)
Pnf
where
Pns = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a sidelap connection per fastener
determined in accordance with Appendix 1
Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener
determined in accordance with Appendix 1
np = Number of interior supports along a total panel length, L
αp2 = Analogous section modulus of panel interior support connection group in an
interior or edge panel
 1  2
=  2  ∑ xp (Eq. D1.1-11)
w 
where
w = Panel cover width
xp = Distance from panel centerline to an interior support connection in a panel
α e2 = Analogous section modulus of panel exterior support connection group in an
interior or edge panel
 1  2
=  2  ∑ xe (Eq. D1.1-12)
w 
14 AISI S310-23

where
xe = Distance from panel centerline to an exterior support connection in a panel
L = Total panel length
N = Number of support fasteners per unit width at an interior or edge panel’s end
α1 = Measure of exterior support fastener group distribution across a panel width, we, at
an edge panel
∑ xee
= (Eq. D1.1-13)
we
where
xee = Distance from panel centerline to an exterior support connection in an edge panel
we = Panel cover width at the edge panel
α2 = Measure of interior support fastener group distribution across a panel width, we, at
an edge panel
∑ xpe
= (Eq. D1.1-14)
we
where
xpe = Distance from panel centerline to an interior support connection in an edge panel
ne = Number of edge support connections between transverse supports and along an edge
panel length, L
Pnfs= Nominal shear strength [resistance] of an edge support connection installed parallel
with an edge panel span and between transverse supports
nd = Number of support connections at the flute bottom relative to the tributary width,
wt, along the ends of interior or edge panels and into exterior supports
wt = Tributary width to any given bottom flute with support connection(s) along the end
perpendicular to the panel span and located at exterior support
User Note:
Commentary Figure D1.1.5 provides examples on determination of nd and wt for a variety of panel
configurations.
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 1879 for SI units
Ixg = Moment of inertia of fully effective panel per unit width, in.4/ft (mm4/mm)
d = Panel corrugation pitch, in. (mm)
e = One-half the bottom flat width of panel measured between points of intercept as
illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
s = Developed flute width per pitch, in. (mm)
= 2(e + w) + f (Eq. D1.1-15)
where
w = Web flat width of panel measured between points of intercept illustrated in
Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
f = Top flat width of panel measured between points of intercept illustrated in
Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 15

w
Dd

e e
d

Figure D1.1-1 Panel Configuration

Pnw = Nominal web crippling strength [resistance] per web

   h 
= 4.36t 2 Fy sin θ  1 − 0.04 R   1 + 0.25 N ext   1 − 0.025  (Eq. D1.1-16)
 t  t   q s t 
where
Fy = Design yield stress as determined in accordance with AISI S100 Section A3.3.1
θ = Angle between plane of web and plane of bearing surface, 45° ≤ θ ≤ 90°
R = Inside bend radius
Next = Bearing length at exterior support (3/4 in. (19 mm) minimum)
h = Flat dimension of web measured in plane of web
qs = Perforated web adjustment factor
= 1.00

D1.2 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, for profiled panels shall be calculated in accordance with Eq.
D1.2-1:
 Et 
G' =  s K (Eq. D1.2-1)
 2(1 + µ ) + C + γ c D n 
 d 
where
G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m)
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel
= 29,500 ksi, (203,000 MPa)
t = Base steel thickness of panel, in. (mm)
K = Stiffness factor relating support and sidelap connection flexibilities
= 1.00 for steel panels with lap-down on steel supports
= Sf/Ss for steel panels with lap-up on steel supports
= 0.50 for steel panels on wood supports
where
Sf = Structural support connection shear flexibility determined in accordance with
Appendix 1, in./kip (mm/kN)
Ss = Sidelap connection shear flexibility determined in accordance with Appendix 1,
16 AISI S310-23

in./kip (mm/kN)
µ = Poisson’s ratio for steel
= 0.3
d = Panel corrugation pitch. See Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
s = Developed flute width per pitch. Defined in Section D1.1, in. (mm)
C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections
 2L 
 Et   S 
=   2 α + n α + 2n f S f (Eq. D1.2-2)
 w   3 p 4 s 
Ss 

where
L = Total panel length
α3 = Measure of exterior support fastener group distribution across a panel width,
w, at an interior panel
∑ xe
= (Eq. D1.2-3)
w
w = Panel cover width at the interior panel
α4 = Measure of interior support fastener group distribution across a panel width, w,
at an interior panel
∑ xp
= (Eq. D1.2-4)
w
xp = Distance from panel centerline to an interior support connection in an interior panel
np = Number of interior supports along a total panel length, L
ns = Number of sidelap connections along a total panel length, L, and not into supports
γc = Support factor for warping determined in accordance with Table D1.2-1

Table D1.2-1
Support Factor, γc

Spans 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
γc 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.71 0.64 0.58

Dn = Unitless warping factor considering distortion at panel ends determined using the
parameters as shown in Figure D1.1-1
D
= (Eq. D1.2-5)
L
where
D = Weighted average Di value for warping across the panel width, w, in. (mm)
= U 1D 1 + U 2 D 2 + U 3 D 3 + U 4 D 4 (Eq. D1.2-6)
U1 + U 2 + U 3 + U 4
where
U1 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every valley across the panel
width, w
U2 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every second valley across the
panel width, w
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 17

U3 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every third valley across the

panel width, w
U4 = Number of corrugations having fasteners in every fourth valley across the
panel width, w
D1 = Value for warping where bottom flange fastener is in every valley
γ 1f
= in. (mm) (Eq. D1.2-7)
d(t)1.5
D2 = Value for warping where bottom flange fastener is in every second valley
γ2f
= in. (mm) (Eq. D1.2-8)
2d(t)1.5
D3 = Value for warping where bottom flange fastener is in every third valley
γ3f
= in. (mm) (Eq. D1.2-9)
3d(t)1.5
D4 = Value for warping where bottom flange fastener is in every fourth valley
γ4f
= in. (mm) (Eq. D1.2-10)
4d(t)1.5
where
γi = Final displacement indicator at top of corrugation for valley fastener cases,
i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)
γ1 = δt1 (Eq. D1.2-11)
2e
γ3 = 2 δt2 + δb2 (Eq. D1.2-12)
f
γ3 =  2e  (Eq. D1.2-13)
2 δt3 + δtc3 + 2   δb3
 f 
γ4 =  2e  (Eq. D1.2-14)
2( δt4 + δtc4 ) +   (2 δb4 + δbc4 )
 f 
where
δti = Lateral displacement indicator at top of corrugation for valley fastener
cases, i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)
δbi = Lateral displacement indicator at bottom of corrugation for valley
fastener cases, i = 1 to 4, in.2.5 (mm2.5)
δb1 = 0 for fasteners in the bottom flat of each flute.
0.25
 κ t1 
δt1 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-15)
κ t1  4f (f + w) 
0.25
 κ t2 
δt2 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-16)
κ t2  4f (f + w) 
0.25
 κ t3 
δt3 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-17)
κ t3  4f (f + w) 
18 AISI S310-23

0.25
 κ t4 
δt4 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-18)
κ t4  4f (f + w) 
0.25
 κ b2
δb2 = 48e  2  (Eq. D1.2-19)
κ b2  16e (2e + w) 
0.25
 κ b3
δb3 = 48e  2  (Eq. D1.2-20)
κ b3  16e (2e + w) 
0.25
 κ b4
δb4 = 48e  2  (Eq. D1.2-21)
κ b4  16e (2e + w) 
0.25
 κ tc3 
δtc3 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-22)
κ tc3  4f (f + w) 
0.25
 κ tc4 
δtc4 = 24f  2  (Eq. D1.2-23)
κ tc4  4f (f + w) 
0.25
 κ bc4 
δbc4 = 48e  2  (Eq. D1.2-24)
κ bc4  16e (2e + w) 
where
κij = Spring constant indicator required for D, 1/in.3 (1/mm3)
1
κt1 = (Eq. D1.2-25)
δ
δ22 − 212
1
κt2 = (Eq. D1.2-26)
2e δ12 + δ22
f 2
1
κt3 = (Eq. D1.2-27)
( 0.5 + ) δ12 + δ22
2e
f
1
κt4 = (Eq. D1.2-28)
( 1 + ) δ12 + δ22
3e
f
2e
f
κb2 = (Eq. D1.2-29)
2e δ11 + δ12
f 2
2e
f
κb3 = (Eq. D1.2-30)
( 0.5 + 2ef ) δ11 + δ12
2e
f
κb4 = (Eq. D1.2-31)
( 1 + 3ef ) δ11 + δ12
1
κtc3 = (Eq. D1.2-32)
( 0.5 + 2ef ) δ11 + δ22 + δ212
1
κtc4 = (Eq. D1.2-33)
( 1 + 3ef ) δ11 + δ22 + ( 1 + ef ) δ12
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 19

2e
f
κbc4 = (Eq. D1.2-34)
( 1 + 4ef ) δ11 + 2δ12
where
δij = Deflection indicator of profile racking per unit load per unit length
required for D, in.3 (mm3)
Dd2
δ11 = ( 2w + 3f ) (Eq. D1.2-35)
3
δ
δ12 = 11 (Eq. D1.2-36)
2
2
1  Dd 
 [s ( 4e 2 − 2ef + f 2 ) + d (3f + 2w)]
2
δ22 =  (Eq. D1.2-37)
12  d 

D2 Perforated Profiled Panels

This section shall apply to perforated profiled panels within the limits specified in Section D1.

D2.1 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length, Sn, for perforated profiled panels shall be
determined using Section D1.1 with the following modifications:
(a) The modified panel moment of inertia, Ixg, is obtained from the manufacturer and used in
Eq. D1.1-5.
(b) In Eq. D1.1-5, the developed flute width per pitch, s, is determined in accordance with Eq.
D1.1-15 using modified element lengths by setting e = ep, f = fp, and w = wp where:
ep = K 1/3
E
e (Eq. D2.1-1)
e

fp = K 1/3
E
f (Eq. D2.1-2)
f

wp = K 1/3
E
w (Eq. D2.1-3)
w
where
KEi = Indicator of relative flexural stiffness of an element without perforations to the
stiffness of the element with perforations over part of its length
= 1 + A i3  1 − 1  (Eq. D2.1-4)
k 
where
Ai = Ratio of perforated width to the full element width
i = Index of perforated elements in a profile
= e at bottom flat
= w at web
= f at top flat
Ae = Ratio of bottom perforated width to the bottom width
Af = Ratio of top perforated width to the top width
Aw = Ratio of web perforated width to the web width
20 AISI S310-23

k = Ratio of the perforated element stiffness relative to that of a solid element

= 0.9 + p2o - 1.875po for 0.2 ≤ po ≤ 0.58 (Eq. D2.1-5)
= 1 - 2.175po for po < 0.2 (Eq. D2.1-6)
where
po = Ratio of the area of perforations to the total area in the perforated band
dp2
= 0.9069 2 (Eq. D2.1-7)
cp
where
dp = Perforation hole diameter
cp = Hole center-to-center spacing
(c) In Eq. D1.1-16 the perforated web adjustment factor, qs, is calculated in accordance with Eq.
D2.1-8.
 Wp 
qs = 1 − (1 − k)   (Eq. D2.1-8)
 h 
where
k = Ratio of the perforated element stiffness relative to that of a solid element
calculated in accordance with Eqs. D2.1-5 and D2.1-6
Wp = Width of perforation band in web flat of width, w
h = Flat dimension of web measured in plane of web
Where panel connections are not installed at a perforated zone of the panel, Pnf and Pns are
permitted to be determined in accordance with Appendix 1, as applicable, using the nominal
connection strength [resistance] at an unperforated element.
Where panel connections are installed at a perforated zone of the panel, the connection nominal
shear strength [resistance] per fastener, Pnf or Pns, shall be determined in accordance with
Chapter G.

D2.2 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, for perforated profiled panels shall be calculated in accordance
with Section D1.2 with the following modifications:
(a) In Eq. D1.2-1, the developed flute width per pitch, s, is determined in accordance with Eq.
D2.2-1.
s = 2e + 2w + f + (Ep + 2w p + Fp )  1 − 1  (Eq. D2.2-1)
k 
where
Ep = Width of perforation band in the bottom flat of width, 2e, in. (mm)
Wp = Width of perforation band in the web flat of width, w, in. (mm)
Fp = Width of perforation band in the top flat of width, f, in. (mm)
k = Ratio of the perforated element stiffness relative to that of a solid element
calculated in accordance with Eqs. D2.1-5 and D2.1-6
(b) The slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections, C, is determined using Eq. D1.2-2 with support connection shear flexibility, Sf, and
sidelap connection shear flexibility, Ss, determined as follows:
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 21

(1) In accordance with Appendix 1, as applicable, for fasteners located in nonperforated

zones of an element; or
(2) In accordance with Section G for fasteners located in perforated zones of an element.
(c) The unitless warping factor considering distortion at panel ends, Dn, is determined in
accordance with Eq. D1.2-5 with the following modifications:
(1) Modified element lengths are used by setting e = ep, f = fp, and w = wp in Eq. D1.1-15
and Eq. D1.2-35 through Eq. D1.2-37 where:
ep = Determined in accordance with Eq. D2.1-1
fp = Determined in accordance with Eq. D2.1-2
wp = Determined in accordance with Eq. D2.1-3

D3 Cellular Panels
This section shall apply to cellular panels comprised of a profiled panel interconnected to a flat
sheet without perforated elements within the following limits:
(a) 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) ≤ cellular panels depth ≤ 7.5 in. (191 mm),
(b) 0.034 in. (0.864 mm) ≤ bottom plate base steel thickness ≤ 0.064 in. (1.63 mm),
(c) 0.034 in. (0.864 mm) ≤ top profiled panel base steel thickness ≤ 0.064 in. (1.63 mm),
(d) Support fastener types are welds, screws, or power-actuated fasteners,
(e) No insulation between the cellular panel and the support,
(f) Fastener edge dimensions satisfy requirements specified in AISI S100,
(g) Top profiled panel pitch ≤ 12 in. (305 mm), and
(h) Support fastener spacing ≤ 18 in. (460 mm).

D3.1 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length, Sn, for cellular panels without perforations
shall be determined using Section D1.1 with the following modifications:
(a) In lieu of Eq. D1.1-4, the nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm or
wall diaphragm controlled by connections along the ends of interior or edge panels and into
exterior supports, Snp, shall be calculated in accordance with Eq. D3.1-1.
Snp = NPnf (Eq. D3.1-1)
where
N = Number of support fasteners per unit width at an interior or edge panel’s end
Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener determined
in accordance with Appendix 1
(b) The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of cellular panels controlled by panel
out-of-plane buckling, Sno, is calculated in accordance with Eq. D1.1-5, with the following
modifications:
(1) Ixg= Moment of inertia of fully effective cellular panel per unit width, in.4/ft (mm4/mm)
(2) t = Base metal thickness of the top profiled panel in cellular panel, in. (mm)
(3) d = Panel corrugation pitch of the top profiled panel in cellular panel, in. (mm)
(4) s = Developed flute width per pitch of the top profiled panel in cellular panel calculated
22 AISI S310-23

in accordance with Eq. D1.1-15, in. (mm)

(c) The shear limit of local web crippling, Sn, Eq. D1.1-6 which determines the shear limit of
local web buckling, shall not be applied to cellular panel diaphragm shear strength.
(d) The nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener, Pnf, shall be
determined in accordance with Appendix 1 using the total thickness of both top profiled panel
and bottom plate that are penetrated by the fastener above the plane of shear transfer at the
support.
(e) The nominal shear strength [resistance] of a sidelap connection per fastener, Pns, shall be
determined in accordance with Appendix 1 using the thickness of the element containing
the sidelap fastener. Where the sidelap is button punched:
(1) Pns = 0.00, or
(2) Pns shall be determined in accordance with Chapter G.

D3.2 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, for cellular panels without perforated elements shall be
calculated in accordance with Eq. D3.2-1.
Et
G’ = (Eq. D3.2-1)
Aa + C
where
G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m)
Aa = Material shear deformation component for cellular panel
2.6 ds
= (Eq. D3.2-2)
st
1 + w bt
d
where
s = Developed flute width of top profiled panel in cellular panel in accordance with
Eq. D1.1-15 in which the variables are defined as follows, in. (mm):
e = Distance from the top profiled panel longitudinal fastener to the web, in. (mm)
f = Top flat width of top profiled panel measured between points of intercept
illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
w = Web flat width of top profiled panel measured between points of intercept
illustrated in Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
d = Top profiled panel corrugation pitch, in. (mm)
wd = Distance measured across the width and between longitudinal rows of fasteners
connecting the top profiled panel to the bottom plate, in. (mm)
tb = Base steel thickness of bottom plate in cellular panel, in. (mm)
t = Base steel thickness of top profiled panel in cellular panel, in. (mm)
C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections; defined by Eq. D1.2-2, in which:
(a) Structural support connection shear flexibility, Sf, is based on the total thickness of
elements above the shear transfer plane, in./kip (mm/kN),
(b) Sidelap connection shear flexibility, Ss, is based on the thickness of the element
containing the sidelap fastener, in./kip (mm/kN), and
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 23

(c) t is the top profiled panel thickness, in. (mm)

D4 Perforated Cellular Panels

This section shall apply to cellular panels with perforated elements within the limits described
in Section D3.

D4.1 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length, Sn, for cellular panels with perforations
shall be determined using Section D3.1 with the following modifications:
(a) The moment of inertia, Ixg, shall be modified for perforation in the top or bottom elements,
as applicable. The modified Ixg is permitted to be obtained from the manufacturer.
(b) If the top profiled panel is perforated, the developed flute width of top profiled panel in the
cellular panel, s, shall be modified in accordance with Section D1.2 as specified for perforated
profiled panels.

D4.2 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness for perforated cellular panels shall be calculated in accordance
with Eq. D3.2-1 with Aa determined in accordance with Eq. D4.2-1 and C defined in this section:
2.6 s'
d
Aa = (Eq. D4.2-1)
s' t b
1 + d' t
where
C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections determined in accordance with Section D3.2. Sf and Ss are determined
in accordance with Chapter G for fasteners located in perforated zones of an
element.
Aa = Material shear deformation component for perforated cellular panel
s’ = Developed flute width of top profiled panel per width, wd, in cellular panel in
accordance with Eq. D2.2-1
d’ = Equivalent width of cellular panel perforated bottom plate adjusted for perforations
and measured between longitudinal rows of fasteners connecting the top profiled
panel to the bottom plate, in. (mm)
 1 
= wd + wdp  − 1 (Eq. D4.2-2)
k
 b 
where
wd = Distance measured across the width and between longitudinal rows of fasteners
connecting the top profiled panel to the bottom plate, in. (mm)
wdp= Total width of perforation bands in bottom plate width, wd, in. (mm)
kb = Ratio of perforated element stiffness relative to that of a solid element in the
perforated bottom plate of cellular panel of the same thickness, tb, and determined
in accordance with Eqs. D2.1-5 and D2.1-6
24 AISI S310-23

E. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FILLED PROFILED PANELS

This chapter addresses the diaphragm shear strength and diaphragm shear stiffness for structural
concrete filled profiled panels and cellular panels.
The chapter is organized as follows:
E1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panels
E2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

E1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panels

This section shall apply to structural concrete filled profiled panels within the following limits:
(a) 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) ≤ profiled panel depth ≤ 3 in. (76.2 mm),
(b) 0.014 in. (0.356 mm) ≤ base steel panel thickness ≤ 0.075 in. (1.91 mm),
(c) Fastener types include steel headed stud anchors, welds with or without washers, bolts,
screws, and power-actuated fasteners,
(d) 33 ksi (230 MPa) ≤ specified Fy of profiled panel ≤ 80 ksi (550 MPa),
45 ksi (310 MPa) ≤ specified Fu of profiled panel ≤ 82 ksi (565 MPa),
(e) Structural Concrete placed on steel deck shall conform to ACI 318 Chapter 19 for the United
States and Mexico, or CSA A23.3 Chapter 4 for Canada. Admixtures containing chloride salts
or other substances that are corrosive or otherwise deleterious to the profiled panels shall not
be permitted,
(f) Structural concrete fill has a minimum thickness of 2 in. (50.8 mm) of fill over top of profiled
panel,
(g) The maximum design thickness of structural concrete fill over the top of profiled panel is 6 in.
(152 mm),
(h) Structural concrete has a specified compressive strength, f’c, not less than 2500 psi (17.2 MPa),
and
(i) Deformed bar reinforcement conforms to ASTM A615 or A706 and welded wire reinforcing
conforms to ASTM A1064 or A1022. Minimum concrete cover over reinforcement and
minimum bar spacing is in accordance with ACI 318. The maximum spacing of reinforcement
is the lesser of five times ta or 18 in. (457 mm). The minimum reinforcement ratio is 0.001
where reinforcement ratio is calculated as Av/(tab), where variables Av, ta and b are defined
in Section D4.1.1.
Exception: If reinforcement does not meet these requirements, the area of reinforcement, Av, is
taken as zero in the calculation of available diaphragm shear strength [factored resistance].

E1.1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The available shear strength [factored resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled
profiled panel shall be the least available strength [factored resistance] obtained from the limit
states controlled by either connection strength or diagonal tension cracking using the applicable
resistance factors or safety factors in Table E1.1-1.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 25

Table E1.1-1
Safety Factors and Resistance Factors
Limit State
Support Load Type or Diagonal Tension
Connection Connection Strength, Snf
Member Combinations Cracking, Snt
Type
Type Including Ω φ φ Ω φ φ
(ASD) (LRFD) (LSD) (ASD) (LRFD) (LSD)
Welded
Headed 3.00 0.55 0.50
Shear Studs
Steel All Welds AISI S100 Section J2
Bolts AISI S100 Section J3
2.00 0.80 0.75
Screws AISI S100 Section J4
All Others Chapter G
Screws
Wood All NDS
Nails
All Others All All Others Chapter G

The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled profiled
panel controlled by connection strength, Snf, shall be calculated using Eq. E1.1-3:
Snf = Pnf Nc (Eq. E1.1-3)
where
Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener determined in
accordance with AISC 360 for welded steel headed stud anchors or Appendix 1 as
applicable
Nc = Average number of support fasteners per unit width

The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled profiled
panel controlled by diagonal tension cracking shall be calculated using Eq. E1.1-4.
S nt =k c λ LW bt e f 'c + A v Fys ≤ 0.0075bt e f 'c (Eq. E1.1-4)
where
kc = Factor for structural concrete strength
= 3.2/1000 For U.S. customary units (Eq. E1.1-5a)
= 0.266/1000 For SI units (Eq. E1.1-5b)
λLW = Factor for lightweight concrete
= 1.0 For normal weight concrete
= 0.75 For lightweight concrete
= 0.85 For sand-lightweight concrete
b = Unit width of diaphragm with structural concrete fill, 12 in. for U. S. customary units
and 1000 mm for SI units
te = Equivalent transformed concrete thickness, in. (mm)
d
= t a + n sc t (Eq. E1.1-6)
s
ta = Average thickness of structural concrete, calculated as the cross-sectional area of
the structural concrete over one profiled panel divided by the width of the profiled
26 AISI S310-23

panel, in. (mm)

nsc = Modular ratio of steel profiled panel to concrete
= E (Eq. E1.1-7)
Ec
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete in accordance with ACI 318
t = Base steel thickness of panel, in. (mm)
d = Panel corrugation pitch. See Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
s = Developed flute width per pitch. Defined in Eq. D1.1-15, in. (mm)
f’c = Specified concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa)
Av = Cross-sectional area per unit width, b, of reinforcement oriented parallel to the
direction of shear, in.2 (mm2)
Fys = Specified minimum yield stress of reinforcement, ksi (GPa)
User Note:
If reinforcement does not meet the requirements of D4, then the area of reinforcement, Av, is taken
as zero. It is permitted to use Av equal to zero even if reinforcement meets the requirements of D4.

E1.2 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, for a structural concrete filled profiled panel diaphragm shall
be calculated in accordance with Eq. E2.2-1.
 D   E   d 
G’ = 4.8  d c + d  + t      f 'c (Eq. E1.2-1)
 2   Ec   s  
where
G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m)
dc = Structural concrete thickness above top of profiled panel, in. (mm)
Dd = Depth of panel, in. (mm)
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete in accordance with ACI 318, ksi (MPa)
t = Base steel thickness of the profiled panel, in. (mm)
d = Panel corrugation pitch, in. (mm)
s = Developed flute width per pitch, in. (mm)
f’c = Specified structural concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa)

E2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

This section shall apply to structural concrete filled cellular panels with top profiled panels in
cellular panel and properties that are within the limits described in Section E1.

E2.1 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The available shear strength [factored resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled
cellular panel shall be determined in accordance with Section E1.1.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 27

E2.2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, for a structural concrete filled cellular panel shall be calculated
in accordance with Section E1.2.
28 AISI S310-23

F. INSULATING CONCRETE FILLED PANELS

This chapter addresses the shear strength and diaphragm shear stiffness for insulating concrete
filled profiled and cellular panels.
The chapter is organized as follows:
F1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panels
F2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

F1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panels

This section shall apply to insulating concrete filled profiled panels within the following limits:
(a) 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) ≤ profiled panel depth ≤ 3 in. (76.2 mm),
(b) 0.014 in. (0.356 mm) ≤ base steel panel thickness ≤ 0.075 in. (1.91 mm),
(c) Fastener types include welds with or without washers, screws, and power-actuated fasteners,
(d) 33 ksi (230 MPa) ≤ specified Fy of profiled panel ≤ 80 ksi (550 MPa),
45 ksi (310 MPa) ≤ specified Fu of profiled panel ≤ 82 ksi (565 MPa),
(e) The maximum design thickness of insulating concrete fill over the top of profiled panels is 6 in.
(152 mm),
(f) For lightweight insulating concrete without polystyrene inserts, the minimum thickness over
the top of profiled panels is 2.5 in. (63.5 mm),
(g) Insulating concrete aggregate conforms to ASTM C332,
(h) Cellular insulating concrete foaming agent shall comply with ASTM C869,
(i) Minimum insulating concrete thickness above insulating board shall be 2 in. (50.8 mm), and
(j) Insulating board shall not be installed within 3 ft (0.915 m) of a lateral force-resisting system line
if the insulating concrete fill contributes to the nominal diaphragm shear strength [resistance] per
unit length.

F1.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Shear Strength

The available shear strength [factored resistance] per unit length of insulating concrete filled
profiled panels shall be obtained from the limit state controlled by connection strength.
S n S ni
= for ASD (Eq. F1.1-1)
Ω Ω
φSn = φSnf for LRFD and LSD (Eq. F1.1-2)
where
Sn = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of insulating concrete filled profiled
panel diaphragm
Sni = Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of insulating concrete filled profiled
panel diaphragm controlled by connections
Ω = Safety factor per Table F1.1-1
φ = Resistance factor per Table F1.1-1
 North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 29

Table F1.1-1
Safety Factors and Resistance Factors
Limit State
Support Load Type or Connection Strength, Sni
Connection
Member Combinations
Type Ω φ φ
Type Including
(ASD) (LRFD) (LSD)
Welds or
3.25 0.50 0.45
Steel All Screws
All Others Chapter G
All Others All All Others Chapter G

The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of insulating concrete filled profiled
panels controlled by connections at interior panels or edge panels and fill shear strength shall be
calculated using Eq. F1.1-3 or Eq. F1.1-4, as applicable.
(a) Insulating concrete without insulating board infill:
βPnf 4
=S ni + bd c f 'c for U.S. customary units (Eq. F1.1-3a)
L 3000
βPnf
=S ni + 1.11(10)−4 bd c f 'c for SI units (Eq. F1.1-3b)
L
where
dc = Insulating concrete thickness above top of profiled panel, in. (mm)
f’c = Specified insulating concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa)
Other parameters and required units are defined in Section D1.1.
(b) Insulating concrete with insulating board infill:
βPnf
=S ni + 0.064 f 'c for U.S. customary units (Eq. F1.1-4a)
L
βPnf
=S ni + 1.12 f 'c for SI units (Eq. F1.1-4b)
L
where
f’c = Specified insulating concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa)
Other parameters and required units are defined in Section D1.1.
User Note:
See Commentary Figure C-F1.1-2 for insulation board detailing practices.

F1.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

Diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, shall be calculated in accordance with Eq. F1.2-1 for insulating
concrete filled profiled panels.
Et
=G' + K3 (Eq. F1.2-1)
2(1 + µ ) ds + C
where
G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m)
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
t = Base steel thickness of profiled panel, in. (mm)
30 AISI S310-23

K3 = Stiffness contribution of the insulating concrete fill

= 3.5d c (f c' )0.7 , kip/in. for U.S. customary units (Eq. F1.2-2a)
= 786d c (f c' )0.7 , kN/m for SI units (Eq. F1.2-2b)
where
dc = Insulating concrete thickness above top of profiled panel, in. (mm)
f c' = Specified insulating concrete compressive strength, psi (MPa)
µ = Poisson’s ratio for steel
= 0.3
s = Developed flute width per pitch. Defined in Section D1.1, in. (mm)
d = Panel corrugation pitch. See Figure D1.1-1, in. (mm)
C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections. Defined in Section D1.2

F2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

This section shall apply to insulating concrete filled cellular panels with top profiled panel in
cellular panel and properties that satisfy the limits of applicability given in Section F1.

F2.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The available shear strength [factored resistance] per unit length of an insulating concrete filled
cellular panel shall be determined in accordance with Section F1.1.

F2.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, shall be calculated in accordance with Eq. F2.2-1 for
insulating concrete-filled cellular panels.
Et
=G' + K3
Aa + C (Eq. F2.2-1)
where
G’ = Diaphragm shear stiffness, kip/in. (kN/m)
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
t = Base steel thickness of top profiled panel in cellular panel, in. (mm)
K3 = Stiffness contribution of the structural concrete fill. Defined in Section E1.2
Aa = Material shear deformation component for cellular panel determined in accordance
with Section D3.2
= Material shear deformation component for perforated cellular panel determined in
accordance with Section D4.2
C = Slip constant considering slippage at sidelap connections and distortion at support
connections. Defined in Section D1.2
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 31

G. TEST-BASED DESIGN
This chapter addresses test-based determination of the diaphragm shear strength and diaphragm
shear stiffness for steel panels and concrete filled steel panels.
The chapter is organized as follows:
G1 Panel Connections
G2 Diaphragm Assemblies

G1 Panel Connections
This section shall apply to testing of connections for use with the design methods in sections
C, D, E and F.
User Note:
Connection strengths and stiffnesses determined in this section may be used to aid in analysis of
test results in Section G2.
G1.1 Test Standards
Panel connections shall be tested in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter K or an alternate
published test standard for the material combination under consideration. The following test
methods shall be considered acceptable published test standards:
(a) AISI S905 for steel-to-steel connections,
(b) AISI S923 for concrete-to-steel composite connections,
(b) ASTM D1761 for steel-to-wood connections, or
(c) ASTM E1190 or E488 for steel-to-concrete connections.

G1.2 Panel In-Plane Shear Strength and Stiffness Using Test-Based Connections
The analysis of connection test data shall be in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter K using
the target reliability index and statistical data for connections in AISI Chapter K to determine
the resistance factor. The resistance factor developed from connection testing shall not exceed the
resistance factor to be applied to the panel connection nominal design strength [resistance] as
specified in Chapter D, E, F or G. The basis of comparison for the test-based connection resistance
factor shall be for the same type of connection. Power-actuated fasteners and other mechanical
connections are permitted to be compared with screws.
For allowable strength design, the safety factor shall be determined from the governing
resistance factor, using the conversion in AISI S100 Chapter K.
Connection shear flexibility (stiffness) of test-based connections shall be determined in
accordance with AISI S905. For alternate published standards that do not provide a method for
Connection Shear Flexibility (stiffness), the provisions of AISI S905 shall be applied.

G2 Diaphragm Assemblies
This section shall apply to the testing of diaphragm assemblies to determine the strength of a
specific assembly, or to run a range of tests to establish a general diaphragm design model.
32 AISI S310-23

G2.1 Test Standards

Diaphragm assembly test shall be in accordance with AISI S907 or an alternate published
test standard for the material combination under consideration.

G2.2 Test-Based Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness

Analysis of the test results of diaphragm assemblies shall be in accordance with AISI S100
Chapter K using statistical data for determination of the resistance factor as follows:
Cφ = 1.6 for LRFD (United States and Mexico)
= 1.5 for LSD (Canada)
VQ = 0.25
For LRFD:
βo = 2.5 for all wind load governed diaphragms when connection strength governs.
= 3.5 for seismic and all other load types (except wind) governed diaphragms when
connection strength governs.
= 2.0 for all load types where stability limit state governs.
For LSD:
βo = 3.0 for all wind load governed diaphragms when connection strength governs.
= 4.0 for seismic and all other load types (except wind) governed diaphragms when
connection strength governs.
= 2.5 for all load types where stability limit state governs.
For diaphragm assemblies, the statistical factors in Table G2.2-1 shall be used for the
determination of the resistance factor for diaphragm assemblies. All other statistical factors shall
be in accordance with AISI S100 Table K2.1.1-1.
Table G2.2-1
Statistical Data for the Determination of Resistance Factor
Type of Component Mm VM Fm VF
Members
Panel stability (out-of-plane and web buckling) 1.10 0.10 1.00 0.05
Connections
Screws and power-actuated fasteners 1.10 0.08 1.00 0.05
into steel supports

All other statistical factors for determination of the resistance factor and corresponding safety
factors shall be in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter K.
Diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, shall be determined in accordance with AISI S907. For
alternate published standards that do not provide a method for determining diaphragm shear
stiffness, G’, the provisions of S907 shall be applied.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 33

Appendix 1: Connection Strength and Stiffness

1.1 Scope
This appendix addresses the strength and elastic stiffness (flexibility) of connections for profiled
steel diaphragm panels not otherwise covered within AISI S100 Chapter J.

1.2 Welded Connections

1.2.1 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection Shear
Flexibility
The connection shear flexibility of each arc spot weld between the sheet or sheets and a thicker
supporting member shall be determined in accordance with Eq. 1.2.1-1:
1.15α
S= (Eq. 1.2.1-1)
1000 t
where
S = Connection shear flexibility of an arc spot weld between the sheet or sheets and a thicker
supporting member, in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
t = Total combined base steel thickness of panel involved in shear transfer above the shear
transfer plane, in. (mm)

1.2.2 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connection Shear Flexibility

The connection shear flexibility of each arc spot weld between sheets shall be determined in
accordance with Eq. 1.2.2-1:
1.25α
S= (Eq. 1.2.2-1)
1000 t
where
S = Connection shear flexibility of an arc spot weld between sheets, in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
t = Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of thinner connected sheet, in. (mm)

1.2.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting
Member
1.2.3.1 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Shear Strength
For arc spot welds with washers, the nominal shear strength [resistance], Pn, shall be the
lesser of AISI S100 Eq. J2.2.2.1-1 and Eq. 1.2.2.1-1. To determine de in AISI S100 Eq. J2.2.2.1-
5, d shall be replaced by do and t shall be as defined below.

Eqs. 1.2.3.1-1a and 1.2.3.1-1b shall apply with the following limits:
(a) do ≥ 3/8 in. (9.53 mm),
34 AISI S310-23

(b) 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) < washer thickness < 0.08 in. (2.03 mm), and
(c) Washer tensile strength, Fu washer ≥45 ksi (310 MPa), and is permitted to be less than the
tensile strength of the element to be welded.
Pn = 99t(1.33do + 0.3Fxx t) in U.S. customary units (Eq. 1.2.3.1-1a)
 d F t in SI units (Eq. 1.2.3.1-1b)
Pn = 17.3t  o + xx 
 19.1 584 
where
do = Hole diameter in washer, in. (mm)
t = Total combined base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of sheets beneath the
washer and above the shear transfer plane, in. (mm)
Fxx = Tensile strength of electrode classification, ksi (MPa)
Pn = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of arc spot weld with washer, kip (kN)
See AISI S100 Figure J2.2-2 for details.

1.2.3.2 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Connection Shear Flexibility

The connection shear flexibility of each arc spot weld with washer shall be determined in
accordance with Eq. 1.2.2-1.

1.2.3.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Tension Strength

The uplift nominal tensile strength [resistance], Pnt, of each arc spot weld with washer shall
be determined in accordance with AISI S100 Section J2.2.3 where the diameter of the hole in
the weld washer, do, shall be used in lieu of the visible diameter, d, to determine de in AISI
S100 Eq. J2.2.3-1 and da in AISI S100 Eq. J2.2.3-2.

1.2.3.4 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Combined Shear and Tension
For an arc spot weld connection with washer subjected to a combination of shear and
tension, an interaction check shall be applied in accordance with AISI S100 Section J2.2.4.

1.2.4 Arc Seam Welds

1.2.4.1 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection
Shear Flexibility
The connection shear flexibility of each arc seam weld between the sheet or sheets and a
thicker supporting member shall be determined in accordance with Eq. 1.2.1.2-1.

1.2.4.2 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connection Shear Flexibility

The connection shear flexibility of each arc seam weld between sheets shall be determined
in accordance with Eq. 1.2.1.4-1.
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 35

1.2.5 Top Arc Seam Welds

1.2.5.1 Top Arc Seam Weld Connection Shear Flexibility
The connection shear flexibility of each top arc seam weld between sheets shall be
determined in accordance with Eq. 1.2.4.1-1:
0.25
1.12 α  L w 
S=   (Eq. 1.2.4.1-1)
1000 t  α 5 
where
S = Connection shear flexibility of a top arc seam weld formed between two sheets,
in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
α5 = Conversion factor for units
= 1.5 for U.S. customary units
= 38 for SI units
t = Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of thinner connected sheet, in. (mm)
Lw = Length of top arc seam sidelap weld, in. (mm). See AISI S100 Figure J2.4.1-1 for
details.

1.3 Screw Connections

1.3.1 Screw Connection Shear Flexibility
The connection shear flexibility of each screw connection shall be determined in accordance
with this section.
For t2/t1 ≤ 1.0, Screw connection shear flexibility, S, shall be taken as the larger of Equations
1.3.1-1a and 1.3.1-1b:
3.0α
S= (Eq. 1.3.1-1a)
1000 t 1
3.0α
S= (Eq. 1.3.1-1b)
1000 t 2
For t2/t1 ≥ 2.5,
1.3α
S= (Eq. 1.3.1-2)
1000 t 2
For 1.0 < t2/t1 < 2.5, Screw connection shear flexibility, S, shall be calculated by linear
interpolation between the above two cases.
where
S = Connection shear flexibility of a screw connection, in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
t1 = Thickness of member in contact with screw head or washer, in. (mm)
t2 = Thickness of member not in contact with screw head or washer, in. (mm)
36 AISI S310-23

Eq. 1.3.1-2 shall be limited to screw size #12 (nominal diameter = 0.216 in. (5.49 mm)) or
#14 (nominal diameter = 0.25 in. (6.35 mm)).

1.3.2 Screw Shear Strength and Stiffness Through Insulation

The nominal shear strength [resistance], Pn, of a screw connection shall be determined in
accordance with AISI S100 Section J4.3 with compressed insulation not exceeding 3/8 in. (9.5
mm).
The strength for screws with a maximum of 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) of compressed insulation, Pnf
or Pnfs shall be multiplied by a factor of 0.95 for load combinations including wind or 0.80 for
load combinations including earthquake and all others.
The screw connection shear flexibility, S, with up to 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) of compressed insulation
shall be determined in accordance with Section 1.3.1.

1.4 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections

1.4.1 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Combined Shear and Tension
The shear and uplift (tension) connection interaction shall be established by small-scale tests.
The safety factor and resistance factor of the interaction equation shall be determined in
accordance with Section E1.2.2. In lieu of interaction testing, Pnft is permitted to be determined
using Eq. 1.4.1-1.
For ASD
Pnft T
+ ≤1 (Eq. 1.4.1-1a)
Pnf P P 
min  nov + not 
 Ω tov Ω tot 
For LRFD and LSD
Pnft T
+ ≤1 (Eq. 1.4.1-1b)
Pnf min ( φtov Pnov + φtot Pnot )
where
Pnf = Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener in the absence
of a tensile load
Pnft= Nominal shear strength [resistance] of a support connection per fastener in the presence
of a tensile load
Pnov = Nominal tension strength [resistance] of a support connection per power-actuated fastener
controlled by pull-over
Pnot = Nominal tension strength [resistance] of a support connection per power-actuated fastener
controlled by pull-out
T = Required allowable tensile strength of a support connection per fastener determined for
ASD loads and load combinations in accordance with Section A3
�
T = Required tensile strength [tensile force due to factored loads] of a support connection
per fastener determined for LRFD or LSD loads and load combinations in accordance
with Section A3
= Tu for LRFD
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 37

= Tf for LSD
Ωtov= Safety factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-over
= 3.00 (ASD)
Ωtot = Safety factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-out and determined by
test using AISI S100 Chapter K
φtov = Resistance factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-over
= 0.50 (LRFD)
= 0.40 (LSD)
φtot = Resistance factor for a power-actuated fastener controlled by pull-out and determined
by test using AISI S100 Chapter K
User Note:
Power-actuated connection strength and flexibility may be determined by test or taken from another
recognized source such as product research (evaluation) report.

1.5 Button Punch Connections

1.5.1 Non-Piercing Button Punch Shear Strength
For profiled panels less than or equal to 3 in. (76.2 mm) in depth, the nominal shear strength
[resistance], Pns, of a non-piercing button punch sidelap connection shall be determined in
accordance with Eq. 1.5.1-1.
Pns = 0.10 kips (0.45 kN) (Eq. 1.5.1-1)

1.5.2 Non-Piercing Button Punch Connection Shear Flexibility

The connection shear flexibility for non-piercing button punch fasteners in panels shall be
determined in accordance with Eq. 1.5.2-1.
30.0α
S= (Eq. 1.5.2-1)
1000 t
where
S = Connection shear flexibility of a non-piercing button punch, in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
t = Base steel thickness (exclusive of coatings) of thinner connected sheet, in. (mm)

1.6 Fasteners Into Wood Supports

Where a wood screw or nail is driven through the panel’s bottom flat and into a wood support,
the nominal connection shear strength [resistance], Pnf, and connection shear flexibility, Sf, shall be
determined with this section.

1.6.1 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Shear Strength

Shear strength for panel connections to wood supports with screws or nails shall be the
limiting strength of the following:
For panels directly bearing on the wood support, the shear strength of the fastener attaching
38 AISI S310-23

the panel to the wood support shall be determined using the reference lateral design value, Z,
which is based on the yield limit equation methodology in the NDS. Alternately, it is
permissible to determine the lateral reference design value in accordance with the provisions
of TR-12.
For panels with compressed insulation between the panel and wood support, the reference
lateral design value, Z, shall be based on the yield limit equation methodology in TR-12 with
the insulation considered a gap, g, in accordance with TR-12.
The nominal design strength of the screw in a wood support, Pnf, shall be determined in
accordance with Eq. 1.6.1-1.
Pnf = Z’ / φ (Eq. 1.6.1-1)
where
Z’ = LRFD-adjusted lateral design value, Z, in accordance with NDS
φ = Lateral resistance factor in accordance with NDS
The nominal connection strength [resistance] shall not exceed the bearing strength of the screw
or nail bearing on the steel panel based on the bearing strength of a screw determined in
accordance with AISI S100 without the consideration of tilting.

1.6.2 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Flexibility

The connection shear flexibility, Sf, of wood screws or nails fastened into wood supports with
or without a maximum of 3/8 in. (9.53 mm) compressed insulation beneath the panel shall be
determined in accordance with Eq. 1.6.2-1 or Eq. 1.6.2-2, as applicable:
(a) For wood screws or nails fastened through bottom flat and into wood support
1.5α
S= (Eq. 1.6.2-1)
1000 t
(b) For wood screws or nails fastened through top flat and into wood support
3.0α
S= (Eq. 1.6.2-2)
1000 t
where
S = Connection shear flexibility, in./kip (mm/kN)
α = Conversion factor for units
= 1 for U.S. customary units
= 28.8 for SI units
t = Total combined base steel thickness of panel involved in shear transfer above the shear
transfer plane, in. (mm)
Eqs. 1.6.2-1 and 1.6.2-2 shall be limited to:
(1) Wood screw sizes #9 (nominal diameter = 0.177 in. (4.50 mm)) through #14 (nominal
diameter = 0.25 in. (6.35 mm)), and
(2) Nail diameters greater than or equal to 0.148 in. (3.76 mm).

1.6.3 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Combined Shear and Tension
The combined shear and tension strength of the screw or nail connections to wood supports
shall be the limiting strength of the following:
(a) The combined shear and tension strength of the screw or nail connections in wood
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 39

determined in accordance with the NDS provisions for combined lateral and withdrawal
loads for dowel-type fasteners.
(b) The combined shear and pull-over strength for the screw or nail determined in accordance
with AISI S100 provisions for screw connections subject to combined shear and pull-over.
(c) The combined shear and tension strength in screws or nails determined in accordance with
AISI S100 provisions for the screw connection subject to combined shear and tension.
 AISI S310-23-C

AISI STANDARD

Commentary on the
North American Standard
for the Design of Profiled
Steel Diaphragm Panels

2023 EDITION
ii AISI S310-23-C

The material contained herein has been developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI) Committee on Specifications. The Committee has made a diligent effort to present accurate,
reliable, and useful information on cold-formed steel diaphragm design. The Committee
acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous researchers, engineers, and
others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the subject. Specific references are
included in the Commentary on the Standard.
With anticipated improvements in understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel
diaphragms and the continuing development of new technology, this material may eventually
become dated. It is anticipated that future editions of this Standard will update this material as
new information becomes available, but this cannot be guaranteed.
The materials set forth herein are for general information only. They are not a substitute for
competent professional advice. Application of this information to a specific project should be
reviewed by a registered professional engineer. Indeed, in most jurisdictions, such review is
required by law. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein does so at their own risk
and assumes any and all resulting liability arising therefrom.

1st Printing – December 2023

Produced by American Iron and Steel Institute

Copyright American Iron and Steel Institute, 2023
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition iii

PREFACE
This document provides a commentary on the 2023 edition of AISI S310, North American
Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, herein referred to as “Standard.”
The purpose of the Commentary is: (a) to provide a record of the reasoning behind and
justification for the various provisions of the Standard by cross-referencing the published
supporting research data, and by discussing the current edition of the Standard; (b) to offer a brief
but coherent presentation of the characteristics and performance of cold-formed steel diaphragms
to structural engineers and other interested individuals; (c) to furnish the background material
for a study of cold-formed steel diaphragm design methods to educators and students; and (d) to
provide the needed information to those who will be responsible for future revisions of the
Standard. Users are encouraged to refer to the original research publications for further
information.
Consistent with the Standard, the Commentary contains a main document, Chapters A through
G, and Appendix 1.
The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous engineers,
researchers, producers and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the
subjects. The Committee particularly acknowledges the pioneering analytical and research work
conducted by Dr. Larry Luttrell of West Virginia University and Clarkson Pinkham of S. B. Barnes
Associates. Special thanks are given to the formal Chair of the Diaphragm Design Subcommittee,
John Mattingly for his dedication and commitment. Special thanks are also given to Patrick
Bodwell for his effort in reorganizing the content of this edition of the Standard. The Committee
wishes to also express its appreciation for the support of the Steel Deck Institute.

American Iron and Steel Institute

December 2023
iv AISI S310-23-C

SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

The following symbols appear in this Commentary. Refer to the list of Symbols and Definitions
in the Standard for definitions of other symbols.

Symbol Definition Section

Cφ Calibration coefficient D1.1

Cp Correction factor D1.1
Fm Mean value of fabrication factor D1.1
kst Stiffness of a single headed shear stud E1.2
Ld Diaphragm span between shear walls or reaction lines E1.2
Mm Mean value of material factor D1.1
n Total number of tests D1.1
ns Number of headed shear studs in the direction of loading E1.2
Pm Mean value of professional factor D1.1
Qsu Strength of one headed shear stud in the direction of E1.2
loading
VF Coefficient of variation of fabrication factor D1.1
VM Coefficient of variation of material factor D1.1
VQ Coefficient of variation of load effect D1.1
w Uniformly distributed lateral load applied to the diaphragm E1.2
Δz Diaphragm deflection due to connection deformation E1.2
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENTARY ON THE NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE
DESIGN OF PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGM PANELS
Preface......................................................................................................................................................... iii
Symbols and Definitions .......................................................................................................................... iv
COMMENTARY ON THE NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE DESIGN OF PROFILED STEEL
DIAPHRAGM PANELS ........................................................................................................................1
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS ......................................................................................................................2
A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions ............................................................................................... 2
A1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 2
A1.2 Applicability .................................................................................................................................. 2
A1.3 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 3
A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms ....................................................................................................... 5
A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards ........................................................................... 5
A3 Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 5
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................6
B1 General Provisions .............................................................................................................................. 6
B2 Loads and Load Combinations.......................................................................................................... 6
B3 Design Basis.......................................................................................................................................... 6
B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads] .................................................................. 6
B3.2 Design for Strength ...................................................................................................................... 6
B3.3 Design for Diaphragm Panels ..................................................................................................... 6
B3.4 Design of Connections .................................................................................................................. 7
B3.5 Design for Stability...................................................................................................................... 12
B3.6 Design of Floor, Roof and Wall Diaphragm Assemblies ....................................................... 12
B3.7 Design for Serviceability ............................................................................................................ 12
B3.8 Design for Fatigue ....................................................................................................................... 12
B3.9 Design for Corrosion Effects ...................................................................................................... 13
B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations ......................................................................................... 13
B5 Profiled Panel Properties ................................................................................................................... 13
B6 Fabrication and Erection .................................................................................................................... 13
B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance.......................................................................................... 13
B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness ................................................................................................. 13
B8 Evaluation of Existing Diaphragm Panels ...................................................................................... 13
C. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM BY ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 14
D. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM SHEAR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS......................................... 15
D1 Profiled Panels ................................................................................................................................... 15
D1.1 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength .............................................................................. 15
D1.2 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness .............................................................................. 22
D2 Perforated Profiled Panels ................................................................................................................ 23
D2.1 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength .......................................................... 24
D2.2 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness .......................................................... 24
D3 Cellular Panels ................................................................................................................................... 25
D3.1 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength .............................................................................. 26
D3.2 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness .............................................................................. 26
D4 Perforated Cellular Panels ................................................................................................................ 27
D4.1 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength .......................................................... 27
vi AISI S310-23-C

D4.2 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness .......................................................... 27

E. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FILLED PROFILED PANELS ................................................................. 28
E1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panels ..................................................................................... 28
E1.1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................... 28
E1.2 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness................................ 30
E2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panels ..................................................................................... 31
E2.1 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................... 31
E2.2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness................................ 31
F. INSULATING CONCRETE FILLED PANELS ..................................................................................... 32
F1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panels..................................................................................... 32
F1.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................... 32
F1.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ............................... 33
F2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panels..................................................................................... 33
F2.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength ............................... 33
F2.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness ............................... 33
G. TEST-BASED DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 34
G1 Panel Connections ............................................................................................................................. 34
G1.1 Test Standards ............................................................................................................................. 34
G1.2 Panel In-Plane Shear Strength and Stiffness Using Test-Based Connections .................... 35
G2 Diaphragm Assemblies ..................................................................................................................... 35
G2.1 Test Standards ............................................................................................................................. 35
G2.2 Test-Based Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness ....................................................................... 35
APPENDIX 1: CONNECTION STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS................................................................... 37
1.1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................... 37
1.2 Welded Connections ......................................................................................................................... 37
1.2.1 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection
Shear Flexibility .......................................................................................................................... 37
1.2.2 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections Shear Flexibility ........................................ 37
1.2.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member ...... 37
1.2.3.1 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Shear Strength .............................................................. 37
1.2.3.2 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Connection Shear Flexibility ...................................... 37
1.2.3.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Tension Strength .......................................................... 37
1.2.3.4 Arc Spot Weld With a Washer Combined Shear and Tension ................................. 37
1.2.4 Arc Seam Welds .......................................................................................................................... 38
1.2.4.1 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member
Connection Shear Flexibility ........................................................................................ 38
1.2.4.2 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections Shear Flexibility ........................... 38
1.2.5 Top Arc Seam Welds .................................................................................................................. 38
1.2.5.1 Top Arc Seam Weld Connection Shear Flexibility ..................................................... 38
1.3 Screw Connections ............................................................................................................................. 38
1.3.1 Screw Connection Shear Flexibility.......................................................................................... 38
1.3.2 Screw Shear Strength and Stiffness Through Insulation....................................................... 38
1.4 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections ............................................................................... 39
1.4.1 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Combined Shear and Tension .......................................... 39
1.5 Button Punch Connections ............................................................................................................... 39
1.5.1 Non-Piercing Button Punch Shear Strength ........................................................................... 40
1.5.2 Non-Piercing Button Punch Connection Shear Flexibility ................................................... 40
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition vii

1.6 Fasteners Into Wood Supports ......................................................................................................... 40

1.6.1 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Shear Strength............................................ 40
1.6.2 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Flexibility .................................................... 40
1.6.3 Screw or Nail Connection into Wood Support Combined Shear and Tension ................. 41
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................... 42
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 1

COMMENTARY ON THE NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD FOR THE

DESIGN OF PROFILED STEEL DIAPHRAGM PANELS

In 2023, AISI S310 was reorganized with the goal of improving the flow of the Standard. To
accomplish this, the connection strength extracts were removed from AISI S310 in favor of
references to AISI S100. The connection strength provisions not included in AISI S100 and the
connection stiffness provisions were moved to Appendix 1 of this Standard.
To simplify the scope of the Standard, the following contents have been removed from AISI
S310 in 2023: (a)the section on shear strength for standing seam panels was removed because this
section only specified the use of test-based design which is always an option for panels that exceed
the limits of the prescriptive design methods in this Standard; and (b) provisions for double profiled
panel assemblies and the combined diaphragm shear strength and axial transfer to the ends of
profiled panels were removed in favor of including them in design examples. Both the double skin
and combined shear and axial design provisions are applications of profiled panels that use
methods in this Standard combined with engineering mechanics and the provisions of AISI S100.
Cold-formed steel panels are an integral part of the diaphragm in building structures. The panels
provide the stressed skin that resists shear in the diaphragm assembly. These panels have fluted
profiles and are cold-formed from steel sheets in roll-forming machines or by press brake or
bending. Deck profiles may be connected to other deck profiles or flat bottom plates, which form
cellular decks. The cellular decks are formed in the manufacturing plant and then shipped as
assembled units. The thickness of steel sheets used in fluted panels historically ranges between
0.014 in. (0.35 mm) and 0.105 in. (2.67 mm). Cellular panels are usually formed from thicker sheet
steel because of fabrication requirements at longitudinal connections and web compactness
requirements for deeper sections. The steel sheets can be perforated for acoustic, lighting, airflow
or other serviceability purposes. The panels are generally in flat planes but may also be curved in
the shop or the field to form arches or shell structures with bending along the panel length or
across the width. This Standard only addresses the design and testing of flat plane diaphragm
systems.
The use of steel panel diaphragms has several economic advantages and can reduce the required
materials and labor. The diaphragm system is usually considered a primary structural member that
provides lateral resistance and stability to a building system while the panels simultaneously
provide other serviceability functions. These functions include exposed weather-tight
membranes (cladding); underlayment (decking) for other roofing membranes and insulating
systems; concrete forms; permanent reinforcement in structural concrete slabs; secondary flexural
structural members in floors, roofs, or walls; and bracing of primary structural members. The panels
can also replace or supplement permanent diagonal bracing or other bracing systems (Luttrell,
1967).
Industry sponsored much of the original testing of diaphragms (Fenestra, Inc., Granco Steel
Products Co., H. H. Robertson, R.C. Mahon, Inc., etc.). The testing was performed at or witnessed
by independent laboratories, and the focus was to develop load tables to assist designers and
market products. This work was proprietary and often empirical. Industry testing has continued
in order to obtain product evaluation reports. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) has
sponsored research in this field since the 1950s. Some of the earliest work was at Cornell
University (Nilson, 1956). AISI-sponsored work continued into the 1960s and 1970s under the
direction of Dr. George Winter at Cornell University (Luttrell, 1967). There is an established and
extensive test database for profiled steel panel diaphragms (SDI, DDM, 1981, etc.).
2 AISI S310-23-C

Two design manuals were developed for industry and users, and these manuals have evolved
into the primary design and analytical references in North America. These manuals are: (1)
Department of Army, NAVFAC (1982 1), Seismic Design for Buildings (commonly called the Tri-
Services Manual), based on the work of S. B. Barnes and Associates, John A. Blume and Associates,
and Structural Engineers Association of California, first published in 1966; and (2) Steel Deck
Institute Diaphragm Design Manual (SDI, 2004), based on the work of Dr. L. Luttrell and first
published in 1981. Both manuals address flat plane diaphragm construction. The limits of design
application are established by the tests.
Because these design manuals are not consensus documents, industry petitioned AISI to
develop a consensus standard. The first edition of the North American Standard for the Design of
Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels (AISI S310-13) was prepared and issued in 2014. Whenever
possible, this document is consistent with the edition of AISI S100 and AISI Test Standards
referenced in Standard Section A4. Provisions outside the scope of AISI S100 are based on the
available research reports. AISI S310 establishes analytical design methods and minimum testing
requirements. The first edition of the Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of
Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels was prepared and issued in 2014.

A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
The following commentary is specific to cold-formed steel profiled panels. Users should
reference the AISI S100 commentary for general cold-formed steel design concepts that are used
within AISI S310.

A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions

A1.1 Scope
This Standard is intended to provide analytical methods to predict the in-plane shear
strength and shear stiffness of panels and concrete filled panels, including the contribution of the
connection of the panels to supporting members. This is not intended to provide a complete
solution to predict the overall behavior of a diaphragm system in a building structure that also
includes the contribution of support framing, chords, collectors, and interconnection to other
elements of the building structure such as the vertical system or vertical lateral force-resisting
system.
This Standard covers a wide range of common panel usages including steel roof deck, non-
composite steel deck, composite steel deck, wall diaphragm panels (shear wall panels), wall
cladding panels, and roof cladding panels. The panels may be connected to support framing
systems of hot-rolled steel, open web steel joists, cold-formed steel, wood, concrete and other
materials based on the analytical provisions and test-based design methods in this Standard.
The design of the supporting members or structural systems should follow the guidance of the
appropriate material or system standards.

A1.2 Applicability
This Standard provides the basis to design a broad range of panel and concrete filled panel
assemblies through advanced modeling, analytical methods, and test-based design
approaches. These methods are applicable for use with the Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

1 The 1982 edition was referenced due to errors in deck design that were found in the 1992 edition.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 3

method or the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method for the United States and
Mexico, and the Limit States Design (LSD) method for Canada.

A1.3 Definitions
Many of the definitions in Standard Section A1.3 are self-explanatory. Only those which are
not self-explanatory or may have unique usage in this Standard are briefly discussed below.
Cellular Panel. Commonly referred to as cellular steel deck.
Diaphragm. Profiled panels provide the stressed skin of a diaphragm system in a building
structure. This assembly is comprised of the profiled panels resisting in-plane shear and
providing shear stiffness in combination with framing, chords, and collectors that support
the profiled panels. Figure C-A1.3-1 depicts the primary components of a diaphragm system.

EXTERIOR
SUPPORT

INTERIOR
SUPPORT

INTERIOR
PANELS EDGE
EXTERIOR PANELS
SUPPORT

INTERIOR
SUPPORT
PANEL END LAP
OR BUTTED ENDS

EXTERIOR
SUPPORT PARALLEL
SUPPORT

PERPENDICULAR DIAPHRAGM CHORD

SUPPORT OR COLLECTOR

Figure C-A1.3-1 Diaphragm Assembly

Edge Panel. An edge panel is a panel that transfers shear to a chord or collector that is parallel
with the flutes. This may be at the edge of the diaphragm, or an interior collector within the
4 AISI S310-23-C

field of the diaphragm. Figure C-A1.3-1 depicts the location of edge panels relative to interior
panels at the diaphragm edge.
Exterior Support. An exterior support relative to a panel is the support at each end of a panel
perpendicular to the flutes. Figure C-A1.3-1 depicts the location of exterior supports relative
to a panel. An exterior support is not relative to the diaphragm or wall diaphragm assembly.
Interior Panel. An interior panel is a typical panel in the field of the diaphragm. A panel at a chord
or collector that is perpendicular to the flutes is also considered an interior panel. Figure C-
A1.3-1 depicts the location of interior panels relative to edge panels.
Interior Support. An interior support is a member that supports a panel perpendicular to the flutes,
in between the exterior supports relative to a panel. Figure C-A1.3-1 depicts the location of
interior supports relative to a panel.
Perforated Cellular Panel. Commonly referred to as acoustic cellular steel deck.
Perforated Profiled Panel. A profiled panel with perforations in the webs, bottom flange, top flange,
the entire profile, or a combination of these. Acoustic steel roof deck is a common example
of perforated profiled panels. Architectural wall or roof cladding panels are also often offered
with perforations for mechanical screen wall and sunshade structure applications.
Profiled Panel. A profiled panel is formed from a single steel sheet without perforations. Examples
of profiled panels are shown in Figure C-A1.3-1. Commonly referred to as steel deck, steel
roof deck, non-composite steel deck, composite steel deck, wall cladding panels or roof
panels.
Wall Diaphragm. A wall diaphragm, more commonly referred to as a shear wall, uses a profiled
panel stressed skin and is common for light-framed structures, column and wind girt
framed systems, and pole barn applications. A wall diaphragm system uses the in-plane
shear strength and shear stiffness of profiled panels to resist the shear loads applied to a wall.
The profiled panels are attached to vertical and/or horizontal members that resist axial and
out-of-plane loads applied to a wall diaphragm. Figures C-A1.3-2a and C-A1.3-2b depict the
primary components of a wall diaphragm system.

TOP STUD COLUMN EAVE STRUT

TRACK

WIND
GIRTS

BOTTOM PROFILED BASE PROFILED

TRACK PANEL ANGLE PANELS

Figure C-A1.3-2a Light-Framed Figure C-A1.3-2b Wind Girt Framed

Wall Diaphragm (Shear Wall) Wall Diaphragm (Shear Wall)
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 5

A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms

See the commentary in AISI S100 for units of symbols and terms.

A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards

Other referenced specifications and standards have been listed and updated in Standard
Section A2 to provide their effective dates at the time of approval of this Standard. References for
country-specific provisions are provided in Standard Section A2.1 for the United States and
Mexico and A2.2 for Canada.
Additional references which the designer may use for related information are listed in the
References section of the Commentary.

A3 Materials
See the commentary in AISI S100.
6 AISI S310-23-C

B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1 General Provisions
The following commentary addresses design requirements specific to cold-formed steel
panels. Refer to the AISI S100 commentary for general cold-formed steel design requirements as
applicable to cold-formed steel panels not addressed in this Commentary.

B2 Loads and Load Combinations

See the commentary in AISI S100 for loads and load combinations.

B3 Design Basis
As stated in Standard Section B3, design should be based on the principle that no applicable
strength or serviceability limit state is exceeded when a structure is subjected to load effects
corresponding to the applicable load combinations.
A limit state is the condition at which the structural usefulness of a load-carrying element or
member is impaired to such an extent that it becomes unsafe for the occupants of a structure, or
the element no longer performs its intended function. Typical limit states for cold-formed profiled
panel diaphragms are controlled by the strength of the connections of the panels and panel or localized
buckling.
Refer to the AISI S100 commentary for further discussion on design basis.

B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads]

The prescriptive design methods are intended for elastic level design. Design of panels by
analysis using non-linear modeling or testing may be appropriate when inelastic design is
necessary. The required strength [effect due to factored loads] is determined by the appropriate
methods of structural analysis.
Reference the AISI S100 commentary for additional discussion on required strength [effect
due to factored loads].

B3.2 Design for Strength

A diaphragm or wall diaphragm assembly using panels should be designed using ASD or
LRFD in the United States and Mexico, and LSD in Canada. General discussion regarding these
design methods can be found in the AISI S100 commentary.

B3.3 Design for Diaphragm Panels

The design of panels for in-plane shear strength and shear stiffness may be determined from
prescriptive equations in Chapters D, E, and F using the equations therein derived from
engineering mechanics and testing. Chapter C provides the option to use complex analytical
modeling (finite element analysis) as an alternative to the derived equations in Chapters D, E,
and F. The design of panels may also be developed from testing following the provisions of
Chapter G.
For the design of cold-formed steel panels for in-plane shear strength and shear stiffness,
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 7

consideration should be given to several design limit states resulting from: (a) strength and
flexibility of the support connections, (b) strength and flexibility of the sidelap connections,
(c) plate-like buckling of the panels between supports, (d) local web buckling of the end of the
panels, and (e) serviceability (shear stiffness) of the system.
Example problems can be found in the SDI DDM04 (2015) and MCA Primer (2004).

B3.4 Design of Connections

Standard Section B3.4 provides the charging language to use AISI S100 Chapter K and AISI
S310 Appendix 1 for connections not covered in AISI S100 Chapter J. Appendix 1 is also the
source for connection flexibility needed for the determination of panel in-plane shear stiffness to
determine diaphragm deflection in a building structure.
It is common for support connections to experience simultaneous shear and tension (uplift)
when the diaphragm resists a shear force caused by wind load with simultaneous wind uplift.
The resulting reduced shear strength of the connection in the presence of tension (when
applicable) should be used when determining the shear strength of panels in Chapters D, E, and
F. This is consistent with common wind loading conditions in which the wind force develops
net tension of the profiled panels and simultaneously induces shear on the panels acting as a
diaphragm in a structure.
Panels have unique edge and end distance concerns because of the inherent proximity of
the support connections and sidelap connections between adjacent sheets being especially close to
the end or edge of the sheet. For the nestable deck, the top sheet of the rib with the lap needs
to have adequate edge distance for sidelap connections along the length of the panel, and the
support connections need adequate edge distance to the ends of the panel. The edge and end
distances for common arc spot welds are depicted in Figures C-B3.4-1a and C-B3.4-1b. This is
the same for screws as shown in Figure C-B3.4-1c. In addition to the minimum edge distance,
rupture needs to be checked to ensure the edge or end distance is adequate to develop the full
strength of the connection. If the horizontal lap is too short for an arc spot weld, the designer
may consider ignoring the contribution of the lap connection on the top sheet or provide
equivalent strength and stiffness connections that meet the edge distance with the short lap.
Power-actuated fasteners or screws may be a solution because the minimum edge distance is
generally less than 3/8 in. (9.53 mm) as shown in Figure C-B3.4-1c. A fillet weld along the edge
of the short leg, qualified to weld through the bottom sheet to the support, of equivalent
strength and stiffness may also be a solution to a short lap on the panel as shown in Figure C-
B3.4-1d.
8 AISI S310-23-C

≥1.5d ≥1.5d

≥1.5d
Figure C-B3.4-1a Arc Spot Weld Figure C-B3.4-1b Arc Spot
at Lap Edge and End Distance Weld End Distance

≥1.5d

≥1.5d
Figure C-B3.4-1c Screw Figure C-B3.4-1d Fillet Weld
at Lap Edge and End Distance at Short Lap
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 9

The end distance for an arc seam weld (elongated arc spot weld) is shown in Figure C-B3.4-
2a. Arc seam welds are often substituted for arc spot welds in the narrow bottom flange of the
interlock to prevent burn through of the webs. For interlock style sidelaps, the edge distance
follows the centerline of the sheet steel as it wraps up to form the leg and hem as shown in Figures
C-B3.4-2b and C-B3.4-2c. It is common for an interlock lap configuration to inherently have
adequate edge distance.

≥1.5d

Figure C-B3.4-2a End Distance of Arc Seam Weld

≥1.5d

≥1.5d

Figure C-B3.4-2b Interlock Deck Figure C-B3.4-2c Interlock Deck

Hem Edge Distance Leg Edge Distance
10 AISI S310-23-C

When nestable panels are installed with end laps as shown in Figure C-B3.4-3a, the corner
connection of the panels goes through four layers of sheet steel. It is important that the combined
thickness of the four layers of sheet steel is accounted for when selecting the connections to
supports. Some connection options are illustrated in Figures C-B3.4-3b and C-B3.4-3c. For thick
panels, the four layers may exceed the maximum thickness for arc spot welds. Self-drilling screws
are generally long enough to accommodate this condition, or the length can be selected by the
contractor to accommodate the combined thickness. Power-actuated fastener manufacturers should
be consulted to determine the maximum appropriate combined thickness for the selected fastener.

Figure C-B3.4-3a Nestable Panel

With End Lap

COMBINED COMBINED
THICKNESS THICKNESS

Figure C-B3.4-3b Welded Connection Figure C-B3.4-3c Screw Connection

Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 11

Panels subject to wind uplift generate tension on the support connections that lead to combined
shear and tension interaction on connections when the panels also resist wind diaphragm shear loads
as shown in Figure C-B3.4-4a. The resulting shear strength of the connections is the remaining
strength after the effect of combined shear and tension interaction is considered. Fasteners
attaching panel sidelaps to supports experience eccentric tension loading as shown in Figure C-
B3.4-4b, while welds to supports in panel interior ribs experience concentric tension loading as
shown in Figure C-B3.4-4c. See the AISI S100 commentary for arc spot welds in tension for further
detail. The impact of eccentric loading on screws and power-actuated fasteners has not been
demonstrated to be an issue and there are no specific additional requirements for these
connections.

Figure C-B3.4-4a Wind Uplift on Panel

Pw Pw Pw

R R
Figure C-B3.4-4b Eccentric Figure C-B3.4-4c Non-Eccentric
Loading on the Connection Loading on the Connection
12 AISI S310-23-C

B3.5 Design for Stability

The primary function of panels used as the stressed skin of a floor diaphragm, roof diaphragm,
or wall diaphragm (shear wall) is to resist in-plane shear deformation of the assembly. The in-
plane deflection of a diaphragm or wall diaphragm will have a significant impact on the overall
stability of the building structure. This Standard does not address the complexities of the design
of a complete diaphragm or wall diaphragm assembly, or the interaction with an overall structure.
The diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, may be used to predict the shear deflection of a diaphragm.
The change in shear deflection between two points along a diaphragm span of uniform stiffness
may be determined by calculating the area under the diagram of shear divided by the product
of the diaphragm shear stiffness and the depth, V/(G’b). This does not address any other potential
sources of deflection of a diaphragm or wall diaphragm assembly including but not limited to
chords, collectors, support framing, hold-downs, and connections to an adjoining portion of a
building structure.

B3.6 Design of Floor, Roof and Wall Diaphragm Assemblies

The design of floor, roof or wall diaphragms with cold-formed steel panels is a combination
of a stressed skin, support framing for the stressed skin, and the chords or collectors that
transfer forces to the system. All panels together, whose resultant in-plane shear strength and
shear stiffness are determined in accordance with this Standard, act as the stressed skin of a floor,
roof, or wall diaphragm system. The support framing, chords, and collectors act to hold the panels
in the plane of the diaphragm and distribute loads to the stressed skin. The most common
support framing, chords, and collectors for floor and roof diaphragms are hot-rolled steel
sections, open web steel joists, cold-formed steel sections, and wood members. The most
common support framing, chords, and collectors for wall diaphragms (shear walls) are cold-
formed steel studs, tracks, HSS steel, and wood members. The design of these systems involves
a combination of materials from several material-specific standards and the applicable building
code. This Standard does not provide complete guidance for all the members of these systems.

B3.7 Design for Serviceability

The stiffness of the stressed skin of floor, roof, or wall (shear wall) diaphragms may have a
significant impact on the deflection of a structure under lateral wind or seismic loading. This
Standard does not address the complexities of the design of a complete floor, roof, or wall
diaphragm subsystem, or the interaction of those systems in an overall structure. Further
guidance is provided in AISI S100 for cold-formed steel structures, the applicable standard for
other materials, and the applicable building code for the required deflection limits for an
overall structure.

B3.8 Design for Fatigue

The general panel in-plane shear strength equations are applicable to systems subject to
fatigue. Reductions in strength should be accounted for in both panels and connections following
the provisions of AISI S100 Chapter M.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 13

B3.9 Design for Corrosion Effects

In corrosive environments, appropriate metallic or other finishes should be provided to
protect the steel from being compromised by excessive corrosion.

B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations

The dimensional limits provided in Chapters D, E, and F reflect the range of panels that
were covered by testing used to validate the design methods in those chapters.

B5 Profiled Panel Properties

Cold-formed steel profiled panel section properties are determined in accordance with AISI
S100. Reference AISI S100 for discussion on member (panel) properties.

B6 Fabrication and Erection

(Reserved)
The Standard is currently silent on fabrication and erection. For steel deck panels, SDI MOC3,
Manual of Construction with Steel Deck (2016) and COSP-2023, Code of Standard Practice for Steel
Deck, may be appropriate fabrication and erection standards.

B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance

(Reserved)
The Standard is currently silent on quality control and quality assurance. For steel deck
panels, ANSI/SDI QA/QC-2017, Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Installation of Steel
Deck (2017) may provide appropriate quality control and quality assurance standards.

B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness

The delivered minimum thickness for cold-formed steel panels is in accordance with AISI
S100. See the AISI S100 commentary for further discussion.

B8 Evaluation of Existing Diaphragm Panels

(Reserved)
This Standard does not currently provide specific guidance for the evaluation of existing
structures. For structures with profiled panels that meet the requirements of this Standard, the
methods herein may be used to determine the shear strength and shear stiffness of the existing
panels.
14 AISI S310-23-C

C. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM BY ANALYSIS

All panels are designed by analysis. The intent of this section is to provide a pathway to use
high fidelity finite element modeling to determine the nominal strength [resistance] of panels and
concrete filled panels. This follows the current trend in design by taking advantage of
computational models that go beyond the simplified equations of engineering mechanics used to
develop the provisions in Chapters D, E and F of this Standard. This Standard does not attempt to
provide specific guidance on how to develop representative models and the software solutions
to use them.
For steel roof deck diaphragms in warehouse/industrial-type structures with rigid wall flexible
diaphragms, the Applied Technology Council (2021) provides a good starting point to understand
the depth of modeling that is possible. For common single to multi-story structures with
structural concrete filled steel deck floor diaphragms in combination with bare steel roof deck,
refer to Gengrui (2023).
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 15

D. PROFILED PANEL DIAPHRAGM SHEAR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS

D1 Profiled Panels
The profile panel limits reflect the range of panels in the research by Luttrell (SDI, 1981), Luttrell
(1999a), and Bagwell and Easterling (2008). The thickness limit of 0.075 in. (1.91 mm) reflects
industry practice and the total thickness tested by Bagwell and Easterling.

D1.1 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The safety and resistance factors in Table D1.1-1 of this Standard are from AISI S310-20 Table
B1.1-1 for profiled panels attached to steel supports, and Standard Section D1.1.4.1 for profiled
panels attached to wood supports. The resistance and safety factors were recalibrated when the
original AISI S310-14 Standard was developed. This included data from a database of full-scale
diaphragm tests from Luttrell (1967), Ellifritt (1970), SDI (1981), MCA (1999), and Bagwell and
Easterling (2008). Screw test data includes SDI (1981) and Bagwell (2008).
Profiled panel nominal shear strength [resistance] governed by connection strength is highly
influenced by the concept of weak or strong sidelap conditions.
In a weak sidelap condition, the sidelap connections yield or have insufficient stiffness
compared to the support connections; therefore, the sidelap slips relative to the adjacent sheet.
The sheets in the weak sidelap condition rack as shown in Figure C-D1.1-1a. This creates a
condition in which the corner connections of the profiled panel will have a resultant force that is
resisting both the shear force across the end of the sheet and the shear force from the movement
of the slipping sidelap as shown in Figure C-D1.1-3. Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled
by connections at interior panels (Sni) and support connections at the corners of interior panels or
edge panels (Snc) are characteristic of the weak sidelap behavior.

δ δ

Figure C-D1.1-1a Weak Sidelap Figure C-D1.1-1b Strong Sidelap

When the sidelap is strong, it does not slip and this drives the governing shear of the profiled
16 AISI S310-23-C

panel to the ends of the panel. The profiled panels in a strong sidelap condition act more like one
large continuous profiled panel as shown in Figure C-D.1-1b. Nominal shear strength [resistance]
controlled by connections along the edge parallel to the panel span in an edge panel and located
at a diaphragm reaction line (Sne), and connections along the ends of interior panels or edge panels
and into exterior supports (Snp), are characteristic of strong sidelap behavior. For stability modes
of failure, nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by profiled panel out-of-plane buckling
(Sno) and profiled panel local web buckling over exterior supports (Sn) occurs when the strong
sidelap condition is exhibited and the connections do not yield.
Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by connections at interior panels (Sni) is
determined using Equation D1.1-1. Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length
controlled by connections at interior panels or edge panels, Sni, accounts for connection failure
in the profiled panel. The relaxation term, (λ-1), represents corner buckling at support
connections at the edge and along sidelaps of profiled panel ends. This relaxation occurs at the
compression corners as the profiled panel racks in-plane, but the reduction is applied in both
directions (tension and compression) for simplicity. Figure C-D1.1-2 illustrates the geometry
of connections for the interior panel equation.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 17

LC
EXTERIOR SUPPORT

xp1 xp6
Lv
xp2 xp5

INTERIOR SUPPORT xp3 xp4

EDGE SUPPORT

L Lv

INTERIOR SUPPORT

Lv

EXTERIOR SUPPORT

SUPPORT CONNECTION
xe3 xe4
SIDELAP CONNECTION
xe2 xe5

xe1 xe6

Figure C-D1.1-2 Geometry of Interior Panel Connection Pattern

18 AISI S310-23-C

Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by support connections at the corners of interior
panels or edge panels (Snc) is determined using Standard Equation D1.1-2. Nominal shear strength
[resistance] per unit length controlled by support connections at the corners of interior panels or
edge panels, Snc, accounts for the orthogonal force components and greater demand at the corner
connections in each profiled panel. Figure C-D1.1-3 depicts the concept of the combination of
vectors in the perpendicular, Qv, and parallel, Q, directions to the profiled panel and the
resulting force, Qr.

Qv
Qr

Ql

Figure C-D1.1-3 Corner Shear Force and Its Components

Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by connections along the edge parallel to the
profiled panel span in an edge panel and located at a diaphragm chord or collector reaction line (Sne)
is determined using Equation D1.1-3. Nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length controlled
by connections along the edge parallel to the profiled panel span in an edge panel and located at a
diaphragm chord or collector reaction line, Sne accounts for connection failure or local profiled panel
failure at fasteners along lines where shear is transferred from the diaphragm to the lateral force-
resisting system. The contribution of all edge connections and the support connections between the
centerline of the profiled panel and the reaction line are included. It is acceptable to only consider
the edge connections and ignore the support connections between the centerline of the profiled panel
and the reaction line by letting α1 = 1 and α2 = 1. In practice, designers will not typically let Sne
control diaphragm capacity. Figure C-D1.1-4 illustrates the geometry of connections for the edge
panel equation.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 19

LC
EXTERIOR SUPPORT

xpe1 xpe6
Lv
xpe2 xpe5

INTERIOR SUPPORT xpe3 xpe4

EDGE SUPPORT

L Lv

INTERIOR SUPPORT

Lv

EXTERIOR SUPPORT

SUPPORT CONNECTION
xee3 xee4
EDGE CONNECTION
xee2 xee5

xee1 xee6 SIDELAP CONNECTION

Figure C-D1.1-4 Geometry of Connections for the Edge Panel

Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by connections along the ends of interior panels or
edge panels and into exterior supports (Snp) is determined using Equation D1.1-4. Snp accounts for
connection failure or local profiled panel failure at exterior supports. Attachment pattern has a
significant influence on this strength limit (Nunna, 2018a). Snp is the smallest value of bottom
flute connection(s) shear strength per tributary width among all the bottom flute support
connections. Some examples of the controlling combination for tributary width, wt, and number
of support connections, nd, are shown in Figures C-D1.1-5a, C-D1.1-5b, C-D1.1-5c, and C-D1.1-5d
20 AISI S310-23-C

for a variety of representative patterns. For fastener patterns with a support fastener in every
bottom flute, wt is equal to the pitch of the profiled panel.

wt=1
flute
nd 1 connection
= = 1.0 governing
wt 1 flute

Figure C-D1.1-5a Tributary Flute Widths

With Single Connection Per Rib

wt=3
flutes

nd 1 connection
= = 0.33 governing
wt 3 flutes

Figure C-D1.1-5b Skip Pattern Tributary Flute Widths

With Single Connection Per Rib

wt=1 wt=1.5 wt=3.5 wt=4 wt=2 wt=1

flute flutes flutes flutes flutes flute

𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= = 0.25 governing
𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 4.0𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Figure C-D1.1-5c Multiple Tributary Flute Widths

With Single Connection Per Rib

wt=1 wt=1 wt=1.5 wt=2 wt=2 wt=2 wt=1.5 wt=1 wt=1

flute flute flutes flutes flutes flutes flutes flute flute

𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= = 0.5 governing
𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Figure C-D1.1-5d Tributary Flute Width

Multiple and Single Connection Per Rib
Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by profiled panel out-of-plane buckling (Sno) is
determined using Equation D1.1-5. Figure C-D1.1-6 depicts out-of-plane buckling. Sno accounts
for shear buckling which may include relatively large diagonal waves across several profiled
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 21

panels or as column-like buckling between supports. This theoretical limit includes the
orthotropic nature of the profiled panel and represents the same theory used to design
corrugated webs in girders. This theory was presented in SDI DDM04 (2015).
Nunna (2011) compared existing diaphragm test data with the equations in existing
analytical models. The 28 tests exhibited profiled panel buckling and included five multiple-span
tests plus one hybrid test, mixing multiple- and single-spans. The equation in the Standard
represents a best fit between theory and tests. The buckling coefficient increased relative to the
previous SDI DDM03 (2004) value. The same buckling strength is attributed to single- and
multiple-span applications. The Nunna report indicates that the resistance factors are
reasonable when determined in accordance with Standard Table D1.1-1. The evaluation results
were rationally extended to the entire acceptable range of Standard Section D1.1.

Figure C-D1.1-6 Panel Shear Buckling

Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by profiled panel local web buckling over exterior
support (Sn) is determined using Equation D1.1-6. Sn accounts for local buckling in the web caused
by end warping. This theory was presented in a report by Nunna (2018b). Significant end warping
is observed prior to local web buckling. As end warping behavior becomes more extreme, forces
are transferred through the profiled panel webs in the form of tension and compression until the
web fails in compression. This failure mode is similar to the failure mode observed in web-crippling
tests on profiled panels. A modified web-crippling equation based on AISI S100 Equation G5-1 is
used to calculate the web buckling strength of the profiled panel web. Slenderness of the web and
bearing length influence local web buckling capacity. Figure C-D1.1-7 depicts local web buckling.
22 AISI S310-23-C

Figure C-D1.1-7 Local Web Buckling

D1.2 Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The calculation of shear stiffness for a diaphragm or wall diaphragm system with profiled panels
is based on SDI DDM04 (2015) and Luttrell (Luttrell, 1999a and 1999b; and MCA, 2004). It was
developed based on the profiled panel as shown in Standard Figure D1.1-1.
For a given shear stress, more shear and warping displacements occur in longer elements
of a profile with an open cross-section. Those impacts have been considered in the generalized
stiffness equation where the shear deformation impact is considered in the first term of the
denominator and warping deformation impact is considered in the warping factor, Dn. The
support factors, γc, are based on tests and taken from SDI DDM01 (SDI, 1981).
End warping of the flutes of the profiled panel has a significant impact on the shear stiffness
of the profiled panel. This is represented by the warping factor, Dn, and the support factor for
warping, γc. The end warping addresses flute roll-over as shown in Figure C-D1.2-1 due to the
connection to supports through the bottom flange of the profiled panel and the shear flow
pushing the top flute over the bottom flute.
This is further magnified by the attachment pattern of the profiled panel to supports. The
end warping involves a weighted average of the individual flute warping factors as shown in
Figures C-D1.2-2a, C-D1.2-2b, C-D1.2-2c, and C-D1.2-2d for profiled panels. If every flute is
attached to the support, the end warping involves just one flute. In addition, the figure
demonstrates the determination of the warping factor Dn = D/L, using the weighted average
for D.

ΔEND WARPING

Figure C-D1.2-1 End Warping

Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 23

𝑈𝑈1 𝐷𝐷1 12𝐷𝐷1

𝐷𝐷 = =
𝑈𝑈1 12
Figure C-D1.2-2a Determination of D
for Every Flute Attached

U2 D2 12D2
D= =
U2 12

Figure C-D1.2-2b Determination of D

for Every Other Flute

𝑈𝑈1 𝐷𝐷1 + 𝑈𝑈3 𝐷𝐷3 2𝑈𝑈1 + 6𝑈𝑈3 + 4𝐷𝐷4

𝐷𝐷 = =
𝑈𝑈1 + 𝑈𝑈2 + 𝑈𝑈3 2+6+4
Figure C-D1.2-2c Determination of D
for Non-Uniform Attachment Pattern

U1 D1 + U2 D2 + U3 D3 + U4 D4 1U1 + 4U2 + 3U3 + 4D4

D= =
U1 + U2 + U3 + U4 1+4+3+4

Figure C-D1.2-2d Determination of D for

Alternate Non-Uniform Attachment Pattern

D2 Perforated Profiled Panels

Perforated profiled panels are used for a variety of applications. Acoustic steel roof deck panels
have perforated bands that attenuate reflected sound in a structure in combination with acoustic
media, commonly fiberglass batts. Architectural use of perforated profiled panels includes sunscreen
shade panels, roof screen panels, and sofit panels. Perforated profiled panels may have perforations in
specific locations, such as webs, top flanges, or bottom flanges, or the entire profiled panel may be
perforated. Figures C-D2.1-1a, C-D2.1-1b, C-D2.1-1c and C-D2.1-1d are common examples of
web-perforated, total perforated, bottom flange perforated and total perforated panels respectively.
24 AISI S310-23-C

Figure C-D2.1-1a Web Figure C-D2.1-1b Total

Perforated Steel Roof Deck Perforation Steel Roof Deck

Figure C-D2.1-1c Bottom Figure C-D2.1-1d Total

Flange Perforated Roof Deck Perforation Screen Panel

The perforations impact the strength and potentially the flexibility of connections in the
perforated profiled panels. The strength and flexibility of support connections or sidelap connections in
perforated areas of the panel require testing. Design strengths determined using the equations in
AISI S100 and Appendix 1 of this Standard all assume that the connections are in solid, non-
perforated sheet. Refer to Chapter G of this Standard for connection testing provisions.

D2.1 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

For profiled panels with perforations, the reduced moment of inertia and element stiffness is
considered in the calculation of out-of-plane buckling strength of the panel. The influence of
reduced element stiffness due to perforations is accounted for in the developed flute term. The
reduced stiffness of the elements is based on Luttrell (SDI, 2011). The panel manufacturer may
provide the reduced moment of inertia for the perforated panels produced.
The influence of perforated web elements is considered in the calculation of perforated
profiled panel local web buckling over exterior support. The perforated web adjustment factor, qs,
accounts for the reduced effective area of the perforated web element and is based on Luttrell
(SDI, 2011).
Panel connection shear strength in perforated elements must be accounted for in the
calculation of the perforated profiled panel nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by
connection strength. The shear strength of panel connections in perforated elements is
determined by testing and is supplied by the manufacturer.

D2.2 Perforated Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

Perforated profiled panel in-plane shear stiffness is influenced by the stiffness of the perforated
elements. This influence is accounted for in the end warping factor, Dn, and the developed
flute width, s, and is based on Luttrell (SDI, 2011).
Perforated profiled panel connections in perforated elements are accounted for in the
calculation of the slip constant, C. Stiffness of perforated profiled panel connections in perforated
elements is determined by testing.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 25

Figure C-D2.2-1 depicts the width of the perforation band and the flat width of the top flute,
bottom flute, or web of the perforated profiled panels for use in determining the development
width of perforated profiled panels per Equation D2.2-1.

fp

wp
f

w 2ep

Figure C-D2.2-1 Perforation and Flat Width of Perforated Profiled Panels

D3 Cellular Panels
The profiled cellular panels, most commonly cellular steel deck, covered by this section of the
Standard are the combination of a top profiled section and a bottom flat pan section that are
typically connected with welds or rivets, or clinch connections. Figure C-D3-1 depicts this common
assembly. The pan section is flat to ensure that the connections to supports engage both the
profiled section and the flat pan section. It is common for the pan section to have upward
stiffening ribs to improve serviceability without standing the cellular deck off the support
members.

Figure C-D3-1a Profiled/Pan Figure C-D3-1b Profiled/Pan

Cellular Deck With Stiffeners Cellular Deck

Double profiled cellular deck as shown in Figure C-D3-2 exceeds the scope of Sections D3 and
26 AISI S310-23-C

D4 of this Standard because the bottom profiled section prevents the upper profiled section from
being connected directly to the support. Double profiled cellular deck and other cellular decks
may be designed in accordance with Chapter C, Advanced Engineering Mechanics, or Chapter
G, Test-Based Design, of this Standard.

Figure C-D3-2 Double Profiled

Cellular Deck

D3.1 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The nominal shear strength [resistance] determination for cellular panels is developed from
research performed at Virginia Tech by Bagwell and Easterling (2008). This research
demonstrated that the prediction of connection strength-based nominal shear strength [resistance]
for non-cellular profiled panels is applicable to cellular panels, with limitations on button punch
sidelap connection strength. The combined thickness of the top profiled panel and the bottom pan
for the design of connections to supports needs to be considered.
For cellular panels, the average number of support fasteners per unit width is used to
calculate Snp.
The local web buckling limit state developed for non-cellular profiled panels does not show up
as an applicable mode of failure in the Bagwell and Easterling (2008) research for cellular panels.
This is likely because the bottom pan braces the warping and the sheet ends, limiting the local
web buckling mode of failure.

D3.2 Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The in-plane shear stiffness determination for cellular panels is developed from research
performed at Virginia Tech by Bagwell and Easterling (2008).
The equations in Standard Section D3.2 are adopted from Luttrell (2013). Bagwell and
Easterling (2008) evaluated the shear stiffness equation in an earlier edition (Luttrell, 2005).
Warping distortion in the bottom plate is negligible and tests indicate that warping in the top
profiled section is also negligible. The inherent torsional restraint of the closed profiled cellular
panel resists end warping and Dn is not present in Standard Equation D3.2-1. The bottom plate
efficiently resists a significant part of the shear force. Standard Equation D3.2-1 modifies
Standard Equation D1.2-1 and addresses both factors. The distribution of shear resistance
between the bottom plate and top deck can be calculated based on shear deflection
compatibility at the longitudinal lines of profiled cellular panel connections. Standard Equation
D3.2-2 adjusts for load sharing and measures the shear flow and stress in the top profiled
section. The numerator, t, of Standard Equation D3.2-1 is based on the top profiled section
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 27

thickness of the cellular panel.

Slippage at sidelap connections over and between supports can dominate deflection and
depends on the connection shear flexibilities (and thicknesses) at the sidelap.

D4 Perforated Cellular Panels

Perforated cellular panels have the perforations in either the bottom plate, as shown in Figure
C-D4.1-1, or less commonly, in the top profiled section. This product is commonly referred to as
cellular acoustic steel deck where the perforations in combination with acoustic batts, typically
made of fiberglass, in the cells attenuate reflected sound inside a structure.

Figure C-D4.1-1 Perforated Cellular Deck

D4.1 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

Perforated cellular panels may be designed using the same methods as non-perforated for
nominal shear strength [resistance] provided that the connections are through the non-perforated
portions of the cellular deck. When the connections are made through the perforated areas,
testing of the connections is likely required to determine the strength of the connections. The
reduced full moment of inertia, considering the perforations, is suitable for the out-of-plane
buckling of the perforated cellular panels.

D4.2 Perforated Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

Luttrell (SDI, 2013) provided a method to calculate the shear distribution between the top
profiled section and bottom pan element to develop the resultant diaphragm shear stiffness, G’.
The method considers the increased shear strain due to perforations by calculating an
equivalent increased element length for a non-perforated element. Standard Equation D4.2-1
includes this method and reduces to Standard Equation D4.2-2 when there are no perforations.
28 AISI S310-23-C

E. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FILLED PROFILED PANELS

E1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panels
Structural concrete filled profiled panels, more commonly described as composite steel deck-
slabs or non-composite steel deck with concrete fill as shown in Figures C-E-1a and C-E-1b,
respectively, are the common applications used for diaphragm shear resistance. The structural
concrete may be normalweight, sand-light weight, or lightweight structural concrete following the
provisions of ACI 318. Additional design information for composite steel deck-slabs and non-
composite steel deck may be found in ANSI/SDI SD2022.

Figure C-E-1a Composite Steel Figure C-E-1b Non-Composite Steel

Deck-Slab Deck with Concrete Fill

The structural concrete filled profiled panel limitations reflect the range of test assemblies used
to develop the design methods in this Standard. Slabs with cover greater than 6 in. (152 mm) are
permitted but the analytical value, Sn, should be based on a maximum value of 6 in. (152 mm).
Requirements for reinforcement steel that is to be included in the calculation of diaphragm shear
strength are described in Standard Section E1. These requirements do not represent the limits for
reinforcement used for flexure or reinforcement used to resist temperature and shrinkage.
Reinforcement with smaller reinforcement ratios can be used to resist temperature and shrinkage
and the area of reinforcement used to calculate diaphragm shear strength is taken as zero.
This section of the Standard does not address insulating lightweight concrete covered in
Section F.

E1.1 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The nominal shear strength [resistance] of structural concrete filled profiled panels, commonly
referred to as composite steel deck-slabs or non-composite steel deck with concrete fill, used in
diaphragm assemblies is based on two distinct limit states. The limit states are the nominal shear
strength [resistance] of the connections between the concrete filled profiled panels to the diaphragm
chord or collector and the diagonal tension strength of the concrete, reinforcement, and
profiled panel in the field of the diaphragm. Figure C-E1.1-1 depicts the concept of diagonal shear
and the connection shear transfer to the chord or collectors.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 29

DIAGONAL TENSION SHEAR

STRENGTH OF DECK SLAB

SHEAR TRANSFER
PERPENDICULAR
TO DECK FLUTES

SHEAR TRANSFER
PARALLEL TO
DECK FLUTES

Figure C-E1.1-1 Diagonal Tension Shear Strength and

Perimeter Fastener Shear Transfer

The available design strength [factored resistance] for concrete filled profiled panels is the lesser
of the available strength [factored resistance] for the connections to chords and collectors, and the
available diagonal tension strength [factored resistance]. The resistance and safety factors for welded
headed shear stud anchors were determined as a result of full-scale diaphragm tests (O’Brien et
al., 2017). The use of the connection resistance and safety factors for welds, bolts, screws, and other
connections are based on AISI S100 to ensure that the design of connections based on a resistance
factor derived with the target reliability index for connections, βo = 3.5, would be more
conservative than the resistance factor for diagonal tension derived with the target reliability
index, βo = 2.5 for members. βo = 2.5 for diagonal tension cracking establishes a clear preference
for this limit state over the loss of perimeter connections and aligns the diaphragm reliability in
AISI S310 with the basic member reliability in AISI S100. Further, the presence of the profiled
panel (steel deck) beneath the concrete fill, in addition to the higher reliability for the perimeter
fastener limit states, provides a secondary load path that is not available in concrete slabs and
thus the consequence of failure is further reduced, and a higher βo is not deemed necessary.
The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled profiled
panel controlled by connection strength, Snf, is calculated using Equation E1.1-3. This limit state
is simply the shear transfer per unit length developed by the connection between the concrete
filled profiled panel and the chord or collector of the diaphragm. This was validated through
tests by Easterling and Porter (1994b) and O’Brien et al. (2017).
The nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of a structural concrete filled profiled
panel controlled by diagonal tension cracking is calculated using Equation E1.1-4. The nominal
shear strength [resistance] for diaphragms with structural concrete fill is calculated based on the
shear strength of the concrete slab and considers a profiled panel (steel deck) through a
transformed cross-section and reinforcement. Standard Equation E1.1-4 was validated for
unreinforced diaphragms against the Iowa State University tests; see Easterling and Porter
30 AISI S310-23-C

(1994b) and O’Brien et al. (2017). The average thickness of structural concrete, ta, can be
calculated as the cross-sectional area of the structural concrete over one profiled panel divided by
the width of the profiled panel. This equation was validated for diaphragms with reinforcement
against the tests conducted by Avellaneda-Ramirez et al. (2021), which included three
specimens incorporating reinforcement. The experiment-to-prediction ratios obtained for the
specimens which failed exclusively through diagonal tension cracking were 0.97 and 1.08 while
the third specimen with reinforcement experienced a mixed failure mode of diagonal tension
cracking and perimeter fastener failure.
Reinforcement designed to resist diaphragm in-plane forces is in addition to reinforcement
designed to resist other load effects, except that reinforcement designed to resist shrinkage and
temperature load effects may also resist diaphragm in-plane forces.

E1.2 Structural Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The shear stiffness of structural concrete filled profiled panel (steel deck) and diaphragms were
studied by Avellaneda-Ramirez et al. (2021). It was found that deflections of the cantilever
diaphragm test specimens were due to four components of deformation: shear deformations,
flexural deformations, deformations at the connections to the support (e.g., headed shear studs),
and deflections of the supports, if applicable.
Due to the relatively small size of the cantilever test specimens, the deformations at the
support connections contributed approximately 40% of the diaphragm deflection on average, but
for a typical diaphragm span, the support connections are shown to contribute less than 1% of
the diaphragm deflection. If it is desired to consider shear stud deformations along the collector
line in the calculation of diaphragm deflection, one approach, as described in Avellaneda-
Ramirez et al. (2021), is based on the work of Porter and Easterling (1988) and Dodd (1986),
which results in Equation C-E1.2-1 for a simple span diaphragm. For typical diaphragm
configurations, spans, typical headed shear stud anchor size, and shear stud spacing, the
deformation of the shear studs is expected to be negligible in determination of the concrete
filled panel diaphragm shear stiffness.
wLd
∆z = Eq. C-E1.2-1
k st Q su n s
where
Δz = Diaphragm deflection due to connection deformation, in. (mm)
w = Uniformly distributed lateral load applied to the diaphragm, kip/ft (kN/m)
Ld = Diaphragm span between shear walls or reaction lines, ft (m)
Kst = Stiffness of a single headed shear stud
= 145.3 (kip/in)/kip for U.S. Customary units
= 5.72 (kN/mm)/kN for SI units
Qsu= Strength of one headed shear stud in the direction of loading, kip (kN)
ns = Number of headed shear studs in the direction of loading
The equation for diaphragm shear stiffness, G’, given by Standard Equation E1.2-1 was
derived by Avellaneda-Ramirez et al. (2021) and is based on the mechanics of shear
deformation. The accuracy of the equation was evaluated in the same report against the
experimentally observed stiffnesses of 25 cantilever diaphragm test specimens. Predicted
diaphragm shear stiffness was calculated using the proposed shear stiffness, flexural stiffness,
and connection stiffness using the equation in the previous section, and an allowance for
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 31

reaction deflection where applicable. For the 25 test specimens examined, the ratio of
experimentally observed stiffness to predicted stiffness had a mean of 0.98 and standard
deviation of 0.21 (Avellaneda-Ramirez et al., 2021).

E2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

The structural concrete filled profiled panels (steel deck) provisions may be extended to cellular
panels (cellular steel deck). This is an extension of the theory based on the engineering mechanics
of the system for non-cellular panels. The structural concrete filled cellular panel is comprised of the
concrete, top profiled panel, and the bottom pan forming the cellular panel as shown in Figure C-
E2-1.

Figure C-E2-1 Structural Concrete Filled

Cellular Steel Deck

E2.1 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The diagonal tension strength of the structural concrete filled cellular panels (cellular steel
deck) is a combination of the concrete strength and the strength of the top profiled panel of the
cellular panel. The contribution of the flat bottom pan to the strength of the structural concrete
filled cellular panel diaphragm shear strength is unknown. The bottom pan of the cellular panel
that is not in contact with the concrete may not be stiff enough to prevent buckling compared
to the top profiled section in contact with the concrete. It is therefore considered conservative
to ignore the potential added strength of the bottom pan of the cellular panel unless testing or
stiffness modeling demonstrate otherwise.

E2.2 Structural Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The in-plane shear stiffness of the structural concrete filled cellular panel, cellular steel decks,
is a combination of the concrete stiffness and the stiffness of the top profiled panel of the cellular
panel. The contribution of the flat bottom pan to the stiffness of the structural concrete filled
cellular panel diaphragm shear stiffness is unknown. The bottom pan of the cellular panel that is
not in contact with the concrete may not be stiff enough to prevent buckling compared to the
top profiled section in contact with the concrete. It is therefore considered conservative to
ignore the potential added stiffness of the bottom pan of the cellular panel unless testing or
stiffness modeling demonstrate otherwise.
32 AISI S310-23-C

F. INSULATING CONCRETE FILLED PANELS

F1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panels
Insulating concrete is installed over profiled panels (non-composite or roof deck) to provide wind
uplift resistance, fire resistance, thermal insulation, and a base for roofing system attachment. The
insulating concrete may contribute to the diaphragm system performance compared to that of the
profiled panels alone. Insulating concrete consists of differing combinations of Portland cement,
water, aggregates (vermiculite or perlite) or cellular foaming agent, dependent on specific
requirements. The provisions in the Standard reflect historic design methods and are suitable for
both new construction and analyzing existing structures, which meet the requirements of this
section.
A rational alternative to using the profiled panel nominal shear strength with insulating concrete
is to ignore the strength contribution of the insulating concrete and use the profiled panel provisions
of Section D1.1 to determine the insulating concrete filled profiled panel nominal shear strength. It
may not be appropriate to ignore the shear stiffness contribution of the insulating concrete fill
because the stiffer diaphragm may develop a different load distribution to the vertical lateral force-
resisting system than that of a flexible profiled panel diaphragm without insulating concrete fill.

F1.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength

The equations provided in Standard Section F1.1 are adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).
Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by connections at interior panels or edge panels for
insulating concrete filled profiled panels without insulating board in the fill (Sni) is determined
using Equation F1.1-1. This is for profiled panels in lightweight insulating concrete fill without
embedded insulation board as shown in Figure C-F1.1-1.

Figure C-F1.1-1 Lightweight Insulating Concrete Filled Profile Panel

Nominal shear strength [resistance] controlled by connections at interior panels or edge panels for
insulating concrete filled profiled panels with insulating board in the fill (Sni) is determined using
Equation F1.1-2. Rigid insulation boards of expanded cellular polystyrene, having holes in
about 2% of the board surface area, are embedded into insulating concrete which covers the top
flutes of the deck, before a 2-in. (50-mm)-thick topping of insulating concrete is placed over the
polystyrene to support the roof membrane. The insulation boards are held 3 ft (1 m) back from
the diaphragm chords or collectors, so the insulating concrete is full depth in those zones as shown
in Figure C-F1.1-2.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 33

ROOF INSULATING INSULATION

MEMBRANE CONCRETE BOARD

≥ 2 in.

≥ 3 ft

≈ 1/8 –
1/4 in.
PARALLEL CHORD
OR COLLECTOR
PERPENDICULAR CHORD
≥ 3 ft OR COLLECTOR

Figure C-F1.1-2 Typical Layers of Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel

F1.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Profiled Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The equations provided in Standard Section F1.2 are adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

F2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panels

F2.1 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Strength
The equations provided in Standard Section F2.1 are adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

F2.2 Insulating Concrete Filled Cellular Panel Diaphragm Shear Stiffness

The equations provided in Standard Section F2.2 are adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).
34 AISI S310-23-C

G. TEST-BASED DESIGN
This edition of AISI S310 primarily points to AISI S100 Chapter K for the provisions of testing
cold-formed steel connections, members, and assemblies. This is a significant shift from AISI S310-
20 that contained test-based provisions that were substantially independent of AISI S100. When
AISI S310-14 was originally drafted, the provisions of AISI S100-07 Chapter F, Test for Special
Cases, specifically excluded diaphragms and did not have provisions to compare a range of test
configurations to an analytical theory. The updated test-based design provisions in AISI S100-12
Chapter G that carry through to the current AISI S100 Chapter K provisions eliminate the
exclusion of diaphragms and provide methods to compare a range of test configurations to theory.
This allows AISI S310 to reference AISI S100 for test-based design that applies to all cold-formed
steel, including panels, rather than detailing panel-specific test requirements in AISI S310. This is
intended to streamline the Standard and ensure that all cold-formed steel test-based designs meet
the same standards.

G1 Panel Connections
Test-based strength for panel connections is an option for the design of profiled panels, including
structural concrete filled panels, and insulating concrete filled panels. Test-based strength of panel
connections opens the door to a wide array of connections that exceed the scope of this Standard
and AISI S100. These include power-actuated fasteners (also referred to as power-actuated nails or
points), specialty screws, self-drilling screw stud anchors, and clinch connections for sidelaps. This
provides the industry with the ability to offer code-compliant proprietary solutions through the
prescriptive test methods for connectors.

G1.1 Test Standards

AISI S905 is a test standard for cold-formed steel connections or cold-formed steel
connections to hot-rolled steel. This standard provides a variety of test configurations for shear,
flexibility, and tension loading of connections. The methods included are suitable for both panel
to steel support and panel to panel (sidelap) connections.
AISI S923 is a test standard for shear connectors for concrete filled steel deck or cast-in-
place concrete connected to steel support members. This is commonly used for composite cold-
formed or hot-rolled steel beams. The method is also suitable for determining the nominal shear
strength [resistance] and shear stiffness for the transfer of diaphragm forces to chords and
collectors.
ASTM D1761 is a test standard for wood connections and connections of steel side plate
members to wood support members. This method is suitable for testing the strength of dowel-
type fasteners (screws, nails, bolts, or spikes) connecting steel panels or other steel members to
wood supports. When using this method, the ultimate strength needs to be identified and the
connection flexibility needs to be captured following the guidance of AISI S905 at 0.4Pu.
ASTM E1190 and ASTM E488 are test methods for anchors in concrete. These methods
would be suitable for developing the strength of connections of profiled steel panels or other
steel members to concrete supports. Examples of this would be power-actuated fasteners,
concrete screws, and wedge bolts that may be used to attach steel panels directly to concrete
support members. When using these methods, the connection flexibility needs to be captured
following the guidance of AISI S905 at 0.4Pu.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 35

G1.2 Panel In-Plane Shear Strength and Stiffness Using Test-Based Connections
When using test-based connection strength in combination with an analytical nominal shear
strength [resistance] and shear stiffness theory in Chapter C, D E, or F, the determination of the
appropriate governing resistance factor, or corresponding safety factor, is critical. The resistance
factor for these sections ties back to system-level behavior that encompasses the variability of
the analytical method to full-scale diaphragm tests, the variability of the connections in the tests,
tolerances of the assembly, and material variation. The variability of the connection is one
element of this overall variability. To ensure that the diaphragm design is safe when using test-
based connections without full-scale diaphragm testing, the resistance factor is limited to that of
the connection testing and cannot exceed that of the diaphragm system in Chapter C, D, E, or F.
The basis for this is that if the resistance factor for connections exceeds that of the diaphragm
system, then the connection is inherently less variable than that used to develop the diaphragm
system resistance factor; therefore, if this connection were used in a full-scale diaphragm test, the
resulting resistance factor would be as good or better than the diaphragm system. When the
resistance factor for connection level testing is less than the diaphragm level resistance factor, then
the more severe connection-level resistance factor is applied to the diaphragm. At face value, there
may be concern that even though this resistance factor is more severe, it does not include the
additional variability within a full-scale diaphragm test. This is true; however, the statistical
factors used for individual connections from AISI S100 Chapter K are more severe than those
for the diaphragm system. Therefore, the potential to be unconservative is reduced significantly.

G2 Diaphragm Assemblies
Testing of diaphragm assemblies may be used to extend the use of the prescriptive methods in
Chapters D, E, and F beyond the limitations of those sections or to develop new analytical
methods to predict the panel nominal shear strength and shear stiffness derived from the diaphragm
test. Currently, the development of system-level resistance factors for diaphragms is through full-
scale testing and analysis following the provisions of AISI S100 Chapter K.

G2.1 Test Standards

The primary test standard for panels is AISI S907, Test Standard for Determining the Strength
and Stiffness of Cold-Formed Steel Diaphragms by Cantilever Test Method. This standard references
the cantilever test method in ASTM E455, Standard Test Method for Static Load Testing of Framed
Floor or Roof Diaphragm Constructions for Buildings. AISI S907 has specific provisions that relate
to the historic methods used for panels and incorporates provisions for reverse cyclic testing in
addition to the quasi-static monotonic method of loading. AISI S907 is suitable for both
horizontal floor and roof diaphragms and is also suitable for wall diaphragms (shear walls)
because it specifically captures the shear strength and shear stiffness of the panels and connections
with the stiffness of the support framing being deducted. In this way, the resulting shear
strength and stiffness of the tested panels may be used for a wide range of applications with a
variety of support framing systems. Alternative test standards may be used with consideration
of the effect of the shear resistance and stiffness of the support framing.

G2.2 Test-Based Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness

The development of design shear strength and shear stiffness for panels from testing involves
36 AISI S310-23-C

the development of a resistance factor from the statistical provisions of AISI S100 Chapter K and
the supplemental diaphragm-specific provisions in AISI S310 Section G2.2.
The calibration coefficient, Cφ, and the coefficient of variation of load effect, VQ, are
different from those in AISI S100 because the most probable dead to live load (D/L) ratio is
zero. This results in the values given in Standard, Cφ = 1.60 and VQ = 0.25.
For profiled panel strength, where connections govern the failure mode, the target reliability
index and statistical factors are generally set to match those in AISI S100 Chapter K except for
diaphragms with screw connections subjected to wind loading. The target reliability index for
diaphragms controlled by connections subjected to seismic loading is set to βo = 3.5 for LRFD and
βo = 4.0 for LSD. To maintain consistency with the traditional safety factors used in SDI DDM03,
Diaphragm Design Manual, Third Edition, Steel Deck Institute (2004), the target reliability index
for diaphragms that are connection controlled and subjected to wind loading is set to βo = 2.5 for
LRFD and βo = 3.0 for LSD.
The statistical factors for profiled panels governed by strength: mean value of material factor
(Mm), coefficient of variation of material factor (VM), mean value of fabrication factor (Fm), and
coefficient of variation of fabrication factor (VF) are determined by the members in AISI S100
Table K2.1.1-1. The exception is the statistical factors for screws used to calibrate the resistance
factors for profiled panels, which differs from AISI S100 as presented in Table G2.2-1. This has
been extended to include power-actuated fasteners based on the historic practice.
For profiled panel stability, out-of-plane buckling, and web buckling, the target reliability
index and statistical data for the determination of resistance factor are for members. Plate-like
buckling in the field of the profiled panel and local web buckling fall within the member category
of AISI S100 Chapter K provisions. The target reliability index is set to βo = 2.0 for LRFD and
βo = 2.5 for LSD design basis. The statistical factors: mean value of material factor (Mm),
coefficient of variation of material factor (VM), mean value of fabrication factor (Fm) and
coefficient of variation of fabrication factor (VF) are determined by the members as
summarized in Standard Table G2.2-1, the same as those for members in AISI S100 Table K2.1.1-
1. These modes of failure are not connection-related; therefore, the target reliability index and
statistical factors for members are appropriate.
The shear stiffness is taken at 40% of ultimate, 0.4Pu, of the diaphragm test. This has been the
historic practice from AISI S905 and represents the deflection corresponding to a safety factor of
2.5, which corresponds to the approximate maximum allowable design load for panels when
considering safety factors in the range from 2.0 to 3.0. This is still within the elastic range of the
diaphragm for most assemblies with panels. For diaphragm tests that are especially non-linear,
deriving a linear expression for the shear stiffness at 0.4Pu may not be appropriate and may
require a more complex expression.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 37

APPENDIX 1: CONNECTION STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS

1.1 Scope
Appendix 1 primarily addresses predictive connection shear flexibility methodology that is
not addressed in AISI S100. There are also additional connection types covered in this Appendix
that are not covered in AISI S100, such as arc spot welds with weld washers and specific button
punch connections primarily used for interlocking steel decks.

1.2 Welded Connections

1.2.1 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection Shear
Flexibility
The shear flexibility for arc spot welds is subject to the relative thickness of the panel and
support member. Thicker support is intended for a hot-rolled steel beam, HSS, open web steel
joist, etc. There is no defined limit; however, thicker has been understood to be in the range of
1/8 in. or greater. These are solutions in which the support will react in an ideally rigid manner
in comparison with the high local distortion of the sheet steel in the region of the connection.
Equation 1.2.1-1 is adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

1.2.2 Arc Spot Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections Shear Flexibility

This section is intended for sidelap welds between sheets. For these connections, both the top
sheet and the bottom sheet will experience localized distortion as shear is applied, leading to
higher shear flexibility than those connections to a support that is relatively rigid. Equation 1.2.2-
1 is adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

1.2.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member
Weld washers are required for panels under 0.028-in. (0.711-mm) thick to reduce burnout
of the sheet steel around the arc spot weld as specified in AISI S100 Section J2.2.

1.2.3.1 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Shear Strength

Standard Equations 1.2.3.1-1a and 1.2.3.1-1b are adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

1.2.3.2 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Connection Shear Flexibility

The shear flexibility for an arc spot weld with a weld washer is set to be the same as that
for an arc spot weld to a thicker support per Standard Section 1.2.1.

1.2.3.3 Arc Spot Weld With Washer Tension Strength

The effective diameter for an arc spot weld with a weld washer has been set to be the
same as that for shear strength in Standard Section 1.2.3.1.

1.2.3.4 Arc Spot Weld With a Washer Combined Shear and Tension
The shear and tension interaction for an arc spot weld with a washer has been set to be
38 AISI S310-23-C

the same as that for arc spot welds without weld washers.

1.2.4 Arc Seam Welds

1.2.4.1 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member Connection
Shear Flexibility
The shear flexibility for an arc seam weld to a thicker support is set to be the same as that
for an arc spot weld to a thicker support per Standard Section 1.2.1.

1.2.4.2 Arc Seam Weld for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections Shear Flexibility

The shear flexibility for an arc seam weld for sheet-to-sheet connections is set to be the
same as that for an arc spot weld for a sheet-to-sheet connection per Standard Section 1.2.2.

1.2.5 Top Arc Seam Welds

1.2.5.1 Top Arc Seam Weld Connection Shear Flexibility
The equations presented in Standard Appendix Section 1.2.5 for determining the
connection flexibilities of top arc seam sidelap welds are based on research sponsored by
industry and reported by Nunna (2012). Thickness affects the connection flexibility of a top arc
seam sidelap weld, while the weld length, Lw, may have less impact. The connection flexibility
equation applies over the specified range of Chapter D.

1.3 Screw Connections

1.3.1 Screw Connection Shear Flexibility
The screw shear flexibility application has been updated for simplicity to reflect the
transition between bearing mode of failure when t2/t1 ≤ 1.0 and tilting mode of failure when
t2/t1 > 2.5. Interpolation is accepted when the condition is between those two limiting modes.
The traditional flexibility for support fasteners from SDI DDM03 (2004) is used for bearing
mode and the sidelap flexibility is used for the tilting mode range. This reflects the combination
of thicknesses that were typical for steel deck when the flexibilities were developed. These
requirements parallel the thickness ratios for strength provisions, simplifying the design
process.

1.3.2 Screw Shear Strength and Stiffness Through Insulation

The screw strength, through insulation, is based on the Primer for Diaphragm Design (Metal
Construction Association, 2004). The strength, with insulation present, can be combined with
diaphragm system predictive equations in Chapter D for conditions where insulation is
sandwiched between the profiled panel and the steel support member as shown in Figure C-
1.3.2-1.
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 39

COMPRESSED
INSULATION

Figure C-1.3.2-1 Screw Connection Through Insulation

1.4 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections

For panel assemblies, predictive shear strength, shear stiffness, and pull-out design methods for
power-actuated fasteners fall outside the scope of AISI S100 and AISI S310 Appendix 1. Testing
following the provisions of Chapter G is therefore necessary to determine the power-actuated
fastener’s shear strength and shear stiffness.

1.4.1 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Combined Shear and Tension

General combined shear and tension interaction Standard Equations 1.4.1-1a and 1.4.1-1b
are provided to permit the design of interaction without the requirement for a test program
that addresses shear and tension testing interaction.

1.5 Button Punch Connections

Button punch connections are a traditional low cost and low strength method for attaching two
sheets of steel roof or floor deck together. The connection strength and stiffness present in the
Standard is a lower bound for all interlock sidelap types. The quality of this connection is subject to
the installation tool, installer, and the sidelap of the steel deck when using hand crimp tools.
Pneumatic or other power actuated tools produce more consistent connections. See Figure C-1.5-
1.
40 AISI S310-23-C

Figure C-1.5-1 Button Punch

1.5.1 Non-Piercing Button Punch Shear Strength

The shear strength Equation 1.5.1-1 is adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).
See Standard Section D3.1 for discussion regarding the use of non-piercing button punch
with cellular panels.

1.5.2 Non-Piercing Button Punch Connection Shear Flexibility

The shear flexibility Equation 1.5.2-1 is adopted from SDI DDM03 (2004).

1.6 Fasteners Into Wood Supports

1.6.1 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Shear Strength
This Standard specifies the use of ANSI/AWS NDS-2018 and TR-12 for the shear strength
of screws or nails for metal panels attached to wood supports. ANSI/AWS NDS and TR-12
contain provisions for the design of screw connections with steel side plates (the profiled panel)
to wood support members. Prior to this edition, AISI S310 used the shear strength for wood
supports from the Primer on Diaphragm Design (Metal Construction Association, 2004) based on
the 1986 NDS provisions.
An advantage of the use of the TR-12 provisions is the ability to determine the shear
strength of a screw connection with an air gap between the panel and the wood support
member. This is suitable for installations that have fiberglass batt insulation with little shear
resistance sandwiched between the panel and wood support. The insulation may be treated as
the air gap for the shear strength of the screw connection.

1.6.2 Screw or Nail Connection Into Wood Support Flexibility

The screw or nail shear flexibility Equations 1.6.2-1 and 1.6.2-2 for metal panels attached to
wood supports is adopted from the Metal Construction Association (2004).
Commentary on the North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, 2023 Edition 41

1.6.3 Screw or Nail Connection into Wood Support Combined Shear and Tension
The interaction of shear and tension for screw or nail connections between profiled panels to
wood supports is adopted from the 2018 NDS with the additional provisions from AISI S100
for combined shear and pull-over, and shear and tension. This follows the direction in the NDS
to use its provisions for shear and pullout, and the corresponding standard for the other
material attached to the wood member. The AISI S100 provisions for screw pull-over and shear,
and tension and shear are therefore adopted following the direction in the NDS for metal side
plate (profiled panel) connections to wood support members.
42 AISI S310-23-C

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44 AISI S310-23-C

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AISI S310-23E