Ess All 7&9 Markers
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elysia.pwisCreating 7 and 9 Mark Exam Question Plans - Topic 2 and 3
7 Mark Exam Question Plans
Introduction Sentence(s)
● Define the key concept stated in the question. Often one mark is available for this
Main Body
● How you approach this depends on the command work
○ Evaluation:Explain three strengths and three weaknesses
○ Explain:Explain 6 factors/examples
Concluding sentence
● F or evaluation questions there is 1 mark available for a short concluding sentence where you make
a final judgement
1. D
escribe the similarities and differences in using a biotic index and a diversity index to assess
ecosystems.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief explanation of the importance of assessing ecosystems for conservation and management.
B
Introduction of biotic and diversity indexes as tools for ecosystem assessment.
Thesis statement: Comparing the similarities and differences between biotic and diversity indexes in
evaluating ecosystem health and biodiversity.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Biotic Index
● Explanation of the biotic index as ameasure of biologicalquality based on indicator species.
● Description of how biotic indexes assess water quality by evaluating the tolerance of organisms to
pollution.
Diversity Index
● Description of diversity indexes asmeasures of speciesrichness and evenness within an
ecosystem.
● Explanation of howdiversity indexes quantify thevariety and balance of species present.
Similarities Between Biotic and Diversity Indexes
● Both assess the health and functioning of ecosystems by considering biological components.
● Both provide quantitative measures of biodiversity within a given habitat.
● Both can be used to compare ecosystem conditions over time or between different locations.
Differences Between Biotic and Diversity Indexes
● Biotic indexes focus on specific indicator species and their responses to environmental conditions,
while diversity indexes consider overall species richness and abundance.
● Biotic indexes are often tailored to particular ecosystems or environmental parameters, while
diversity indexes are more generalizable and applicable across various habitats.
2. Explain how the level of primary productivity of different biomes influences their resilience.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efine primary productivity as the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce
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organic compounds in an ecosystem.
Introduce the concept of resilience in biomes, being the ability to absorb disturbances and reorganise while
undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedback.
riefly describe how primary productivity varies among different biomes, from high-productivity
B
ecosystems like tropical rainforests and estuaries to low-productivity ecosystems like deserts and the
tundra.
Mention the factors influencing these productivity levels, including climate, soil fertility, and availability of
water and sunlight.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Primary Productivity and Resilience
Explain howhigh primary productivity contributesto greater resilience in some biomes.
E xample:Tropical rainforests,with their high levelsof productivity, support vast biodiversity and complex
food webs, which in turn facilitate a greater capacity for these ecosystems to recover from disturbances like
storms or deforestation, through faster regrowth and re-establishment of species.
Highlight the role of biodiversity in providing redundancy that enhances ecosystem resilience.
Low Primary Productivity and Resilience
Discuss howbiomes with low primary productivity,such as deserts and the tundra,exhibit resilience.
E xample: Despite low productivity, these ecosystems have adapted over millennia to extreme conditions
with specialised species and survival strategies that confer resilience to environmental stressors, albeit with
slower recovery rates from disturbances such as climate change or human impact.
Emphasise the importance of adaptation and specialisation in the resilience of low-productivity ecosystems.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the key points made about the relationship between primary productivity and the resilience of
biomes.
3. E xplain how the interactions between a species and its environment give rise to the S-shape of
its population growth curve.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline the S curve shape: It indicates a slow initial growth, followed by a rapid increase in the middle, and
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a slow-down as the population approaches the carrying capacity.
Provide argument that species-environment interactions give a rise to the S-shape of the population
growth.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Break points in terms of sections of the S curve:
Lag phase: Low pop numbers → low birth rates
● Importance of this phase in setting the stage for population growth.
● Discussion on how initial interactions between the species and its environment influence birth
rates.
● Explanation of how environmental conditions shape reproductive behaviours and population
growth potential during this phase.
Exponential growth phase: No limiting factors restricting population
● Availability of resources and absence of limiting factors.
● Role of environmental conditions in promoting reproductive success and survival.
● Impact of favourable environmental conditions on population growth rates.
Transitional phase: Limiting factors begin restricting population growth
● Increased competition for resources due to population density.
E nvironmental degradation and resource depletion.
●
● Introduction of density-dependent regulation mechanisms.
● Explanation of how these interactions influence population growth dynamics and shape the curve
towards its inflection point.
Plateau phase: Limiting factors restrict population growth
● Equilibrium between births and deaths.
● Density-dependent regulation mechanisms maintaining population stability.
● Environmental feedback loops influencing population dynamics.
● Discussion on how these interactions contribute to the characteristic S-shape of the population
growth curve.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
Recap
4. Evaluate one method for measuring primary productivity in a named ecosystem.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efine primary productivity as the process by which organisms make their own food from inorganic
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sources.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
ethod:
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Light and dark bottle for an aquatic ecosystem;
Measure dissolved oxygen at start and end of experiment;
Compare measurements in a transparent (with light) and opaque (without
light) bottle containing sample of water from ecosystem;
T he change in dissolved oxygen levels in the light bottle represents net productivity, as it reflects the balance
between photosynthesis (oxygen production) and respiration (oxygen consumption);
In the dark bottle, only respiration occurs, leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. The loss of
dissolved oxygen in the dark bottle represents the rate of respiration;
Measurements taken for a set period of time, eg one week;
E valuation:
Simple, easy to conduct method;
Ethical method - samples can be returned to ecosystem;
ifficult to isolate primary producers from consumers in ecosystem sample;
D
Only collecting productivity for submerged subset of ecosystem;
Measurements dependent upon temperature;
Quality of measurements depends on precision of instruments;
5. E xplain how regional differences in the hydrological cycle influence the formation of different
biomes.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
T hesis: Hydrological cycle can influence formation of different biomes.
Briefly state biomes that will be discussed.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
ALONG THE EQUATOR
- igh rainfall/precipitation
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- Leads to low pressure systems
- Suitable for growth of vegetation and high primary productivity
AT HIGHER LATITUDES
- L ow rainfall/precipitation
- High pressure systems
- Prohibits growth of any vegetation → dry and barren land (deserts)
POLAR REGIONS
- ater stored in glaciers due to freezing temperatures
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- Limits growth of any vegetation (Tundra)
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
Summary
6. E xplain how both positive and negative feedback mechanisms may play a role in producing a
typical S population growth curve for a species.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
ositive feedback loops: amplifies change and bring a system closer to a tipping point
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Negative feedback loops: when the output of a process reverses the same process, in a way that reduces
change, moving closer to an equilibrium
S population curves depict a generalised response from populations to limiting factors (predator-prey).
Paragraph 2: Main Body
ositive feedback→ as populations increase e.g. throughreproduction, the population of reproducing
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individuals increases overall increasing the growth rate of the population - this is a change in the same
direction as it amplifies the change = positive feedback loop → driving closer to a tipping point.
opulation size → No limiting factors → Increase → Growth rate → Increase
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(Lag phase, exponential growth phase)
egative feedbackwill occur where the graph reachescarrying capacity → the environment can no longer
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support more of a population. This is usually due to limiting factors like predation/food, which causes a
reduction of change = negative feedback → driving closer to an equilibrium.
opulation size → Limiting factors → Decrease → Growth rate → Decrease
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(Transitional phase plateau phase)
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
Summary
7. S uggest a range of practical procedures that could be carried out to measure the abiotic and
biotic impacts of an oil spill in an aquatic ecosystem.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline definition of abiotic: non living & biotic: living
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Mention what is being tested (water, sediment, species)
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Abiotic:
Water Quality Assessment:
1. Collect water samples from affected and unaffected areas.
2. Analyse parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and salinity using standard methods.
3. Compare results to baseline data to assess changes caused by the oil spill.
Sediment Analysis:
1. Collect sediment samples from the seabed in impacted and reference areas.
2. Analyse sediment composition, organic matter content, and grain size distribution.
3. Identify oil residues in sediment through chemical analysis.
Biotic:
Species diversity using quadrats:
1. Outline use of quadrats to assess species diversity in non affected areas.
2. Mention replication in the area of oil spill.
3. Calculate species richness/evenness/abundance of each and compare.
8. S uggest the procedures needed to collect data for the construction of a pyramid of numbers
for the following food chain:
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efine pyramid of numbers (Number of organisms at each trophic level)
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Plants and snails → Quadrats
Birds → Mark-release- recapture
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Collection of Data for Plants and Snails
- Identification of plant species in the ecosystem
- Quadrat sampling methodology for estimating the population size of plants
- Determination of quadrat size and placement to ensure representative sampling
- Recording the number of individual plants within each quadrat
- Identification of snail species present in the ecosystem
- Application of quadrat sampling for estimating snail population density
- Collection of snail specimens within each quadrat
- Recording the number of snails observed or captured in each quadrat
Collection of Data for Birds
- Identification of bird species in the ecosystem
- Implementation of mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique for bird population estimation
- Capture and marking of a representative sample of birds
- Release of marked birds back into the population
- Subsequent recapture of birds, both marked and unmarked
- Calculation of population estimates using the Lincoln-Petersen index or related formulas
- Recording the number of marked and unmarked birds during each recapture event
9. Compare and contrast the impact of humans on the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
● efine the carbon and nitrogen cycles and their importance in the environment.
D
● State that human activities have significantly altered these cycles.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Similarities
● Both cycles are affected by human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and
industrial processes.
● Both cycles involve human-induced changes in land use, which affect the balance of carbon and
nitrogen in ecosystems.
Differences
● In the carbon cycle, human activities release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the
atmosphere, leading to increased greenhouse gas concentrations and global warming.
● In the nitrogen cycle, human activities, such as the use of synthetic fertilisers and the burning of
fossil fuels, have significantly increased the amount of reactive nitrogen in the environment, leading
to issues like eutrophication and air pollution.
Environmental Impact
● Discuss the environmental consequences of these changes, such as climate change, ocean
acidification (from increased CO2 levels), and the disruption of nitrogen cycles in terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems.
Mitigation Strategy
● Briefly mention some strategies to mitigate the negative impacts, such as reducing fossil fuel use,
promoting sustainable agriculture practices, and protecting natural ecosystems.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
● “ There is a … human impact on the nitrogen and carbon cycles”
10. Suggest a series of procedures that could be used to estimate the net productivity of an insect
population in kg m–2 yr–1.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Define net productivity: Rate at which usable biomass is produced
Paragraph 2: Main Body
● easure change in pop. size over a year
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● Use Lincoln index/mark-release-recapture
● Set traps/Capture, sample, mark and release them
● Re-set traps for second capture and calc. Proportion of marked and unmarked
● Find weight of insect sample
● Use conversion to calc dry weight
● Calc mean dry weight
● Calculate total weight change over a year
● Estimate area occupied by population using measuring tapes
● Divide total change in dry mass over area
11. Explain how positive feedback mechanisms may influence the equilibrium of an aquatic
ecosystem during the process of eutrophication.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline definition of eutrophication: excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water,
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frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.
Emphasise its harm on aquatic ecosystems.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
E utrophication; the positive feedback process by which nutrient enrichment of aquatic systems ultimately
results in the death of fish and macroinvertebrates due to suffocation.
uring this process, elevated nutrient levels in streams causeincreased growth of aquatic plants.
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These plants eventuallydie and accumulate on thestream-bed.
icrobes that decompose these plants use oxygen, therefore thedecomposition of the excess plant
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material leads to an increased consumption of oxygen dissolved in the water.
T he decrease in available oxygen can lead to thedeathof plant-eating aquatic organisms like fish and
macroinvertebrates.
T hedeath of plant-eating organisms results in aneven greater increase in plant biomass available for
decomposition by microbes.
This ultimately leads to aneven greater decreasein the amount of oxygen dissolved in the stream water.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
RECAP + emphasis on organic fertiliser use
12. Explain how the atmosphere plays a role in maintaining life-supporting temperatures over the
Earth’s surface.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief overview of the Earth's atmosphere
B
Importance of stable temperatures for supporting life on Earth
Thesis statement: The atmosphere serves as a crucial regulator, maintaining optimal temperatures for life
on Earth's surface through various mechanisms.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
reenhouse Effect
G
Explanation of the greenhouse effect.
Role of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour) in trapping heat.
How the greenhouse effectprevents excessive heatloss, keeping temperatures within a range conducive
to life.
S olar Radiation and Albedo
Overview of incoming solar radiation from the Sun.
Explanation of Earth's albedo and its impact on temperature regulation.
How the atmosphere reflects, absorbs, and redistributes solar radiationto maintain equilibrium
temperatures.
tmospheric Circulation
A
Discussion of atmospheric circulation patterns.
ow convection currents distribute heat across the Earth's surface.
H
Role ofatmospheric circulation in moderating temperatureextremes and maintaining climate stability.
EQUATOR TO POLES (WARMS AIR TEMPERATURES)
POLES TO EQUATOR (COOLS AIR TEMPERATURES)
zone Layer Protection
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Introduction to the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
Explanation ofozone's role in absorbing harmful ultraviolet(UV) radiation.
Importance of the ozone layer inprotecting life fromexcessive UV exposure and regulating surface
temperatures.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
RECAP
13. Explain why the ecological footprint of two populations consuming the same quantity of food
and energy may be different.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efine eco footprint as the amount of pressure that humans put on the natural resources available to them
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in their surroundings.
Outline connection between eco footprint and food and energy.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
population mayconsumethe same as another but producemore (for export or
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just wasted) which will increase its EF/require more land. E.g Brazil's Amazon
F ood production systems may be differentin termsof efficiency/sustainability;
…some may be more intensive/use advanced technology/fertilisers
…or rely less heavily on meat products/more heavily on vegetarian products;
…or be located in a climate more favourable to food production;
…and therefore, produce same quantity of food with less land/lower EF;
Energy productionmay rely more heavily onrenewablesources/solar energy/hydroelectricity/wind power
ctivities other than food and energy provisionmayinfluence ecological footprint;
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(eg urbanisation/water pollution);
one population may lack treatment facilities / regulations for wastewater leading
to greater EF;
ne population may live in multistory buildings / smaller houses using less land
o
so lower EF;
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
Summary
14. Explain how models of ecosystems might be used in species conservation.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief outline of models mentioned (S pop curve, food webs)
B
Highlight importance of using models to assist with species conservation
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Y ou could link this to theS population curveto helpidentify numbers, are they high or low? are they near
the carrying capacity?
Y ou could also usefood websto help identify thepredators for the species you are looking to protect, or
identify what animals/ plants below the species to ensure that they are able to get enough energy to
survive.
Models could also be used to help identify if it is akeystone or flagship speciesyou are looking topreserve.
9 Mark Exam Question Plans
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Address the question clearly by outlining an introduction to the environmental issue
●
● Define key words
● Appraisal/judgement where you link to the argument which you will discuss in the main body
● Introduce case studies or the examples you will use in the main body
* Sometimes it is useful to write the introduction at the end as, for example, you may add other case
studies as you write.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
● Address one side of the argument
● Be aware of the command word. Some examples below:
○ Evaluate strategies - explain a strategy then explain strengths and limitations to evaluate
○ Assess the extent - explain the strategy or factor and then explain the successes and
failures
○ Discuss - as above
* You can take a different approach. For example with case studies of energy choices your main body
paragraph may look at one case study which you evaluate the pro’s and con’s for.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Address the other side of the argument
●
● Structure you sentences as outlined above
* Again if you are taking a different approach. For example with case studies of energy choice you main
body paragraph may look at an alternative case study where you evaluate the pro’s and con’s.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
● Y ou may want an additional paragraph if, for example, you are evaluating the ‘Replace, Reduce,
Restore’ model
● Be aware of time as you must have time to write your conclusion
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
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● eflect on the strength of the arguments you explained in your main body paragraph.
● Give a final judgement linking to the argument and environmental issue you outlined in your
introduction
1. ifferent environmental value systems will have different reasons for conserving species
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diversity. Discuss how these different reasons may influence the approach a society takes to
conservation.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of environmental value systems (EVS) as frameworks that shape how individuals or
societies perceive and value the natural world.
Thesis statement: Different environmental value systems provide varied reasons for conserving species
diversity, significantly influencing the approaches societies adopt toward conservation efforts.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Anthropocentric Reasons for Conservation
E xplore howanthropocentric views prioritise conservationfor human benefit, such as economic value,
medical discoveries, and ecosystem services.
E xample: Societies with strong anthropocentric values may focus on conserving species that directly benefit
human agriculture, economy, or health, leading to conservation approaches like sustainable use, where
nature is managed for continuous human benefit.
iscuss the potential limitations of this approach, such as neglecting species with no apparent immediate
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benefit to humans.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Ecocentric Reasons for Conservation
E xplainecocentric views that focus on the importanceof maintaining ecosystem integrity and stability,
emphasising the interdependence of species within ecosystems.
E xample: Conservation efforts under an ecocentric value system might prioritise large-scale ecological
restoration projects or the establishment of interconnected reserves to maintain ecosystem functions.
Note the potential challenges in balancing human needs with the goal of preserving ecosystem processes.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Technocentric Reasons for Conservation
Introduce thetechnocentric perspective, which prioritisestechnological solutions and human innovation
in addressing environmental challenges.
iscuss how technocentric approaches to conservation may emphasise strategies such as genetic
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engineering, assisted migration, or the development of artificial ecosystems to mitigate biodiversity loss.
E xample: Technocentric conservation efforts might focus on creating synthetic biology solutions to restore
ecosystems or utilising advanced monitoring technologies to track and manage endangered species.
ighlight the potential benefits of technocentric approaches, such as scalability and efficiency, but also
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acknowledge concerns regarding unintended consequences and the reliance on technology.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the key points regarding how different environmental value systems influence conservation
approaches, emphasising the importance of understanding and respecting these diverse perspectives for
effective conservation.
2. To what extent is the need for conservation more significant in tropical biomes?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of biomes, focusing on the unique characteristics and global importance of tropical
biomes, which include tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, and tropical monsoon regions.
T hesis statement: While all biomes require conservation efforts to some extent, the need for conservation
in tropical biomes is particularly significant due to their unparalleled biodiversity, the extensive ecosystem
services they provide, and the severe threats they face.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Biodiversity of Tropical Biomes
iscuss the exceptionallevels of biodiversity foundin tropical biomes,noting that they are home tomore
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than half of the Earth's terrestrial species despite covering less than 10% of the land surface.
ighlight specific examples of biodiversity hotspots within tropical biomes, such as theAmazon Rainforest
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and the Congo Basin, and the role of this biodiversityin global ecological stability and genetic resources.
Ecosystem Services Provided by Tropical Biomes
E xamine the extensive ecosystem services tropical biomes provide,including carbon sequestration, climate
regulation, water cycling, and soil formation.
iscuss how these services are not onlycrucial forlocal and indigenous communities but also for the global
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population,impacting areas such as agriculture, climatestability, and disease regulation.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Threats Faced by Tropical Biomes
etail the specific threats tropical biomes face,including deforestation, climate change, illegal wildlife
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trade, and agricultural expansion.
Provide data and examples to illustrate the scale and immediacy of these threats, such as theratesof
deforestation in the Amazon and Southeast Asia.
rgue that the intensity and variety of threats make conservation in tropical biomes more urgent compared
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to other biomes.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
The Case for Conservation in Other Biomes
Introduce the argument that while tropical biomes are critically important, other ecosystems, such as polar
regions, coral reefs, also face unique threats and require urgent conservation efforts.
iscuss thevulnerability of coral reefsto bleachingcaused by climate change and ocean acidification,
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highlighting their biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide, similar to tropical biomes but on a
smaller geographic scale.
E xplore thechallenges facing polar regions,includingmelting ice caps and permafrost, which have
profound implications for global climate patterns, sea level rise, and biodiversity unique to these
environments.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the arguments made throughout the essay, reaffirming the thesis that the need for
conservation is particularly significant in tropical biomes due to their unmatched biodiversity, essential
ecosystem services, the magnitude of threats they face, and their importance to global ecological and
climate stability.
3. Discuss whether biodiversity loss or climate change is a greater threat to human societies.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the intertwined challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change as significant environmental
threats facing human societies.
T hesis statement: While both biodiversity loss and climate change pose grave risks to human societies, their
impacts differ in scale, immediacy, and potential for irreversible consequences, making it challenging to
determine which poses a greater threat.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Impacts of Biodiversity Loss
iscuss the consequences of biodiversity loss, including decreased ecosystem resilience, loss of ecosystem
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services, and reduced genetic diversity.
rovide examples of how biodiversity loss can directly impact human societies, such asdeclines in
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agricultural productivity, increased vulnerability to natural disasters, and compromised human health
due to loss of medicinal plants and disease vectors.
rgue that while biodiversity loss may have significant localised impacts, its effects are often gradual and
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cumulative, making it challenging to perceive as an immediate threat compared to other environmental
issues.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Impacts of Climate Change:
E xplanation of climate change and its drivers (greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, industrial activities,
etc.)
iscussion on the wide-ranging impacts of climate change on human societies:
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Extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, heatwaves) leading to loss of life and property.
Disruption of ecosystems and biodiversity (e.g., coral bleaching, shifts in species distributions).(IMPACTS
OF CC LEAD TO BIODIVERSITY LOSS)
E conomic costs and societal disruptions (e.g., impacts on agriculture, displacement of communities due to
sea-level rise).
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of key findings regarding the relative threats of biodiversity loss and climate change to human
societies.
Recognition of the complex and intertwined nature of these environmental challenges.
4. Discuss how the introduction and re-introduction of a species can affect an ecosystem.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Introduction of Species: Effects and Examples
E xplanation of species introduction and common pathways (accidental introductions, intentional
introductions for biological control or economic purposes)
Discussion on the potential impacts of introduced species on ecosystems:
● D isruption of native speciesinteractions and competition(e.g., invasive species outcompeting
native species for resources)
● Alteration of habitat structure and ecosystem dynamics(e.g., invasive plants changing fire regimes
in ecosystems)
Examples of introduced species and their impacts:
★
Introduction of thecane toad in Australialeadingtodeclines in native predatorsdue to toxic skin
secretions.
★
Introduction of thezebra mussel in North Americacausing widespread ecological and economic
damage through competition with native species and fouling of infrastructure.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Reintroduction of Species: Effects and Examples
E xplanation of species reintroduction and its goals (restoration of extirpated populations, conservation of
endangered species)
Discussion on the potential benefits and challenges of reintroducing species to ecosystems:
● R estoring ecosystem functionsand services (e.g.,pollination, seed dispersal) lost due to species
extirpation.
● Addressing threats to biodiversityandpromoting ecosystemresilience.
Examples of species reintroduction and their outcomes:
★
R eintroduction ofwolves in Yellowstone National Parkleading to cascading effects on vegetation,
prey populations, and ecosystem structure.
★
Re-introduction of theCalifornia condor in Californiaaiding in the recovery of this endangered
species and its role as a scavenger in the ecosystem.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of the effects of introducing and reintroducing species on ecosystems.
Reflection on the importance of considering ecological context and long-term consequences in species
management decisions.
5. iscuss the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining the stability and promoting the
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restoration of plant communities threatened by human impacts.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline positive feedback as amplifying change leading the formation of a new equilibrium or tipping
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points.
Outline negative feedback as reducing inputs to maintain equilibrium.
Outline significance of plant communities & type of human threats (e.g agriculture → global warming)
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
egative feedback
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Example: process of soil nutrient cycling.
- As plants absorb nutrients from the soil for growth, the availability of these nutrients decreases.
However,this depletion stimulatesmicrobial activityand decomposition processes, whichbreak
down organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil.
- Thisreplenishment of nutrientssupports plant growth,thereby counteracting the initial depletion.
egative feedback mechanisms such as soil nutrient cyclinghelp to regulate nutrient availability, ensuring
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that plant communities can persist and adapt to environmental changes over time. → ALLOWS FOR
STABILITY AND PROMOTES RESTORATION.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
ositive feedback (destabilisation)
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Example 1: The spread of invasive plant species.
- When invasive plants are introduced into an ecosystem, they oftenoutcompete native species for
resources such as water, nutrients, and sunlight.
- As they spread and establish themselves, theyalterthe ecological dynamics of the community,
further disadvantages native species.
- This process continues to reinforce itself, as the success of the invasive species leads to further
degradation of the habitat and a decline in biodiversity.
E xample 2: Enhanced by human activities, particularly in agriculture; the degradation of soil quality leading
to decreased plant productivity, which in turn exacerbates soil degradation.
- Conventional agricultural practices often rely on chemical fertilisers and pesticides, which disrupt
natural soil nutrient cycling.
- This leads tonutrient imbalancesand reduces soilfertility over time.
- s soil quality declines,plants struggle to obtainnutrients, resulting in decreased productivity. In
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response, farmers may increase chemical inputs, worsening soil degradation.
T ransitioning to sustainable practices such as crop rotation and organic farming can break this cycle,
restoring soil health and promoting resilient plant communities.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Recap the + and - feedback loops and importance of minimising human impact on plant communities.
6. Discuss how human activities impact the flows and stores in the nitrogen cycle.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
verview of the nitrogen cycle and its importance in ecosystems.
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Significance of understanding human impacts on nitrogen cycle dynamics.
Thesis statement: Exploring how human activities alter nitrogen cycle flows and stores with examples.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Human Activities Impacting NitrogenInputs
F ossil Fuel Combustion:
Explanation ofnitrogen oxides (NOx) emissionsfromcombustionprocesses.
Example:Automobile emissions releasing NOx, contributingto atmospheric nitrogen deposition.
I ndustrial Nitrogen Fixation:
Discussion on theHaber-Boschprocess forsyntheticfertiliser production.
Example:Agricultural fertilisation leading to increasednitrogen inputs in ecosystems.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Human Activities Impacting NitrogenOutputs
griculture:
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Explanation ofnitrogen runoff from agricultural fieldsdue toexcess fertiliser application.→
Eutrophication.
Example:Leaching of nitrate from farmlands into waterbodies, causing eutrophication.
astewater Discharge:
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Discussion onnitrogen inputs into aquatic ecosystemsthroughsewage discharge.
Example:Urban sewage systems releasing nitrogen-richeffluents into rivers and coastal areas.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Human Activities Impacting NitrogenStores
S oil Degradation:
Explanation ofsoil nitrogen depletiondue tointensiveagricultureand land conversion.
Example:Conversion of natural habitats to agriculturalland leading to loss of soil nitrogen stores.
tmospheric Nitrogen Deposition:
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Discussion onnitrogen deposition from air pollutionsources.
Example:Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compoundsaltering nutrient availability and vegetation
composition in ecosystems.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
- Recap
itigation Strategies
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Sustainable Agriculture Practices:
Implementation of precision farming techniques toreduce fertiliser use.
Example:Adoption of cover cropping and crop rotationto enhance nitrogen cycling and reduce runoff.
7. To what extent are strategies to promote the conservation of biodiversity successful?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efine biodiversity as the variety of organisms that make up the natural world.
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Express the need for conservation strategies to promote biodiversity due to increasing threats.
Mention strategies that will be discussed: botanical gardens/seed banks, breeding programmes (zoos)
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Botanical gardens
Benefits:
- Storing seeds & genetic materialof plants for futureused in research and conservation efforts.
- Research for medicine.
- Protecting endangered species.
E xamples:
Singapore botanical garden: key preservation role % scientific knowledge.
Setbacks:
- Expensive.
- Limited land availability.
- Unintentional introduction of an invasive species → reducing biodiversity.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Breeding programmes/zoos
Benefits:
- Preventing risks of extinction.
- Valuable researchon animal behaviour/genetics/health→ conservation knowledge.
E xample:
Status of the red panda changed from endangered to vulnerable due to breeding programmes.
Setbacks:
- Reduces genetic diversity.
- Susceptible to disease and change(due to enclosure).
- Raises ethical issues.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Can talk aboutkeystone species
Benefits:
- Creates awareness & public attention.
- Can attract funding and donations.
- Often serve as indicators of habitat health.
Setbacks:
- Only creates a narrow focus on certain type of species.
- Overemphasis on single species.
- Conservation of flagship species may not align with the conservation needs of other species.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Summary + highlight importance of conservation of biodiversity
8. iscuss the potential for designing a protected forest area that allows for the harvesting of
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natural resources while at the same time conserving its biodiversity.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
verview of the importance of protected forest areas for biodiversity conservation and sustainable
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resource management.
Explanation of the challenge of balancing resource harvesting with biodiversity conservation.
Thesis statement: Exploring strategies for designing a protected forest area that enables sustainable
resource utilisation while conserving biodiversity.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Zoning and Management Planning
esignation ofdifferent zones within the protectedarea for various activities(e.g., conservation zones,
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sustainable use zones).
Example:Establishing core conservation areas whereresource harvesting is prohibited, buffer zones for
controlled harvesting, and transition zones for sustainable extraction activities.
Implementation ofadaptive management approaches tomonitor and adjust resource harvesting
practices.
Example:Regular assessments of forest health andbiodiversity indicators to inform adaptive management
decisions regarding resource extraction levels and locations.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Sustainable Resource Harvesting Practices
S elective Logging:
Promotion of selective logging techniques that minimise damage to forest ecosystems.
Example:Implementing reduced-impact logging methodssuch as directional felling and reduced road
construction to minimise habitat disturbance.
on-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs):
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Encouragement of sustainableharvesting of non-timberforest products for economic benefits while
maintaining ecosystem integrity.
Example:Harvesting of medicinal plants, fruits, andnuts using selective and non-destructive methods to
preserve plant populations and habitats.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Biodiversity Conservation Measures
abitat Protection:
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Establishment of strict protection measures for critical habitats and vulnerable species.
E xample:Designating no-harvest zones for key habitats such as old-growth forests, riparian areas, and
wildlife corridors.
S pecies Monitoring and Conservation:
Implementation ofmonitoring programs to track populationtrendsand distribution of key species.
Example:Conservation measures such as habitat restorationand population management for endangered
species identified through monitoring efforts.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of strategies for designing a protected forest area for sustainable resource harvesting and
biodiversity conservation.
Emphasis on the importance of integrated approaches that balance ecological, social, and economic
objectives.
9. sing examples, discuss whether habitat conservation is more successful than a species-based
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approach to protecting threatened species.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief overview of the importance of protecting threatened species.
B
Explanation of habitat conservation and species-based approaches.
Thesis statement: Evaluating the effectiveness of habitat conservation compared to species-based
approaches for protecting threatened species using real-world examples.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
abitat Conservation: Successes and Examples
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Explanation of habitat conservation strategies aimed at protecting ecosystems and their biodiversity.
E xample 1: Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative (Y2Y)
Overview of the Y2Y project spanning from Yellowstone National Park in the United States to the Yukon
Territory in Canada.
Successes in preserving large, connected habitats for wide-ranging species like grizzly bears and wolves.
E xample 2: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Description of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park's conservation efforts to protect coral reefs and
associated marine biodiversity.
Achievements in reducing threats such as overfishing and pollution through zoning and management
regulations.
Emphasis on: habitat conservation leads to species conservation!
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
S pecies-Based Approach: Successes and Examples
Explanation of species-specific conservation efforts focused on protecting individual threatened species.
E xample 1: California Condor Recovery Program
Overview of efforts to save the California condor from extinction throughcaptive breeding, habitat
protection, and reintroduction programs.
Successes in increasing condor numbers from alowof 22 individuals in 1982 to over 500 individualsin the
wild today.
E xample 2: Giant Panda Conservation in China
Description of conservation initiatives aimed at protectinggiant panda habitats and populations in China's
bamboo forests.
Achievements in recovering giant panda populations from the brink of extinction through habitat
restoration and captive breeding programs.
E mphasis on: species conservation leads to habitat conservation e.g introduction of wolves to Yellowstone
park!
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of findings regarding the effectiveness of habitat conservation versus species-based approaches
for protecting threatened species.
Reflection on the importance of integrated conservation strategies that combine habitat protection with
targeted species conservation efforts.
10. iscuss the consequences of changing global per capita meat consumption on the conservation
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of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief overview of the significance of meat consumption in human diets and its environmental impacts.
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(Growing NGMC → increased income for meat purchases & nutrient transition)
Explanation of the connection between meat consumption, land use, and biodiversity loss.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Impact of Increased Meat Consumption on Land Use
E xpansion of Livestock Grazing and Feed Production:
Explanation of thedemand for grazing land and feedcrops driven by rising meat consumption.
Example:Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest forcattle ranching and soybean cultivation to feed
livestock.
onversion of Natural Habitats to Agricultural Land:
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Discussion on theconversion of diverse ecosystemsto monoculture pastures and croplands.
Example:Conversion of grasslands and savannas tolivestock pastures, leading to habitat loss for native
species.
MORE CONSERVATION REQUIRED TO PREVENT SUCH ACTIONS
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Consequences for Ecosystems and Biodiversity
abitat Destruction and Fragmentation:
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Explanation of thedirect and indirect impacts ofland conversion on ecosystems.
Example:Fragmentation of wildlife habitats due toexpansion of livestock grazing areas, leading to isolation
of populations and loss of biodiversity.
S oil Degradation and Erosion:
Discussion on theenvironmental consequences of intensivelivestock farming practices.
Example:Soil erosion and nutrient depletion in pasturelandsand croplands due to overgrazing and
monoculture cultivation, affecting ecosystem health and productivity.
MORE CONSERVATION REQUIRED TO PREVENT SUCH ACTIONS
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Climate Change Implications
reenhouse Gas Emissions:
G
Explanation of thesignificant contribution of livestockto greenhouse gas emissions.
Example:Methane emissions from enteric fermentationand manure management in livestock production,
contributing to climate change and habitat degradation.
F eedback Loop with Ecosystem Impacts:
Discussion on thefeedback loop between climate changeand ecosystem degradation.
Example:Climate-induced habitat shifts and alteredprecipitation patterns exacerbating land degradation
and biodiversity loss, further impacting ecosystems.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of the consequences of changing global per capita meat consumption on ecosystems and
biodiversity.
Reflection on the importance of addressing meat consumption's environmental impacts for ecosystem
conservation and biodiversity protection.
11. uantitative models are frequently constructed to show the flow of energy and cycling of matter
Q
in natural systems. To what extent can these models be useful in assessing the sustainability of
named food production systems?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
uantitative models (numeric).
Q
Systems help to show stores and processes at different scales (open v closed).
Introduce argument: models can be useful in assessing the sustainability of named food production
systems.
Food production systems: Aquatic food production systems and conventional farming methods.
Define sustainability.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
S almon Farming:
Describe salmon farming practices, includingfeedinputs, waste production, and environmental impacts.
Utilise quantitative models to evaluate the sustainability of salmon farming.
E xample: Quantitative models revealing high energy inputs, significant feed conversion ratios, and waste
production in salmon farming operations.
They help to identify how efficient food systems are (how sustainable).
e.g. if energy loss is high and inputs are high then maybe not sustainable.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
L ife Cycle Assessment is an assessment tool used to better understand and quantify the environmental
footprint of the agri-food industry.
onventional Agriculture:
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Describe the conventional agriculture system and its reliance on chemical inputs, monocropping, and
intensive land use.
Analyse how quantitative models can assess the sustainability of conventional agriculture.
Example: Use of LCA to compare the environmental impacts of conventional farming practices versus
organic farming practices.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
E valuation:
But models are only based on the quality of data received and there may be limitations of accuracy and
weather things are still in data. Models can help assess but usually based on just a data set.
The more complex a system is, the more variation there can be and therefore the less accurate and useful.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Summary of both food production systems and judgement on use of quantitative models.
12. Discuss the role of humans in the destabilisation of ecological systems.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Definition of ecological systems: networks of interacting living organisms and their physical environment.
rgument: Human activities significantly destabilise specific ecological systems.
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Examples that will be mentioned: Including tropical rainforests, polar regions, oceans, and freshwater
systems, through habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, and overexploitation.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Destruction ofTropical Rainforest Ecosystems
F ocus ondeforestation for agriculture and urban expansion→ destabilisation of tropical rainforest
ecosystems.
E xample: TheAmazon Rainforestis being cleared atan alarming rate for cattle ranching and soy cultivation,
leading to a dramatic loss of biodiversity and disruption of global carbon cycles.
onsequences: Reduced habitat for millions of species, increased carbon dioxide levels, and altered rainfall
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patterns both locally and globally.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Destabilisation ofPolar Ecosystems through ClimateChange
F ocus onincreased greenhouse gas emissions→ accelerateclimate change, particularly affectingpolar
ecosystems.
E xample: Melting ice caps in theArctic and Antarcticdue to global warming are leading to loss of habitat for
species such as polar bears and penguins, and contributing to global sea-level rise.
ighlight broader impacts on global climate patterns: The weakening of ocean currents and increased
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frequency of extreme weather events.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Pollution ofOceanic Systems
Focus on theimpact of chemical, plastic, and oilpollution→ destabilising marine ecosystems.
E xample:The Great Pacific Garbage Patchillustratesthe extent of plastic pollution, affecting marine life
through ingestion of and entanglement in plastic waste, and introducing toxic pollutants into the marine
food web.
dditional concerns: Oil spills and chemical runoff leading to dead zones and coral reef bleaching, further
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destabilising marine biodiversity.
Paragraph 5 (optional): Main body 4
Freshwater Systems
Focus on howoverexploitation and pollution→ impactfreshwater ecosystems.
E xample: The over extraction of water for agricultural and industrial use, combined with pollution from
pesticides and industrial waste, has led to the degradation of rivers, lakes, and wetlands.The Colorado River
isso heavily diverted and used that it barely reachesits natural delta, affecting freshwater availability and
the health of aquatic habitats.
Highlight the consequences: Reduced freshwater availability, loss of species, and altered water cycles.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the role humans play in destabilising key ecological systems through specific actions.
Emphasise the urgency of adopting sustainable practices and policies to mitigate these impacts.
13. Discuss the implications of environmental value systems in the protection of tropical biomes.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
riefly introduce the concept of environmental value systems (EVS) as the framework of principles and
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ethics that guide individuals and societies in their interactions with the environment.
Highlight the significance of tropical biomes in global biodiversity, climate regulation, and as livelihood
bases for indigenous populations.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
E cocentrism:
Introduction to ecocentrism as an environmental value system that prioritises the intrinsic value of nature.
iscuss ecocentric conservation strategies in tropical biomes:
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Establishment of protected areas, wildlife reserves, and biodiversity corridors.
Integration of traditional ecological knowledge from indigenous communities.
E xamples of successful ecocentric conservation efforts in tropical biomes:
Protection of the Amazon rainforest through conservation reserves and indigenous land rights.
Collaboration with indigenous communities in Australia to manage and conserve the Great Barrier Reef.
Emphasise the importance of preserving intact ecosystems for climate regulation, biodiversity conservation,
and sustainable resource management.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
T echnocentrism:
Introduction to technocentrism as an environmental value system that relies on technological innovation to
address environmental challenges.
iscuss technocentric conservation approaches in tropical biomes:
D
Utilisation of satellite remote sensing for monitoring deforestation and land use change.
Advancements in genetic engineering for developing resilient crops and restoring degraded ecosystems.
E valuate the benefits and limitations of technocentric conservation strategies:
Benefits include real-time monitoring capabilities and potential for innovative solutions.
Limitations involve concerns about sustainability, ethical implications, and socio-economic factors.
rovide examples illustrating the application of technocentric approaches in tropical biome conservation:
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Implementation of satellite monitoring systems in the Amazon to combat illegal deforestation.
Use of bioremediation techniques to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
nthropocentrism:
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Introduction to anthropocentrism as an environmental value system that prioritises human interests and
well-being.
iscuss anthropocentric conservation approaches in tropical biomes:
D
Economic valuation of ecosystem services to prioritise conservation investments.
Promotion of ecotourism as a means to generate revenue and support local communities.
E xamine the benefits and challenges of anthropocentric conservation strategies:
Benefits include economic incentives for conservation and support for local livelihoods.
Challenges involve potential conflicts with ecocentric conservation goals and concerns about
commodification of nature.
rovide examples illustrating the application of anthropocentric approaches in tropical biome conservation:
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Implementation of payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes in Costa Rica to protect forests and
watersheds.
Development of sustainable tourism initiatives in African savannas to conserve wildlife habitats while
supporting local communities.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the implications of ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism in tropical biome
conservation.
Emphasise the importance of recognizing the diversity of environmental value systems and integrating
complementary approaches for effective and sustainable conservation.
4.Even though there is growing global support forecocentric values, the global consumption of fossil
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fuels continues to rise each year. With reference to energy choices in named countries, discuss
possible reasons for this situation occurring.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
E xplanation of the paradox between growing ecocentric values and increasing fossil fuel consumption.
Thesis statement: By examining energy choices in specific countries, we can understand the factors
contributing to the persistence of fossil fuel consumption despite global support for ecocentric values.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Energy Landscape inDeveloped Countries
ase Study 1: United States
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Analysis of thedominance of fossil fuelsin the U.S.energy mix.
Factors such ashistorical reliance on fossil fuels,political influences, and vested interests.
Challenges in transitioning to renewable energy sources despite growing environmental awareness.
ase Study 2: China
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Examination of China'srapid industrialization andurbanisation driving fossil fuel consumption.
Government policies prioritisingeconomic growth overenvironmental concerns.
Efforts towards renewable energy expansion butchallengesin balancing economic growth and
environmental sustainability.
F ossil fuels:
Cheap
Accessible
Can be imported/exported
Reliable
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
verview of energy consumption patterns indevelopingnations
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Case Study 3: India
Analysis of India's reliance oncoal for electricitygeneration.
Challenges ofenergy povertyand meeting growing energydemands.
Government initiatives to promote renewable energy adoption but limited progress due toinfrastructural
constraints.
Renewable HEP from Himalaya’s BUT → rapidly melting die to CC.
ase Study 4: Brazil
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Examination of Brazil'sdependence on fossil fuelsfor transportation and electricity.
Socioeconomic factors influencing energy choices, includingincome inequality and access to resources.
Government policies promoting biofuels and hydropower, but environmental concerns and deforestation
pressures persist.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Counter:
enewable Energy Focus: Scandinavia, including Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, prioritises
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renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions.
- ind Power Leader:Denmark leads in wind energy, withoffshore wind farms contributing
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significantly to electricity generation.
- Hydropower Abundance:Norway and Sweden utilise abundanthydropower resources, with
hydroelectric dams playing a crucial role in electricity production.
- Biomass and Bioenergy:Finland utilises biomass andbioenergy from forest residues and
agricultural waste to produce heat and electricity.
- Energy Market Integration:Scandinavian countriespromote cross-border energy cooperation,
enabling efficient exchange of electricity and integration of renewables.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
ecap of the divergence between ecocentric values and fossil fuel consumption trends.
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Call for collaborative efforts among nations to address the root causes of fossil fuel dependence and
accelerate the transition to sustainable energy systems.
Creating 7 and 9 Mark Exam Question Plans - Topic 5
9 markers
1. E valuate the ways in which different agricultural techniques may affect the sustainability of soil
as a resource
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Identify what is meant by soil sustainability (structure, fertility etc.)
Outline briefly the different agricultural techniques that will be mentioned
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Positive impacts:
- Increased Soil Fertility:Techniques likecrop rotation(the practice of growing a series of different types of
crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.)andorganic farmingenrich soil nutrients.
- Improved Soil Structure:Minimum tillagemethods preservesoil integrity and water retention.
- Biodiversity Promotion:Agroforestry and polyculturepractices enhance soil health and resilience.
S ubsistence farming in the lower Ganges Valleyreliesheavily onlabour-intensiverice cultivation, which
enhances soil fertility through traditional techniques but raises concerns about methane emissions and high water
usage.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Tillage: Prep of land for growing crops Monoculture: 1 crop only
Negative impacts:
- Soil Erosion:Monoculture and excessive tillage increasesthe rate of soil erosion.
- Chemical Contamination:Synthetic inputs in farmingsuch as fertilisers and pesticides lead to soil
pollution.
- Organic Matter Depletion:Intensive techniques reducesoil's ability to retain nutrients and water leading
to loss of soil fertility.
ommercial farminginNorth Americaemphasises extensivecereal cultivation, employing high inputs and
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technologies to maximise yields but posing risks such as pesticide contamination and soil degradation due to
monoculture practices.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Restatement of the argument, emphasising the different impacts
2. To what extent is pollution impacting human food production systems?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
efinition of pollution and its various forms.
D
Importance of food production systems for human survival.
Argument: Pollution significantly impacts human food production systems, affecting both the quantity and
quality of food.
T ypes of Pollution Affecting Food Production
Explanation of soil pollution (e.g.,pesticides, heavymetals), water pollution (e.g.,chemical runoff,plastic
waste), and air pollution (e.g.,smog, particulatematter).
Examples illustrating how pollutants interfere with plant growth, soil fertility, and nutrient uptake.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
ir Pollution and Food Production:
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Effect on Crops:Studies have shown that ozone pollution,a significant component of smog, can severely
damage plants' photosynthetic capacity, reducing crop yields.A notable case is in the Indo-Gangetic Plain,
where air pollution has been linked to substantial crop yield reductions.
E ffect on Livestock:Airborne pollutants can alsoaffect livestock, leading torespiratory problemsand
decreased productivity.For instance, in parts ofChina, air pollution has been observed to cause health
issues in livestock, affecting both meat and milk production.
ase Study:The Central Valley in Californiaexperiencessome of the worst air pollution in the United
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States. Studies there have demonstrated significant impacts on almond, grape, and other crop yields, with
estimated economic losses in the millions annually due to ozone exposure.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
ater Pollution and Food Production:
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Aquatic Ecosystems and Fisheries:Water pollutionimpacts aquatic life, leading to diminished fish stocks.
For example, the dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico, primarily caused by agricultural runoff, have drastically
reduced the area's shrimp industry.
Irrigation and Crop Health:Contaminated water usedfor irrigation can introduce pollutants into the soil
and crops. In India, excessive fluoride and arsenic levels in groundwater have led to crop failures and health
issues in consumers.
Case Study: The Salton Sea in California presents a case where irrigation runoff, laden with salts and
pesticides, has led to severe ecological consequences, impacting local agriculture and wildlife.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
S oil Pollution and Food Production:
Heavy Metal Contamination:The accumulation of heavymetals like lead and cadmium in soils, often from
industrial activity and improper waste disposal, can lead to contaminated crops that pose health risks to
consumers. China's rice crops have faced such issues, with instances of cadmium-tainted rice reported in
recent years.
ase Study: The Chernobyl disaster's aftermath in Ukraine provides an extreme example of soil
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contamination affecting food production. Radioactive isotopes released into the atmosphere settled into
the soil, leading to long-term impacts on agriculture in the region, including restrictions on land use and
food sales.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummary of the diverse ways pollution affects food production systems.
Call for sustainable practices and policies to mitigate pollution's impact on agriculture, emphasising the
importance of collaboration among governments, industries, and communities.
3. limate can both influence, and be influenced by, terrestrial food production systems. To what
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extent can terrestrial food production strategies contribute to a sustainable equilibrium in this
relationship?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline the critical interdependence between climate and terrestrial food production systems, noting how
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each influences the other in both positive and negative ways.
Stress the urgency of finding sustainable practices that can ensure food security, mitigate negative climate
impacts, and adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Pose the question of how terrestrial food production strategies can effectively contribute to a sustainable
equilibrium between agricultural practices and climate change.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Climate Influence on Terrestrial Food Production Systems:
escribe how climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events directly
D
impact crop growth, soil fertility, and water availability.
Discuss examples of climate variability and change affecting agricultural productivity, such as droughts,
floods, heatwaves, and shifting growing seasons.
Highlight the vulnerability of agriculture to climate impacts, especially in regions with rainfed agriculture
and smallholder farming systems.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Impact of Terrestrial Food Production on Climate:
E xplain how agricultural practices contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
land-use change, and deforestation.
Discuss the role of livestock production in methane emissions, the use of synthetic fertilisers in nitrous
oxide emissions, and deforestation for agricultural expansion in releasing carbon dioxide.
Analyse the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils and the importance of sustainable land
management practices in mitigating climate impacts.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Terrestrial Food Production Strategies for Climate Mitigation and Adaptation:
T errestrial food production strategies play a crucial role in achieving a sustainable equilibrium in the
relationship between agriculture and climate.
y adoptingsustainable agriculture practices, suchas agroecological approaches,farmers can mitigate
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climate impacts while enhancing productivity and resilience.For example, conservation agriculture
techniques, including minimal tillage and cover cropping, not only improve soil health and water retention
but alsosequester carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere.
dditionally,agroforestry systemsintegrate treeswith crops, providing multiple benefits such ascarbon
A
sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, and microclimate regulation.
Furthermore, the implementation of climate-smart agriculture techniques, such as precision farming and
the use ofdrought-tolerant crop varieties, enablesfarmers to adapt to changing climate conditions while
optimising resource use.
ase studies from regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia demonstrate the effectiveness of
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these strategies in increasing agricultural productivity, improving farmers' livelihoods, and mitigating
climate-related risks.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the discussion on terrestrial food production strategies' potential to contribute to a sustainable
equilibrium in the interaction between agriculture and climate.
Emphasise the importance of adopting sustainable agriculture practices that mitigate climate impacts,
enhance resilience, and promote food security.
Call for integrated approaches that combine policy support, technological innovations, community
engagement, and traditional knowledge to achieve a sustainable balance between terrestrial food
production systems and climate dynamics.
4. Discuss strategies that can be used to improve the sustainability of food production systems.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
S ustainable practices in agriculture and food production can conserve natural resources, reduce pollution,
and ensure economic viability for farmers and communities.
T his essay will explore various strategies designed to improve the sustainability of food production systems,
ranging from technological innovations to traditional agricultural practices, policy interventions, and
consumer behaviour changes.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
gricultural Technologies:
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Precision Agriculture:UtilisingGPS technology,drones to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and water
needs. This approach optimises resource use and reduces waste.
ydroponics and Aquaponics:Soilless farming methodsthat use nutrient-rich water, reducing land use and
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soil degradation. These methods can be particularly effective in urban environments or areas with poor soil
quality.
ase Study: The Netherlands has become a global leader in greenhouse farming, employing hydroponics
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and precision agriculture techniques to become the world's second-largest exporter of food by value,
despite its small size.
gricultural practices:
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Crop Rotation and Polyculture:Planting avarietyof cropsin succession to improve soil health,reducepest
populations, and increase biodiversity.
onservation Tillage:Reducing or eliminating tillagetopreserve soil structure, enhance water retention,
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and increase carbon sequestration.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
S ustainable Livestock Management:
Integrated Livestock and Crop Farming:Encouragingthe integration of crop and livestock farming to utilise
animal manure for fertiliser and crops as animal feed,creating a closed-loop system that minimises waste.
ase Study: In Denmark, the integration of livestock and crop production has not only improved efficiency
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and sustainability but also led to a significant reduction in chemical fertiliser and pesticide use, showcasing
a successful model of sustainable livestock management.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
E nhancing Sustainable Aquaculture Practices:
Sustainable aquaculture involves responsible management of aquatic resources to minimise environmental
impact while meeting growing global demand for seafood.
ractices such as integratedmulti trophic aquaculture(IMTA), which combinesspecies that utilise
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different nutrient resources, reduce waste and improve ecosystem health.
ase Study: Norway's salmon aquaculture industry has adopted stringent environmental standards and
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practices, including closed containment systems and sustainable feed sourcing, to minimise pollution and
habitat degradation.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
ecap of Key Strategies: Summarise the main strategies discussed, including agroecological practices,
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precision agriculture, sustainable aquaculture, food loss and waste reduction, and support for smallholder
farmers and local food systems.
Importance of Collaboration: Emphasise the need for collaborative efforts among governments, farmers,
industries, and consumers to implement these strategies effectively.
Long-Term Sustainability: Highlight the importance of prioritising long-term sustainability over short-term
gains, considering the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic factors in food
production.
5. T he provision of food resources and assimilation of wastes are two key factors of the
environment that determine its carrying capacity for a given species. To what extent does the
human production of food and waste each influence the carrying capacity for human
populations?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
T he carrying capacity is the maximum number of species sustainably supported by a given area
- food production = increase in CC due increase in food availability which can support larger populations
and decreased competition, boosting health/nutrition
- waste can be reused, recycled so won't have as much effect on CC
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Impact of food production
❖ Positive consequences: DOES INCREASE CC
➢ Advancements inagricultural technology(e.g., theGreen Revolution) have significantly
increased food production, thus theoreticallyraisingthe Earth's carrying capacityfor
humans by making more food available to support a larger population.
■ EX1:The use ofhigh-yield crop varieties and syntheticfertilisershas led to
increased crop production in many parts of the world, such as wheat and rice yields
in India and China.
■ EX2: Innovations inirrigation techniques, such asdrip irrigation,have improved
water use efficiency, allowing for agriculture in arid regions, e.g., UAE’s agricultural
productivity.
❖ Negative consequences: DOES NOT INCREASE CC
➢ Intensive agricultureleading to soil degradationand loss of biodiversity, which can
ultimatelylimit carrying capacity.
■ EX: Dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico; overuse of fertilisersleading to nitrogen
run-off, causing eutrophication in bodies of water.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Impact of waste
❖ Negative consequences: DOES NOT INCREASE CC
➢ The generation andimproper management of waste, includingsolid waste and
wastewater, can reduce carrying capacity by polluting environments and consuming
valuable land and resources.
■ EX1: Landfills, like those expanding in many urbanareas, release methane, a potent
greenhouse gas, while also taking up land that could be used for habitat or
agriculture.
■ EX2: Plastic pollution in oceans, like the Great PacificRubbish Patch, harms marine
life and ecosystems, which are vital for supporting human populations through
food resources and climate regulation.
❖ Mitigation & Positive Impacts: CAN INCREASE CC
➢ Recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy technologies, which can preserve or even
enhance carrying capacity.
■ EX1: Sweden's waste-to-energy program, which convertshousehold waste into
energy, significantly reducing landfill use and contributing to the country's energy
supply.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
verall, despite mitigation strategies, it nonetheless leads to global warming and pollution and therefore
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although CC might increase short term → after using constant food production methods, CC will decrease
long term due to effects of waste and lack of ability to produce food.
6. iscuss the relationship between the economic development of countries and the sustainability
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of their food production.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
E conomic Development: Refers to the long-term improvementin the standard of living of a country's
population
Sustainable food production:Meeting the current foodneeds of the population without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own food needs.
➢ focuses on long-term productivity + ↓ resource depletion, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1- Positive impacts of high economic development
F ood + Water Security
Sustainable agriculture can help ↑ food yields → enable food security over the long run.
➢ helps ensure resources are available indefinitely, barring some unexpected event. This means these
nations can feed their populations and become self-sustaining.
Economic development
➢ Improved irrigation systems:↑ water efficiency and↑ yields → drip irrigation that use sensors can
monitor soil moisture
➢ Efficient road + rail systemsconnect farms to markets→ allowing farmers to access wider markets
+ sell produce reduces post-harvest losses
➢ Education:educating farmers about sustainable farmingpractices, crop management, and efficient
water and resource use → significantly ↑ agricultural productivity + resource use efficiency
➢ ↑ economic opportunity: ↑ yields, farms may also require fewer inputs → ↓ expenses, reliable
income
↓ environmental impact: ↓ ecological damage and resource depletion
Paragraph 3: Main body 2- Negative impacts of high economic development
E conomic development can lead to Commercial Farming: Intensive Beef Production in MEDCs
Inintensive beef production, cattle are housed allyear round and fed a diet. In the USA, cattle are put into
pens containing up to 10,000 or 100,000 cows and fed corn for the last weeks of their lives, which can
double their biomass before slaughter.
➢ Intensive production is energy inefficient
➢ yield as low as 1/10 the level of energy as is invested in energy inputs
➢ very efficientin terms of costs + ↑ yield
➢ ↓ space for animals to move so use ↓ energy → less food is required → cheaper product
➢ animals are fed continuously for maximum growth + selective breeding produced cows with ↑ yield
+ good quality meat
Concerns:
➢ Environmental impact is high, energy usage releases greenhouse gases, and cows produce waste.
➢ High density of animals increases the risk of rapid spread of disease through the animal population.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
➢
irectly answer question
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➢ Briefly summarise points made
7. ompare and contrast a named terrestrial food production system with a named aquatic food
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production system in terms of their efficiency and environmental impacts
Paragraph 1: Introduction
● Introduce the importance of understanding food production systems within the context of growing
global food demands and environmental sustainability.
● Briefly define the scope of comparison: a named terrestrial food production system (e.g., industrial
agriculture focusing on monoculture crop production) versus a named aquatic food production
system (e.g., salmon aquaculture).
● State the objective: to compare and contrast these two systems in terms of efficiency and
environmental impacts.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Industrial Agriculture (Terrestrial):
escribe industrial agriculture as a high-input,high-output system characterised by monoculture,
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mechanisation, and intensive use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides.
iscuss the efficiency of industrial agriculture in terms ofhigh crop yield per hectare due to optimised
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inputs and mechanised farming practices. -> High efficiency
nalyse theenvironmental impactsof industrial agriculture,including soil degradation, water pollution
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from agricultural runoff, loss of biodiversity due to monoculture, and greenhouse gas emissions from
fertiliser use and machinery.
Cast study:Brazil is one of the world's leading producersand exporters of soybeans.
Efficiency:
● High yields:Brazil's favourable climate and vastagricultural land have enabled it to achieve high
yields per hectare.
● Adoption of advanced technology:The use of geneticallymodified (GM) soybean varieties resistant
to pests and herbicides has contributed to increased productivity.
Environmental Impacts:
● Deforestation:The expansion of soybean cultivationhas been a major driver of deforestation in the
Amazon rainforest and other critical ecosystems.
● Habitat destruction:Clearing land for soybean cultivationhas led to the loss of biodiversity and
habitat destruction for indigenous species.
● Soil degradation:Intensive farming practices, includingthe heavy use of chemical fertilisers and
pesticides, have degraded soil quality and led to erosion.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
S almon Aquaculture (Aquatic):
Outline salmon aquaculture as the farming of salmon in controlled aquatic environments, typically in sea
cages or inland facilities.
iscuss the efficiency of salmon aquaculture in terms ofhigh fish production per unit area compared to
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wild fisheries, facilitated by controlled feeding, optimal water quality, and disease management.
nalyse the environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture, includingpollution from fish waste and excess
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feed, disease transmission to wild populations, habitat degradation, and potential genetic impacts on
wild salmon populations.
ase study: Chile is one of the largest producers of farmed salmon in the world, with salmon aquaculture
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being a significant industry for the country's economy.
Efficiency:
● H igh fish production: Chile's salmon aquaculture industry has achieved high levels of fish
production in a relatively small area, meeting global demand for salmon.
● Controlled environment: Salmon farming in Chile takes place in sea cages or inland facilities,
allowing for controlled feeding, water quality management, and disease control.
Environmental Impacts:
● Pollution:Waste from salmon farms, including excessfeed and fish excrement, can accumulate on
the seafloor, leading to water pollution and nutrient enrichment, which can harm marine
ecosystems.
● Disease transmission:Intensive salmon farming practicescan lead to the spread of diseases and
parasites, such as sea lice, to wild salmon populations, threatening their survival.
● Genetic impacts:Escapes of farmed salmon into thewild can lead to genetic contamination of wild
salmon populations, potentially reducing their genetic diversity and resilience to environmental
changes.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
● S ummarise the key differences and similarities between the food production systems in terms of
efficient and environmental impacts.
● Mention the importance of considering both efficiency and environmental impacts in sustainable
food production systems.
8. sing examples, discuss how social, cultural, political and economic factors influence societies in
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their choice of food production systems.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief overview of food production systems and their importance.
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Argument: Social, cultural, political, and economic factors significantly influence society's choice of food
production systems, shaping the way food is grown, processed, distributed, and consumed.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
S ocial Factors:
The rise in vegetarianism and veganism in Western societies.
Driven by social movements concerned with animal welfare, health, and environmental sustainability, has
led to an increase in the production of plant-based foods.
Shifts in consumer preferences and societal values can lead to changes in food production practices, such as
organic farming and cruelty-free product development.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
ultural Factors:
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Rice as a staple food in Asian countries, shaped by historical, religious, and cultural practices, dictates a
significant portion of agricultural efforts towards rice cultivation.
Cultural heritage and traditions dictate the types of crops grown, the methods of farming, and the food
processing techniques, preserving biodiversity specific to different regions.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
olitical Factors:
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The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy influences food production systems through subsidies,
trade agreements, and regulations, aiming to ensure food security, protect farmers, and preserve the
environment.
Government policies, regulations, and support play a crucial role in determining the scale, type, and
methods of food production, including incentives for sustainable practices or import/export restrictions.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 4
E conomic factors:
The shift towards monoculture and high-input farming in the United States, driven by the demand for
cheap food and biofuel production, shows how economic incentives can shape farming practices and
priorities.
Market demands, cost of production, and economic viability influence the choice of food production
systems, often prioritising efficiency and profitability, sometimes at the expense of environmental and
social sustainability.
Paragraph 6: Conclusion
estatement of the argument, emphasising the connection between these factors and the need for a
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balanced approach to ensure sustainable and equitable food production systems worldwide.
9. ith reference to named examples, discuss the significance of diversity in the sustainability of
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food production systems
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of diversity in food production systems and its importance for sustainability.
Highlight the role of diverse agricultural practices in enhancing resilience, reducing environmental impacts,
and ensuring food security.
State the objective: to discuss the significance of diversity in sustainable food production systems through
named examples.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
rop Diversity and Resilience:
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Discuss the importance of crop diversity inbuildingresilience against pests, diseases, and climate
variability.
Provide examples such as theSvalbard Global SeedVault in Norway,which preserves diverse crop varieties
to safeguard against potential threats to agricultural biodiversity.
Highlight the significance of traditional farming practices that promote crop diversity, such as crop rotation.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
L ivestock Diversity and Adaptation:
Explain how livestock diversity contributes to adaptation to diverseenvironments and changing climate
conditions.
Discuss examples such as indigenous livestock breeds that are well-adapted to specific environmental
conditions and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding programs.
Highlight the role of pastoralist communities in maintaining diverse livestock breeds and their cultural
significance in sustainable food production.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
quatic Diversity and Ecosystem Health:
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Explore the significance of diversity in aquatic food production systems, such as aquaculture and fisheries.
Discuss examples such as integratedmulti trophicaquaculture (IMTA), which utilises multiple species to
enhance nutrient cycling and reduce environmental impacts.
Highlight the importance of preserving biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems to maintain ecosystem health and
ensure the sustainability of fisheries.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the significance of diversity in sustainable food production systems through the examples
discussed.
Emphasise the multifaceted benefits of diversity, including resilience, adaptation, ecosystem health, soil
fertility, and cultural preservation.
Call for greater recognition and support for diverse agricultural practices to ensure the long-term
sustainability of food production systems and address global food security challenges.
10. T o what extent can the different environmental value systems improve the sustainability of food
production?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
ighlight the increasing pressure on food production systems due to a growing global population and
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environmental challenges.
efine environmental value systems (EVS) as the beliefs and values that shape how societies interact with
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the environment, influencing decisions in food production.
Argue the thesis that integrating diverse EVS can enhance the sustainability of food production, offering
solutions to environmental degradation and promoting global food security.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
nthropocentric Environmental Value Systems:
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Definition and Characteristics: Describe anthropocentrism asfocusing on human needs and interests, often
prioritising short-term gains and efficiency in food production.
E xamples: Reference theGreen Revolution's intensiveuse of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and
high-yield crop varieties to drastically increase food production,but at the cost of increased soil
degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
Impact on Sustainability: Analyse how, despite its effectiveness in increasing food availability,thisEVS can
lead to unsustainable practices without consideration for long-term ecological health.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
E cocentric Environmental Value Systems:
Definition and Characteristics: Describe ecocentrism as recognizing theintrinsic value of ecosystemsand
their complex interrelations, emphasising conservation and restoration.
E xamples: Introduceregenerative agriculture practices,such as no-till farming, cover cropping, and
holistic grazing, which aim to restore soil health and increase biodiversity.Cite the success storyofGabe
Brown’s North Dakota farm,which significantly increasedsoil organic matter and profitability by
implementing regenerative practices.
Impact on Sustainability: Argue that ecocentric approaches can regenerate degraded lands, enhance
resilience to climate change, and sustain long-term productivity.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
T echnocentric Environmental Value Systems:
Definition and Characteristics: Describe technocentrism as the belief thattechnological innovation and
development are key to solving environmental problems and improving the sustainability of food
production.
recision Agriculture: Reference the use of GPS andIoT (Internet of Things) technologies in precision
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agriculture, which allows for the precise application of water, fertilisers, and pesticides, minimising waste
a nd environmental impact. For instance, the use of drone technology for real-time monitoring of crop
health and soil moisture levels can significantly reduce the need for water and chemical inputs.
ertical Farming:Highlight vertical farming as aninnovative technocentric solution that uses controlled
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environment agriculture (CEA) technologies to grow crops in vertically stacked layers, often in urban
settings. This approach cansignificantly reduce landuse, water use, and transportation emissions while
increasing food production efficiency.The successstory ofAeroFarms, a commercial vertical farm in
Newark, New Jersey, showcases how this technologycan produce crops with up to 95% less water than
traditional agriculture.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
eiterate the crucial role of diverse environmental value systems in shaping sustainable food production
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practices.
Emphasise that the integration of anthropocentric,ecocentric, and technocentric values is essential for
addressing the multifaceted challenges facing global food systems.
Call for a collaborative approach that values diverse perspectives and knowledge systems, suggesting that
such integration can lead to more resilient, productive, and sustainable food production systems
worldwide.
7 markers
1. Compare and contrast the impact of two named food production systems on climate change.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the significance of food production systems on climate change.
Briefly mention the two food production systems to be compared: industrial agriculture vs. organic farming.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Impact of Industrial Agriculture on Climate Change
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● iscuss greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic fertilisers and pesticides.
● Explain deforestation and land use change for agricultural expansion.
● Case Study: The impact of soy and beef production in the Amazon.
Impact of Organic Farming on Climate Change
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● ighlight reduced chemical inputs and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
● Discuss carbon sequestration through organic practices.
● Case Study: Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial comparing organic and conventional systems.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the differing impacts of industrial agriculture and organic farming on climate change.
Conclude on the potential of sustainable farming practices in mitigating climate change.
2. E xplain how organic waste may be an effective fertilizer in terrestrial systems but a source of
pollution in aquatic systems.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline organic waste and the type of terrestrial and aquatic systems
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Provide argument which is a repetition of the question
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Organic Waste in Terrestrial Systems
● D iscuss the benefits of organic waste as a natural fertiliser, improving soil structure, fertility, and
microbial activity.
● Case Study: Successful composting programs in community gardens enhancing soil health.
Organic Waste in Aquatic Systems
● E xplain how organic waste contributes to eutrophication, dissolved oxygen depletion, and aquatic
ecosystem degradation.
● Case Study: The impact of agricultural runoff in the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the importance of proper organic waste management to support sustainable terrestrial systems
and prevent aquatic pollution.
3. E xplain two examples of soil degradation and the appropriate soil management strategies
from a named farming system.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
utline soil degradation
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Outline the types of soil degradation that will be mentioned
Outline types of management
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Soil Degradation Example 1: Salinization
efine salinization and explain how it occurs, particularly in the context of the Central Valley, which relies
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heavily on irrigation.
the increase of salt concentration in soil
Discuss the impact of salinization on soil health, crop yields, and biodiversity.
anagement Strategy: Introduce and elaborate onimprovedirrigation techniques,such as drip irrigation
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and the use of saline-tolerant crop varieties, as strategies to manage and mitigate the effects of salinization.
ase Study: Implementation of drip irrigation in almond orchards to reduce salinity levels and improve
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water use efficiency.
Soil Degradation Example 2: Nutrient Depletion
efine nutrient depletion and its causes, particularly focusing on the continuous and intensive cropping
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practises common in the Central Valley.
Describe the consequences of nutrient depletion on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
anagement Strategy: Discuss theintegration of organicfarming practices, such as crop rotation, cover
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cropping, and the use of organic fertilisers, to replenish soil nutrients.
ase Study: Adoption ofcover cropping in vegetableproductionto enhance soil nutrient content and
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reduce reliance on chemical fertilisers.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the two examples of soil degradation addressed (salinization and nutrient depletion) and the
management strategies proposed (improved irrigation techniques and organic farming practices).
Emphasise the importance of adopting sustainable soil management practices within intensive agriculture
systems like the California Central Valley to ensure long-term soil health and productivity.
S ALINISATION → IMPROVED IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES
NUTRIENT DEPLETION → ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES such as CROP ROTATION, ORGANIC FERTILISERS
4. Explain how the process of succession leads to an increase in the fertility and resilience of soils
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Define ecological succession and its importance in enhancing soil fertility and resilience.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Primary Succession and Soil Fertility
● D etail the stages of primary succession, from the colonisation of pioneer species to the
establishment of a climax community.
● Discuss how pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, contribute to soil formation by breaking
down rock, accumulating organic matter, and facilitating soil nutrient cycling.
● Example: The process of soil development on volcanic islands or after a glacier retreat, leading to
the formation of new, fertile soils.
Secondary Succession and Soil Resilience
● O utline the process of secondary succession, especiallyafter disturbances like fire, flooding, or
human activities that remove vegetation but leave soil intact.
● Explain how secondary succession leads to a rapid recovery of soil fertility due to the existing seed
bank and soil structure, with an emphasis on the role of pioneer and later-successional species in
restoring soil nutrients and structure.
● Example: Recovery of forest ecosystems after wildfires, illustrating how succession restores soil
fertility and supports the return of a diverse plant community.
General:
● Greater hummus content → increase water holding capacity
● Plant roots help bind the soil and prevent erosion
● Vegetation cover provides shade and reduced evaporation losses
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the critical role of ecological succession in naturally enhancing soil fertility and resilience.
Reflect on the importance of this process for ecosystem recovery, sustainable land use, and conservation
efforts.
5. Explain how agricultural strategies improve the sustainable use of soils.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
riefly introduce the importance of soil sustainability in agriculture and the significance of agricultural
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strategies in achieving it.
Present the aim of the essay: to explore how specific agricultural strategies contribute to the sustainable
use of soils.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
ontour Farming
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Define contour farming and explain its basic principles, emphasising the alignment ofplanting rows
perpendicular to the slope of the land rather than down the slope.
Discuss how this practicereduces water runoff andsoil erosionby slowing water flow and encouraging
water infiltration into the soil.
enefits of Contour Farming
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Soil Erosion Reduction:Detail how contour farmingmitigates soil erosion by reducing the velocity of runoff
water, which decreases soil displacement and loss.
Improved Water Use:Explain how contour farming enhancessoil moisture retention, benefiting crops
during dry periods and improving overall water use efficiency.
Increased Soil Fertility:Discuss how reducingrunoffalso helps retain topsoil and organic matter,
maintaining or improving soil fertility over time.
rinciples of Crop Rotation
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Define crop rotation and detail its historical roots and development as a fundamental agricultural practice.
Explain the basic principles, including the typical sequence of crops planted and the rationale behind these
choices based on crop type (e.g., legumes followed by grains).
Benefits of Crop Rotation for Soil Health
Nutrient Management:Discuss how rotating crops likelegumes, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, with
nitrogen-consuming crops (such as corn or wheat)naturallyreplenishes soil nutrients.
Disease and Pest Reduction:Explain how rotating cropscan break cycles of pests and diseases associated
with specific crops, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.
Soil Structure and Erosion Control:Describe how differentcrops have varying root structures and growth
patterns that can improve soil structure and reduce erosion risks.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the key agricultural strategies discussed (conservation tillage, cover cropping, crop rotation, and
organic farming) and their contributions to soil sustainability.
Emphasise the importance of adopting these strategies in agricultural systems to ensure the long-term
health, productivity, and resilience of soils.
6. Explain the link between soil fertility, primary productivity and human activity.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
S oil Fertility: Define soil fertility as the capacity of soil to provide essential nutrients and conditions for plant
growth. Discuss the components that contribute to soil fertility, including organic matter content, pH levels,
and the presence of essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium).
rimary Productivity: Define primary productivity as the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic
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organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem. Explain how soil fertility directly impacts primary
productivity levels.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Impact of Human Activity on Soil Fertility → IMPACTS PP
● A gricultural Practices:Discuss how intensive farming,overgrazing, and the use of chemical
fertilisers and pesticides can lead to soil degradation, affecting soil structure, nutrient levels, and
ultimately, soil fertility.
● Land Use Changes:Explore how deforestation, urbanisation,and industrialization lead to soil
erosion and loss of fertile land, further impacting primary productivity.
The Feedback Loop Between Primary Productivity and Human Activity
● D ependency on High Primary Productivity:Explain howhuman societies rely on high levels of
primary productivityfor food, fibre, and fuel, drivingthe need for maintained or enhanced soil
fertility.
● Sustainable Practices:Introduce sustainable agriculturalpractices (crop rotation, organic farming,
conservation tillage) that aim to restore or maintain soil fertilityand thus ensure sustainable
levels of primary productivity.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the interconnectedness of soil fertility, primary productivity, and human activity, emphasising
the critical role of sustainable management practices.
onclude by highlighting the importance of understanding and acting upon these connections to ensure the
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health of our ecosystems and the sustainability of human societies.
7. E xplain how negative and positive feedback mechanisms may influence the growth of
decomposer populations in soil.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
resent the essay's aim: to explore how negative and positive feedback mechanisms influence the growth
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of decomposer populations in soil.
efine decomposers as organisms responsible for breaking down organic matter into simpler compounds.
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Discuss the diversity of decomposers, including bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates like earthworms.
Explain the importance of decomposer populations in nutrient cycling, soil structure formation, and overall
soil health.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
Positive Feedback Mechanism: Nutrient release imbalance
hen there is an excessive decomposition of organic matter in soil, it can lead to a phenomenon known as
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nutrient release imbalance.This occurs when the rateof organic matter decomposition surpasses the
capacity of soil organisms to utilise and retain the released nutrients, resulting in a rapid release of
nutrients into the soil solution. Initially, this excess nutrient availability can promote the growth and activity
of decomposer organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, as they utilise these nutrients
for energy and growth.
s decomposer populations thrive in response to the abundant nutrient supply,they accelerate the
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decomposition process even further, leading to a continuous release of nutrients from organic matter.
However, as the decomposition rate exceeds the capacity of plants and other soil organisms to absorb
and utilise these nutrients, the surplus nutrients accumulate in the soil solution.
Negative Feedback Mechanism: Soil pH
S oil pH significantly influences decomposer activity, as optimal pH conditions support a diverse and
abundant decomposer population, crucial for healthy soil ecosystems.
ost decomposers, including bacteria and fungi, thrive in slightly acidic to neutral conditions (pH 6.0 to
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7.5), where their metabolic activities, particularly those involving enzyme-mediated decomposition of
organic matter, are most efficient.
T his optimal pH range facilitates robust nutrient cycling by enabling decomposers to break down organic
materials effectively, thus releasing nutrients in forms accessible to plants and contributing to soil fertility.
onversely, extreme pH levels, either too acidic (below 6.0) or too alkaline (above 7.5), can impede
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decomposer growth and activity. Such conditions can denature enzymes critical for decomposition, disrupt
microbial metabolic processes, and lead to nutrient imbalances by affecting nutrient solubility.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the significance of negative and positive feedback mechanisms in shaping decomposer
populations in soil ecosystems.
Highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms for sustainable soil management practices,
emphasising the need to mitigate detrimental positive feedback effects while
8. Explain how the level of primary productivity of different biomes influences their resilience.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of primary productivity and resilience in ecological systems.
Define primary productivity as the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic
compounds through photosynthesis.
resent the essay's objective: to explore how the level of primary productivity influences the resilience of
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different biomes.
efine primary productivity and its significance in supporting ecosystem functioning and biodiversity.
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Discuss the factors influencing primary productivity, such as temperature, precipitation, sunlight availability,
and nutrient availability.
E xplain the concept of resilience in ecological systems, referring to the ability of an ecosystem to withstand
and recover from disturbances.
Discuss how the level of primary productivity influences the resilience of biomes by providing the energy
and resources needed to support ecosystem functions and recover from disturbances.
Paragraph 2: Main Body
High Primary Productivity Biomes and Resilience
T ropical Rainforests: Explore how high levels of primary productivity in tropical rainforests support diverse
species, complex food webs, and nutrient-rich soils, contributing to their resilience against disturbances
such as droughts and deforestation.
T emperate Grasslands: Discuss how moderate to high levels of primary productivity in temperate grasslands
support resilient grassland ecosystems capable of recovering from disturbances like fires and grazing
pressure.
Low Primary Productivity Biomes and Resilience
eserts: Explain how low primary productivity in deserts limits ecosystem resilience, as these biomes are
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more vulnerable to disturbances like droughts and habitat degradation.
T undra: Discuss how low primary productivity in tundra ecosystems affects their resilience, making them
susceptible to disturbances such as climate change and permafrost thawing.
Paragraph 3: Concluding sentence (if needed)
S ummarise the influence of primary productivity on the resilience of different biomes.
Emphasise the importance of understanding this relationship for ecosystem management and conservation
efforts.
Creating 7 and 9 Mark Exam Question Plans - Topic 8
To what extent is the use of Solid Domestic Waste as an energy source beneficial to a society?
Paragraph 1: Introduction
rief Overview: Introduce the concept of using Solid Domestic Waste for energy generation. Mention how it
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is a part of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies.
Thesis Statement: Present a nuanced thesis statement that suggests while there are considerable benefits
to using SDW as an energy source, the extent of these benefits can vary based on several factors such as
technology, societal acceptance, environmental regulations, and economic viability.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Environmental Benefits
T heoretical Context: Discuss how SDW-to-energy processes can reduce landfill use, methane emissions, and
the consumption of fossil fuels.
ase Study: Look at Sweden's waste-to-energy program. Sweden imports waste from other countries to fuel
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its WTE plants, significantly reducing its reliance on landfills while generating heat and electricity for its
cities.
Economic Impacts
T heoretical Context: Outline how the conversion of SDW to energy can stimulate local economies through
job creation and by generating revenue from the sale of energy.
ase Study: Explore the case of the Philippines' Quezon City controlled disposal facility, which has been
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converted into a biogas plant. This facility captures methane for electricity generation, providing a source of
income and jobs for the local community.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Discussion on Limitations
I nitial Setup Costs:
Setting up facilities for Solid Domestic Waste (SDW) conversion into energy requires substantial initial
investment. This includes the construction of WTE plants, installation of machinery, and implementation of
waste sorting systems.
ase Study: In the United Kingdom, the construction of the Ferrybridge Multifuel 2 (FM2) plant faced delays
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and cost overruns, highlighting the financial challenges associated with establishing WTE infrastructure.
S ophisticated Pollution Control Technologies:
To comply with environmental regulations and ensure minimal impact on air and water quality, WTE
facilities require advanced pollution control technologies. These includescrubbers, electrostatic
precipitators, and catalytic converters.
ase Study: The Be’er Sheva WTE plant in Israel employs state-of-the-art flue gas treatment systems to
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mitigate emissions, showcasing the necessity for sophisticated pollution control measures.
otential for Reducing Recycling Rates:
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There's a concern that the availability of WTE facilities might reduce incentives for recycling efforts, leading
to a decline in recycling rates.
ase Study: In Denmark, while WTE facilities efficiently manage waste, there's ongoing debate over
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whether their presence has inadvertently decreased recycling rates, emphasising the need for integrated
waste management strategies.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
ecap of Key Points: Summarise the main benefits and challenges discussed in the essay.
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Restate Thesis: Reinforce the nuanced thesis in light of the evidence presented.
Future Outlook: Conclude with a forward-looking statement on the potential of SDW as an energy source,
emphasising the importance of continued innovation, sustainable practices, and international cooperation
to maximise its benefits for society.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
riefly introduce the topic of human population growth and its relationship with energy sources.
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Present the argument that while energy sources may not directly limit population growth, the
environmental impacts of energy production could pose significant challenges.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Energy Sources and Population Growth
iscuss the abundance of energy sources available, including fossil fuels, renewable energy, and emerging
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technologies.
Provide examples of countries or regions where population growth has continued despite fluctuations in
energy availability.
Case study: China's rapid population growth despite significant investments in energy production.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
E xplore the environmental consequences associated with different energy sources, such as air and water
pollution, habitat destruction, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Provide examples of environmental disasters or crisis linked to energy production, such as oil spills, nuclear
accidents, or deforestation.
Case study: The Chernobyl nuclear disaster and its long-term impacts on human health and the
environment.
Limitations on Population Growth Due to Environmental Impacts
rgue that the environmental impacts of energy production could indirectly limit human population
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growth.
Discuss how pollution and resource depletion can lead to health problems, food shortages, and
displacement, thereby affecting population dynamics.
Present examples of communities or regions where environmental degradation has constrained population
growth.
Case study: The impact of air pollution on public health in urban areas like Delhi, India, leading to decreased
life expectancy and lower birth rates.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Technological Solutions and Mitigation Strategies
cknowledge that technological advancements and mitigation strategies can alleviate some environmental
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impacts of energy production.
Discuss examples of innovative solutions, such as carbon capture and storage, renewable energy
technologies, and sustainable land management practices.
Highlight the potential of these solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and support continued
population growth.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
cknowledge that technological advancements and mitigation strategies can alleviate some environmental
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impacts of energy production.
Discuss examples of innovative solutions, such as carbon capture and storage, renewable energy
technologies, and sustainable land management practices.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of ecological footprint as a measure of human impact on the environment.
Define environmental value systems and their significance in shaping individual and societal behaviours
towards the environment.
Present the thesis statement: Different environmental value systems influence societies' approaches to
reducing their ecological footprint to varying extents.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Ecocentrism and Ecological Footprint Reduction
efine ecocentrism as a worldview that emphasises the interconnectedness of all living and nonliving
D
elements in ecosystems.
Discuss how ecocentric values inform holistic approaches to environmental management, emphasising
ecosystem health and resilience.
Provide examples of ecocentric strategies for reducing ecological footprints, such as ecosystem restoration
projects or sustainable community development.
Case study: The Maasai Mara conservancies in Kenya, where local communities prioritise wildlife
conservation and sustainable land use to maintain ecosystem integrity.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
The Technocentric Approach to Reducing Ecological Footprints
efine the technocentric perspective, emphasising faith in technology and innovation as solutions to
D
environmental limitations.
Highlight how technocentrism advocates for the development and deployment of advanced technologies to
increase efficiency, reduce waste, and manage resources sustainably.
Case study: The role of renewable energy technologies (solar, wind) in reducing carbon footprints, with
examples from countries like Germany or Denmark that have significantly invested in transitioning to
renewable energy sources.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
The Purely Anthropocentric Viewpoint
efine the purely anthropocentric approach, emphasising its focus on human welfare, economic growth,
D
and the assumption that natural resources are primarily for human use.
Discuss the historical context of the purely anthropocentric viewpoint, illustrating its influence on industrial
development, land use, and environmental policies that have often led to overexploitation of resources and
significant ecological degradation.
Highlight examples where purely anthropocentric policies have resulted in increased ecological footprints,
such as deforestation for agriculture in the Amazon basin or the overfishing of global fisheries.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the main arguments presented in the essay, emphasising the role of environmental value
systems in shaping society's approach to reducing ecological footprints.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of technocentrism, which posits that technological advancements can solve
environmental problems and support human population growth.
Briefly describe the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) and its stages, highlighting how it reflects
changes in birth and death rates as societies develop.
Present the thesis: To explore the extent to which technocentrism, as evidenced by technological
advancements during the stages of the DTM, has influenced patterns of growth and development in human
populations.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Technological Advancements and the First Transition (Pre-industrial to Industrial Phase)
E xamine the role of technological advancements, such as agricultural innovations and improved medical
practices, in reducing death rates and initiating the demographic transition.
Case study: The Agricultural Revolution in 18th century Britain, showcasing how innovations like crop
rotation and the enclosure movement increased food production and supported population growth.
Technological Impact on the Second Transition (Industrial Phase)
iscuss how industrialization, driven by technological advancements, led to significant changes in living
D
conditions, further reducing death rates and causing populations to swell.
Case study: The Industrial Revolution's impact on population dynamics, highlighting improvements in
medicine (e.g., vaccines) and sanitation that drastically reduced mortality rates.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Technological Influence in the Later Stages of the DTM
nalyse the role of technology in supporting transitions to later stages of the DTM, focusing on birth rate
A
declines due to improved family planning, education, and economic changes.
Case study: The Green Revolution and its impact on agricultural productivity in the mid-20th century, which
contributed to increased food security and economic development, influencing demographic changes in
developing countries.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Challenges to Technocentrism in Contemporary Population Dynamics
cknowledge limitations and challenges to technocentrism, including environmental degradation, resource
A
depletion, and the unequal distribution of technological advancements.
Discuss contemporary issues such as climate change and its impact on agricultural productivity, questioning
the sustainability of technocentric solutions.
Case study: The impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture in regions like Sub-Saharan
Africa, highlighting challenges to maintaining food security and supporting population growth.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the extent to which technological development, as represented in the stages of the DTM,
supports the technocentric belief in overcoming limits to population growth.
Reflect on the interplay between technological advancements and other factors, such as environmental
sustainability and equity, in shaping future population dynamics.
Conclude by acknowledging the critical role of technology in demographic transitions while emphasising
the need for sustainable and inclusive approaches to address the complex challenges of future population
growth.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
riefly introduce the concept of solid domestic waste and its significance in environmental management
B
and sustainability.
Define the three levels of pollution management model: source reduction, pollution control, and pollution
cleanup, explaining how each level approaches the mitigation of environmental impacts.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Source Reduction Strategies in Solid Domestic Waste Management
efine source reduction and its importance in waste management, emphasising prevention at the source as
D
the most effective form of pollution management.
Case Study: Japan's "Zero Waste" initiatives, such as the town of Kamikatsu, which has implemented strict
recycling programs and waste reduction policies aiming for zero waste. Highlight how community
engagement and government policies have played roles in reducing waste generation.
Analyse the success of source reduction strategies in reducing the volume of solid domestic waste and their
impact on minimising environmental degradation.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Pollution Control Measures in Managing Solid Domestic Waste
iscuss pollution control measures, focusing on strategies that deal with waste once it has been produced
D
but before it is released into the environment, such as recycling and waste-to-energy technologies.
Case Study: Sweden's waste-to-energy program, where a significant portion of solid domestic waste is
converted into energy, reducing reliance on landfill disposal and contributing to the country's energy mix.
Examine how this approach has managed waste more effectively and its implications for pollution control.
Evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of pollution control measures in managing the environmental
impacts of solid domestic waste.
Paragraph 4 (optional): Main body 3
Pollution Cleanup Efforts in Solid Domestic Waste Management
E xplain pollution cleanup, highlighting efforts to deal with waste and pollution after it has been released
into the environment, including landfill management and ocean cleanup initiatives.
Case Study: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch cleanup efforts by non-profit organisations like The Ocean
Cleanup, which focuses on removing plastics and other waste materials from the ocean. Discuss the
challenges and achievements of these cleanup efforts.
Assess the extent to which pollution cleanup strategies have successfully mitigated the environmental
impacts of solid domestic waste, considering the complexities and scale of pollution.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the successes and limitations of applying the three levels of pollution management model to
the management of solid domestic waste.
Reflect on the critical importance of adopting a holistic and integrated approach to waste management that
prioritises source reduction, employs effective pollution control measures, and includes proactive cleanup
efforts.
7 markers:
Paragraph 1: Introduction
egin with a broad overview of sustainability and its importance in balancing environmental health,
B
economic prosperity, and social equity.
Introduce environmental indicators as tools used to measure and assess the sustainability of ecosystems,
communities, and economies.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Indicators for Ecological Sustainability
ighlight key indicators used to measure ecological integrity and environmental health, such as
H
biodiversity, carbon footprint, deforestation rates, and water quality.
Case study: The use of the Living Planet Index (LPI) to track global biodiversity trends and the implications
for ecosystem health and services.
Economic Sustainability Indicators
iscuss indicators that assess the sustainability of economic activities,including resource efficiency,energy
D
consumption, waste generation, and the circular economy index.
Case study: The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) as an alternative to GDP, incorporating environmental and
social well-being into economic measurements.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Challenges and Limitations in Using Environmental Indicators
ddress the challenges in selecting and applying environmental indicators, including data availability, the
A
complexity of integrating various indicators, and the potential for oversimplification.
Discuss the importance of context in interpreting indicators and the risk of relying too heavily on
quantitative data without considering qualitative aspects.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the critical role of environmental indicators in assessing and promoting sustainability across
ecological, economic, and social dimensions.
Reflect on the need for continuous improvement in the development and application of indicators to
address emerging sustainability challenges.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the concept of the ecological footprint as a measure of the environmental impact of human
activities on the Earth's ecosystems.
Pose the question: Despite consuming the same quantities of food and energy, why might the ecological
footprints of two populations vary significantly?
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Dietary Choices and Food Production Systems
E xamine how dietary choices and food production systems contribute to differences in ecological
footprints.
Plant-based diets typically have lower ecological footprints compared to diets high in animal products due
to lower resource requirements for production and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Contrast the ecological footprints of populations with traditional, locally-sourced diets versus those heavily
reliant on imported and processed foods.
Case study: Comparing the ecological footprints of Mediterranean diet consumers with those following a
Western diet rich in processed foods and animal products.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
iscuss the role of waste management practices and resource efficiency in shaping ecological footprints.
D
Populations with effective recycling programs and waste reduction strategies tend to have lower ecological
footprints by reducing resource extraction and energy consumption associated with production and
disposal.
Contrast the ecological footprints of regions with advanced waste management infrastructure versus those
with limited recycling and waste disposal options.
Case study: Comparing the ecological footprints of countries with stringent waste management policies and
circular economy initiatives versus those with lax regulations and higher levels of waste generation.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the various factors beyond food and energy consumption that contribute to differences in
ecological footprints between populations.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
ighlight the importance of soil fertility for ecosystem health, agricultural productivity, and human survival.
H
Introduce solid domestic waste as a significant environmental challenge, focusing on the presence of
non-biodegradable materials and toxins that can adversely affect soil quality.
Discuss how non-biodegradable materials, such as plastics and metals, accumulate in soil, leading to
physical changes, waterlogging, and disruption of soil structure.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Recycling
E xamine recycling as a key strategy in diverting waste from landfills, reducing the volume of
non-biodegradable materials, and preventing soil contamination.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Innovative Waste Management Technologies
Introduce innovative technologies and approaches in waste management, such as waste-to-energy
conversion and the development of biodegradable materials, that contribute to soil preservation.
S olid waste management inSingaporebegins at homesand businesses. Waste that is not segregated at
source is then collected and sent to the waste-to-energy plants for incineration. Incineration reduces the
volume of solid waste by about 90% and energy is recovered to generate electricity.
ioleaching is a non-toxic, environmentally considerate extraction method, unlike smelting or incineration.
B
Precious metals extracted can be re-used and given a second life, rather than remaining in landfill sites
around the world.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the key points discussed, reaffirming the critical relationship between solid domestic waste
management and soil fertility preservation.
Emphasise the need for integrated waste management strategies that consider environmental impacts,
particularly on soil health.
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Introduce the significance of fertility rate and crude birth rate as demographic indicators used to measure
human population growth.
Highlight the importance of understanding their strengths and weaknesses in accurately assessing
population dynamics.
Outline the aim of the essay: to explore the distinct attributes of fertility rate and crude birth rate as
indicators of human population growth.
Paragraph 2: Main body 1
Fertility Rate
Define fertility rate as the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
iscuss thestrengthsof fertility rate as an indicator:
D
Reflects individual reproductive behaviour and family planning choices.
Provides insights into trends in family size and population age structure. (Policies/key services in place e.g
education and medical → planning)
Allows for comparisons between different population groups and regions.
owever, discuss theweaknesses:
H
Does not account for births outside of reproductive age, which may skew comparisons.
Can be influenced by factors such as cultural norms, social policies, and economic conditions, making
interpretations complex.
Paragraph 3: Main body 2
Crude Birth Rate
efine crude birth rate as the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population within a specific time
D
period.
iscuss thestrengthsof crude birth rate as an indicator:
D
Provides a simple measure of population growth, directly reflecting the number of births within a
population.
Easy to calculate and interpret, making it widely used for demographic analysis.
Useful for comparing population growth rates across different time periods and regions.
owever, discuss theweaknesses:
H
Ignores demographic complexities such as age distribution and fertility patterns.
Does not account for population size, making comparisons between populations of different sizes less
informative.
ulnerable to distortions from temporary fluctuations in birth rates, such as during periods of conflict or
V
economic instability.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
S ummarise the distinct attributes of fertility rate and crude birth rate as indicators of human population
growth.
Highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each indicator, emphasising the need for a nuanced approach in
demographic analysis.
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