1.

Quiz Questions:

2. Define the mole.

3. What is the definition of relative atomic mass?
4. How can molar mass for a compound be calculated?
5. What is the definition of molar mass?
6. What are the 3 key equations used at A-level for calculations?
7. What is the equation for amount in mol for pure solids, liquids and gases?
8. What is the equation for gas volume?
9. What is the equation for concentration?
10. How do you convert between cm3, dm3 and m3?
11. Explain the concept of significant figures.
12. What is a hydrated salt? Give an example.
13. Describe the method for heating a hydrated salt in a crucible.
14. What is Avogadro's constant and what can it be used for?
15. How can you calculate the number of atoms/particles from the amount in mol?
16. What is the formula for density? What units is it usually given in?
17. How can you calculate the number of molecules in a given volume of a liquid?
18. How can you calculate the density of a solid from its mass and volume?
19. Define the term "empirical formula".
20. Explain the general method for determining the empirical formula from experimental data.
21. How can you determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula and relative
molecular mass?
22. How is molar concentration calculated?
23. What are the units of molar concentration?
24. How do you convert between cm3, dm3 and m3 when dealing with volumes?
25. Explain what happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water in terms of the concentrations of
ions.
26. Describe the general method for making up a solution.
27. How can you calculate the concentration of a diluted solution from the original concentration
and volumes?
28. State the ideal gas equation and define the terms.
29. How can you use the ideal gas equation to calculate the mass of a gas?
30. How can you use the ideal gas equation to calculate the Mr of a volatile liquid?
31. Describe how a gas syringe can be used in experiments.
32. What potential errors can occur when using a gas syringe?
33. What is the relationship between the volume, pressure and temperature of a gas?
34. How can you convert between °C and K?
35. What is the significance of the gas constant R and what are its units?
36. Explain why it is important to record the temperature and pressure when measuring gas
volumes.
37. What is the ideal gas equation?
38. What are the units for pressure, volume, and temperature in the ideal gas equation?
39. What is the value of the gas constant (R) in the ideal gas equation?
40. What is the main problem students have with the ideal gas equation?
41. In Example 17, what is the mass of Cl2 gas calculated?
42. In Example 18, what is the molar mass (Mr) of the volatile liquid calculated?
43. What are the main uses of a gas syringe?
44. What are the potential errors in using a gas syringe?
45. In Example 19, what is the pressure of the gas mixture in the flask calculated to be?
46. What is the relationship between equal volumes of gases under the same conditions?
47. In Example 20, what is the volume of oxygen needed and the volume of CO2 given off?
48. In Example 21, what is the total volume of gases produced?
49. What are the three main steps in converting quantities between different substances using a
balanced equation?
50. In Example 22, what is the mass of carbon dioxide produced?
51. In Example 23, what is the mass of copper that reacts with the nitric acid?
52. In Example 24, what is the total volume of gas produced?
53. In Example 25, what is the concentration of the H2SO4?
54. What are the main steps in carrying out a titration?
55. What are the main safety precautions to consider when doing titrations?
56. In Example 26, what is the concentration of the vinegar in g dm-3?
57. In Example 27, what is the Mr of M2CO3 and the identity of the metal M?
58. In Example 28, what is the percentage of CaCO3 by mass in the tablet?
59. What is the difference between a reading and a measurement?
60. How can the uncertainty in a measurement be reduced?
61. How can the percentage uncertainty in a final result be calculated?
62. What is the formula to calculate percentage yield?
63. What is the formula to calculate percentage atom economy?
64. What are the common strong acids?
65. Write the general equations for acid-carbonate, acid-base, and acid-metal reactions.
66. Write the ionic equation for an acid-metal reaction.
67. Write the ionic equation for an acid-carbonate reaction.
68. Write the ionic equation for an acid-base reaction.
69. What are the general rules for halogen displacement reactions?
70. What is a precipitation reaction, and how can the ionic equation be written?
71. How can excess acid be safely dealt with?
Suggested Answers:

1. The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there are
atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

2. Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelfth of the mass of one
atom of carbon-12.

3. Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding up the mass numbers (from the periodic
table) of each element in the compound.

4. Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1.

5. The 3 key equations are: 1) amount = mass/Mr, 2) gas volume = amount x 24, and 3) concentration =
amount/volume.

6. amount = mass/Mr

7. gas volume (dm3) = amount x 24

8. concentration = amount/volume

9. cm3 → dm3 ÷ 1000, cm3 → m3 ÷ 1,000,000, dm3 → m3 ÷ 1000

10. Give answers to the same number of significant figures as the data provided in the question.

11. A hydrated salt contains water of crystallization. Example: Cu(NO3)2·6H2O.

12. 1) Weigh an empty clean dry crucible and lid. 2) Add 2g of hydrated calcium sulfate to the crucible
and weigh again.

3) Heat strongly with a Bunsen for a couple of minutes. 4) Allow to cool. 5) Weigh the crucible and
contents again.

6) Heat crucible again and reweigh until you reach a constant mass.

13. Avogadro's constant is 6.02 x 1023 and it can be used for atoms, molecules and ions.

14. number of particles = amount (in mol) x Avogadro's constant

15. density = mass/volume, usually given in g cm-3

16. mass = density x volume, number of molecules = amount x 6.022 x 1023

17. density = mass/volume

18. An empirical formula is the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

19. 1) Divide each mass (or % mass) by the atomic mass of the element. 2) Divide each of the answers
from step 1 by the

smallest one. 3) Multiply up to get whole numbers.

20. Determine how many times the mass of the empirical formula fits into the relative molecular mass.

21. concentration = amount/volume

22. mol dm-3 or M

23. cm3 → dm3 ÷ 1000, cm3 → m3 ÷ 1,000,000, dm3 → m3 ÷ 1000

24. When ionic compounds dissolve, they dissociate into separate ions, so the concentration of ions can
differ from the

concentration of the solute.

25. 1) Weigh the sample bottle containing the solid. 2) Transfer solid to beaker and reweigh sample
bottle. 3) Add 100 cm3

of water, stir to dissolve. 4) Pour solution into 250 cm3 volumetric flask, rinse beaker and funnel, make
up to mark.

26. new diluted concentration = original concentration x original volume / new diluted volume

27. PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is amount of substance, T is absolute temperature, and
R is the gas

constant.

28. moles = PV/RT, then mass = amount x Mr

29. moles = PV/RT, then Mr = mass/amount

30. Gas syringes can be used to measure the volume of a gas, which can then be used to calculate moles
of gas or follow

reaction rates.

31. Gas could escape before the bung is inserted, the syringe could stick, or soluble gases like CO2 or SO2
may dissolve in water.

32. The volume of a gas depends on its pressure and temperature.

33. °C → K by adding 273

34. R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1, it relates the properties of an ideal gas.

35. The volume of a gas depends on its pressure and temperature, so these must be recorded when
measuring gas

volumes.

36. The ideal gas equation is PV = nRT.

37. Pressure (P) is in Pa, volume (V) is in m3, and temperature (T) is in K.
38.The gas constant (R) is 8.31 J K-1 mol-1.

39 . The main problem is choosing and converting to the correct units.

40. The mass of Cl2 gas is 1.46 g.

41 . The molar mass (Mr) of the volatile liquid is 53.4 g mol-1.

42. Gas syringes can be used to measure the volume of a gas, to work out moles of gas, or to follow
reaction rates.

43. Potential errors include gas escaping before the bung is inserted, the syringe sticking, and some gases
being soluble in water.

44. The pressure of the gas mixture in the flask is calculated to be 20,000 Pa.

45. Equal volumes of any gases measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules.

46. The volume of oxygen needed is 1000 cm3, and the volume of CO2 given off is 500 cm3.

47. The total volume of gases produced is 750 cm3.

48. The three main steps are: 1) Convert the given quantity into amount in mol, 2) Use the balanced
equation to convert the amount in mol of the initial substance into the amount in mol of the second
substance, and 3) Convert the amount in mol of the second substance into the quantity asked for.

49. The mass of carbon dioxide produced is 1.44 g.

50. The mass of copper that reacts with the nitric acid is 5.71 g.

51. The total volume of gas produced is 0.303 dm3.

52. The concentration of the H2SO4 is 0.0794 mol dm-3.

53. The main steps are: rinse equipment, pipette the alkali, add acid from the burette, add indicator,
observe the color change at the end point, and repeat the titration until concordant results are obtained.

54. Safety precautions include wearing eye protection and gloves, and treating unknown substances as
potentially toxic.

57. The concentration of the vinegar is 64.8 g dm-3.

58. The Mr of M2CO3 is 138.0, and the metal M is potassium.

59. The percentage of CaCO3 by mass in the tablet is 87.9%.

60. A reading is a single value from a piece of equipment, while a measurement is the difference
between two readings.

61. The uncertainty in a measurement can be reduced by using equipment with higher resolution (finer
scale divisions) or by increasing the size of the measurement.
62. The maximum percentage apparatus uncertainty in the final result is calculated by adding all the
individual equipment uncertainties together.

63. The percentage yield formula is: (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100.

64. The percentage atom economy formula is: (mass of useful products / mass of all reactants) × 100.

65. The common strong acids are hydrochloric (HCl), sulfuric (H2SO4), and nitric (HNO3) acid.

67. Acid-carbonate: Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide; Acid-base: Acid + Base → Salt +
Water; Acid-metal: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen.

68. The ionic equation for an acid-metal reaction is: 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g).

69. The ionic equation for an acid-carbonate reaction is: 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g).

70. The ionic equation for an acid-base reaction is: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l).

71. A halogen that is a strong oxidizing agent will displace a halogen with lower oxidizing power from one
of its compounds.

72. A precipitation reaction forms an insoluble salt, and the ionic equation only shows the ions that are
reacting and leaves out spectator ions.

73. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are good for neutralizing
excess acid because they are not corrosive and will not cause a hazard if used in excess.