CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT-III

Cloud Platform Architecture

 CLOUD COMPUTING AND SERVICE MODELS

Users can access and deploy cloud applications from anywhere in the world at very
competitive costs.

Virtualized cloud platforms are often built on top of large data centers. In other
words, clouds aim to power the next generation of data centers by architecting them as
virtual resources over automated hardware, databases, user interfaces, and application
environments.
Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds
The concept of cloud computing has developed from cluster, grid, and utility
computing.

Cluster and grid computing control the use of many computers in parallel to solve
problems of any size.

Utility and Software as a Service (SaaS) provide computing resources as a service with
the notion of pay per use.

Cloud computing advantages dynamic resources to deliver large numbers of services

to end users.

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Cloud computing is a high-throughput computing (HTC) paradigm whereby the
infrastructure provides the services through a large data center or server farms.

The cloud computing model enables users to share access to resources from
anywhere at any time through their connected devices.

Furthermore, machine virtualization has improved resource utilization, increased

application flexibility, and reduced the total cost of using virtualized data-center
resources.

The main idea is to move desktop computing to a service-oriented platform using

server clusters and huge databases at data centers.

Cloud computing leverages its low cost and simplicity to both providers and
users
Centralized versus Distributed Computing

Some people argue that cloud computing is centralized computing at data centers.
Others claim that cloud computing is the practice of distributed parallel computing
over data-center resources. All computations in cloud applications are distributed to
servers in a data center. These are mainly virtual machines (VMs) in virtual clusters
created out of data-center resources. In this sense, cloud platforms are systems
distributed through virtualization.
As Figure 4.1 shows, both public clouds and private clouds are developed in the
Internet. As many clouds are generated by commercial providers or by enterprises
in a distributed manner, they will be interconnected over the Internet to achieve
scalable and efficient computing services.

Commercial cloud providers such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft created

their platforms to be distributed geographically. This distribution is partially
recognized to fault tolerance, response latency reduction, and even legal reasons.
Intranet-based private clouds are linked to public clouds to get additional
resources.
Public Clouds

A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be accessed by any user who has
paid for the service. Public clouds are owned by service providers and are
accessible through a subscription. The callout box in top of Figure 4.1 shows the
architecture of a typical public cloud. Many public clouds are available, including
Google App Engine (GAE), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, IBM
Blue Cloud, and Salesforce.com’s Force.com. The providers of the aforementioned
clouds are commercial providers that offer a publicly accessible remote interface for
creating and managing VM instances within their proprietary infrastructure. A public
cloud delivers a selected set of business processes.
Private Clouds

A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single

organization. Therefore, it is client owned and managed, and its access is limited to
the own clients and their partners.

Private clouds give local users a flexible and alert private infrastructure to run
service workloads within their administrative domains. A private cloud is supposed
to deliver more efficient and convenient cloud services. It may impact the cloud
standardization, while retaining greater customization and organizational control.
Hybrid Clouds

A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds, as shown at the lower-left
corner of Figure 4.1. Private clouds can also support a hybrid cloud model by
supplementing local infrastructure with computing capacity from an external public
cloud. A hybrid cloud provides access to clients, the partner network, and third
parties. In summary, public clouds promote standardization, protect capital
investment, and offer application flexibility. Private clouds attempt to achieve
customization and offer higher efficiency, resiliency, security, and privacy. Hybrid
clouds operate in the middle, with many compromises in terms of resource sharing.

Data-Center Networking Structure

Cloud Development Trends

Although most clouds built in 2010 are large public clouds, the authors believe
private clouds will grow much faster than public clouds in the future. Private
clouds are easier to secure and more trustworthy within a company or organization.
Once private clouds become mature and better secured, they could be open or
converted to public clouds. Therefore, the boundary between public and private
clouds could be fuzzy in the future. Most likely, most future clouds will be hybrid in
nature.

Cloud Ecosystem and Enabling Technologies

Cloud computing platforms differ from conventional computing platforms in many
aspects. The traditional computing model is specified below by the process on the
left, which involves buying the hardware, acquiring the necessary system
software, installing the system, testing the configuration and executing the
application code and management of resources. The cloud computing paradigm
is shown on the right. This computing model follows a pay-as-you-go model.
Therefore the cost is significantly reduced, because we simply rent computer
resources without buying the computer in advance. All hardware and software
resources are leased from the cloud provider without capital investment on the part
of the users. Only the execution phase costs some money.
Cost Model

In traditional IT computing, users must acquire their own computer and peripheral equipment as capital
expenses. In addition, they have to face operational expenditures in operating and maintaining the computer
systems, including personnel and service costs. Figure 4.3(a) shows the addition of variable operational
costs on top of fixed capital investments in traditional IT. Note that the fixed cost is the main cost, and that it
could be reduced slightly as the number of users increases. However, the operational costs may increase
sharply with a larger number of users. Therefore, the total cost escalates quickly with massive numbers of
users. On the other hand, cloud computing applies a payper-use business model, in which user jobs are
outsourced to data centers. To use the cloud, one has no up-front cost in hardware acquisitions. Only
variable costs are experienced by cloud users, as demonstrated in Figure 4.3(b).
Cloud Ecosystems
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF COMPUTE AND STORAGE CLOUDS
Layered Cloud Architectural Development
PUBLIC CLOUD PLATFORMS: GAE, AWS, AND AZURE
Google App Engine (GAE)
Amazon Web Service (AWS)
Microsoft Windows Azure
SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE
REST System
Web Service
Multitier Architecture
WS-I Protocol Stack
Grid Services of OGSA
MESSAGE-ORIENTED MIDDLEWARE