Sand Control

d . 8
e 01
rv n 1, 2
Cased Hole Sand Exclusion e
s u
s re 28 - J
i ht ay
g e-M
r
ll nc
. A , Fra
T au
x -P
E
N ard
t © Dro u
h tin
y rigValen
p or
Couced f
od
Pr
Ray Tibbles, Sand Control Advisor
PE-SC-0007
Learning Objectives

▪ Completion Types: Single, Stacked, Single Selective, Dual

Selective
d . 8
▪ Cased Hole Selection Considerations: GP, HRWP v e or
1 FP
er un 1, 20
▪ Gravel Packing (GP) s
re 28 - J
h s
t ay
▪ High Rate Water Packing (HRWP) rig e - M
A l l nc
▪ Frac Packing (FP) T. au, F
r a

E x -P
– Frac-Pack Design & Execution N ouard
t © Dr
– i g h ntinStep Rate, Mini-Frac
Calibration Diagnostics,
y r Vale
– o p for & Temperature Analysis
Post-Job Pressure
C uced
– Fluid Selection
rod P

1 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Completion Types

▪ One Zone
– Single . 8
d
e 01
▪ More than One Zone e rv n 1, 2
s u
re 28 - J
– Single Selective s
ht ay
r i g e-M
▪ With or without isolation ll nc
A , Fra
.
T au
– Dual E x -P
N ard
t © Dro
u
– Dual Selective h tin
y rigValen
o p for
▪ With or without isolation
C uced
od
Pr

2 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Single Natural Completion

▪ Standard completion when no sand

control is required. d . 8
r v e 201
s e un 1,
re 28 - J packer.
▪ Standard production
s
t h ay
g
ri e - M
All nc
. Fra
x T au
,
NEouard -P
©
ht tin D
r
Packer
y rigValen
p or
Couced f
od
Pr

Perfs

3 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Single with Vent Screen

▪ Remedial treatment to apply sand

control to a zone that did d . not have
r v e 201 8
sand control. ese Jun 1,
s r 28 -
Packer h t
▪ Simplistic Procedure ay
g
i - M
r nce
l l
A cleaned
– WellT . is , Fra out with coiled tubing.
E x - Pa u
–N Vent
ard screen run in through tubing and
t © Dro u
Vent
i g h ntin released.
Screenpyr r Vale
Couced fo – Gravel is pumped around the outside of
Pr
Perfsod vent screen.
– Gravel is cleaned out
Bridge
Plug
4 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Single Sand Control Completion

▪ Simplest type of conventional cased

hole sand control completion.
. 8
d
rven 1, 201
▪ Simplistic genericseprocedure
r e 8 - Ju
– Sump packer h ts runy 2 in on wireline
r i g e-M a
– Well l
isl perforated.
nc
Quantum
T . Aau, F r a
Packer E
– xRIH- Pwith gravel pack assembly
N ouard
t © Dr
Seals X-Over i g h ntin – Gravel pack
y r Vale
o p for – POH with work string and wash pipe.
C uced
Screen od – RIH with completion.
Pr Perfs

Seals Sump
Packer
5 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Single Sand Control With Alternate Path

▪ Same as previous example except

Alternate Path screens d . and gravel
v e 18
er un 1, 20
s
packing are incorporated
re 28 - J in the
h s
t ay
completion.
rig ce - M
A ll ran
T . ,F
Packer N E x - Pa
u
ar d
t© rou
igh n D
r nti
Shunt
p y Va
le
Tubes C o ed f or
uc Screen
P rod
Perfs

Sump
6 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved Packer
 Single Selective

▪ Design for two zones. Production either

comingled or one zone at a time.
d . 8
▪ Bottom zone isolated r v e with
20 plug
1
s e un 1 ,
re 28 - J
▪ Simplistic procedure
s
t y h - Ma
GP Packer i g
r nsump
– RIHllwith ce packer
. A ,F r a
x
– T au
Perforate lower zone
E
N ouard - P
Sliding Uppert © Dr – RIH with GP assembly and GP.
Sleeve i g h ntin
p fo yr r Vale
Perfs – Perforate upper zone
Screen o
C ed uc – RIH with GP assembly and GP
P rod Packer
– RIH with production tubing
Screen Lower
Perfs

7 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Single Selective with Zonal Isolation

▪ Design for two zones. Production

either comingled or one zone at a
d . 8
time. r v e 201
s e un 1,
▪ Both zones s re 28 - J with sleeves
isolated
h t ay
Packer r i g e-M
l l
▪ Simplistic ncprocedure
.A F r
T Pau
,
a
x
Sliding
Upper
NEo–uarRIH
d- with sump packer
Perfs t © Dr
Sleeve i g h ntin – Perforate lower zone
y r Vale
o pPacker
for – RIH with GP assembly and GP.
C uce d
od – Perforate upper zone
Pr
Sliding
Sleeve Lower – RIH with GP assembly and GP
Perfs – RIH with production tubing
8 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Dual Completion
Short String

Long String ▪ Design for two zones. Production

through independent d .strings.
v e 18
er un 1,
Dual 20
s
re 28a- Jdual packer.
Packer ▪ We have added s
t ay
i h
g either
Packer ▪ Requires l l r c e -M
larger casing, smaller
. Aau, F r a n
Screen T
xtubing, or both.
E
N ouard - P

t © D▪r Upper zone is difficult to access and

Packer
i g h ntin
y r Vale
o p for cannot be logged.
C uce d
Screen
Pr
od ▪ Lower zone can be accessed and
logged.
Perfs
9 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Dual Selective with Sting Through Isolation
Short String

Long String ▪ Design for three zones.

d . 8
Dual Packer ▪ Upper zone production r v e 201through short
s e un 1,
string s re 28 - J
h t ay
GP Packer
▪ Lower r i
two g ezone -M
production through
l l c
. Aau, F r a n
Screen T
xthe- Plong string.
E
N ouard
t © D▪r Lower two zones produced either
GP Packer
i g h ntin
y r Vale
o p for comingled or one zone at a time
C uce
Screen d

Pr
od ▪ Lowest zone isolated with plug.
GP Packer

Screen

10 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Dual Selective with Sting Through Isolation
Short String

Long String ▪ Design for three zones.

d . 8
Dual Packer ▪ Upper zone production r v e 201through short
s e un 1,
string s re 28 - J
h t ay
GP Packer
▪ Lower r i
two g ezones-M
produced through
l l c
. Aau, F r a n
Screen T
xthe- Plong string.
E
N ouard
t © D▪r Lower two zones produced either
GP Packer
i g h ntin
y r Vale
o p for comingled or one zone at a time
C Sub
3 Way
u ce
d

Pr
od ▪ Lowest zone isolated with sliding
GP Packer
sleeve.
3 Way Sub

Sliding Sleeve
11 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Cased Hole Selection Considerations:
GP, HRWP or FP

▪ Every sand prone field / project has an optimum sandface

completion, balancing:
. d 018
– Risk (longevity) v e
er n 1 , 2
– Production (skin) r es8 - Ju
h t ays 2
– Cost (Capex and Opex) l ig - M
r nce
l
A ra
T . au, F
▪ For cased hole completions with
E x mechanical
- P sand exclusion, the
N ouard
current techniques are: t © Dr
i g h ntin
– SAS: Stand Alone y r Vale
Screen
o p for
C uced
– GP: Gravel pack od
Pr
– HRWP: High Rate Water Pack
– FP: Fracpack

12 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Cased Hole Completions

d . 8
e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
s re 28 - J
i ht ay
g e-M
r
ll nc
. A , Fra
x -P T au
E
N ard
t © Dro u
h tin
y rigValen
p or
SAS
CoCH
u c
GPf
ed
HRWP StimPAC

Formation od
High permeability Brine at high rate Viscous fluid at
Pr
sand fills the gravel fills the used to create small higher rates used
perforations perforations and fractures to create larger
and casing casing screen Skin 5 to 15 fractures
screen annulus annulus Skin 0 to 10
Skin 20 to 100 Skin 5 to 50
13 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 SAS in Cased Hole (screens across perfs)

▪ A VERY BAD IDEA

d . 8
▪ If the well really does produce sand.. e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
– Best case is that you have a gravel pack with s re 28 - J
h t ay
formation sand and end up with a skinl of r ig40+.
e-
M
A l ran c
– Worst case is that you cut out your T . screens
u,
F
E x -P a
before they pack and produce N osand.
ard
t © Dr u

i g h ntin
y r Vale
o p for
C ed uc
P rod

14 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 SAS in Cased Hole (screens above perfs)

▪ AN EVEN WORSE IDEA

d . 8
▪ Now if the well really does produce e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
sand.. s re 28 - J
h t ay
– Best case is that you cut out your screens r i g e-M
l l nc
before they pack and produce sand. T . Aau, F r a

E x -P
– Worst case is that you have N formation
ard sand
©
t tin D r ou
packed from the screen i h
g lendown to the
r
y or Va
p
o eproduce
perforations Cand nothing.
df
u c
od
Pr

15 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Viscous Gravel Packing

▪ Gravel Packing Overview

– Usually skid based pumping operations d . 8
e 01
rv n 1, 2
– Gel as a gravel pack carrier fluid e
s u
▪ HEC, Xanthan, VES s re 28 - J
ht ay i g e-M
– 4-5 ppa, often batch mixed
l l r nc
– Pump rate 4 to 6 bpm T . Aau, F r a

E x -P
– 25 to 50 lbs of gravel per ft ofN perforations
ard
t © Dro u
– Often multiple stagesig(i.e. h nacid,
tin slurry, acid, slurry, etc.)
to pack the perforations
p yr or Va le

C o ed f
– Treated in the squeeze
o d uc position until all of the perforations are packed and
then the tool Pisr shifted to the circulating position to complete the annular
pack
– Popularity has decreased over the years due to the successes of high rate
water packs and frac packs
16 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Effect of Gravel Perm on Production Rate

2500
. 8

Production Rate (bopd)

2000 d
e 01
e rv n 1, 2
s u
re 28 - J
340% Increase 1500 s
ht ay
in Production r i g e-M
Rate by Gravel 1000 ll nc
A , Fra
.
T au
Packing
E x -P
500 t © Drou
N ard
ih in
g lent
r
y Va
o p fo0r
C ed c
rod
u 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
P
Gravel Permeability

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

High Rate Water Packing

– High Rate Water Packing Overview

▪ Usually skid based pumping operations, but can be d . 8
pumped from a vessel if high pump rates are requirederv 1, 20
e 1
r e s - Jun
▪ Brine as the carrier fluid t s 28
i g h - Ma y
▪ 1 ppa
l l r nce
.
▪ 50 to 100 lbs of gravel per ft of perforations A , Fra
x T Pau
▪ Pump rate 8 to 30 bpm, at © or N E ardthe
above
-
frac pressure
u
h t Dr
o

r i g lposition
▪ Treated in the circulating nt in with partial returns
p y or Va
(i.e. 2-3 bpm returns)
e

Couced f
–This allowsrofor
d good perforating packing while filling
the screenP annulus from the bottom to the top.

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

HRWP Completions

▪ Application
d . 8
– Wells where height growth is a e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
concern s re 28 - J
iht ay
g e-M
– Equipment for frac pack is not r
ll nc
. A , Fra
available x T Pau Sandstone
NEouard -
t © Dr
gh lentin create
▪ Multiple pad/slurry rstages
i
p y or Va
short fractures.
Couced f
od
Pr

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved 19

Frac Packing

▪ Frac Pack Overview

- Usually vessel based pumping . 8
operations (a.k.a. frac boat, stimulation d
e 201
vessel), but can be skid based for r v
e un 1,
smaller jobs s
re 28 - J
- Crosslinked borate gel or VES as a h s
t ay
carrier fluid (200 – 500 cp at 100 sec-1) ll rignce -
M

10. Aau, Fr
a
- Proppant increased from 1 ppa to T
ppa during the job E x -P
N ouard
- +/- 1000 lbs of proppant per t © ft Dofr
perforations i g h ntin
y r Vale
- Pump rate 15 too60 p bpm
for depending on
C uceand leakoff
the interval length d
d
- Treated in theProcirculating position with
the annulus closed (i.e. live annulus)

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Frac Pack Completions

▪ Application: Most if not all cased hole

d . 8
completions e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
s re 28 - J
▪ Single Stage of fracturing fluid (pad) ht ay
r i g e-M
followed by multiple slurry stages All Franc
T . au,
(ramped prop conc.) with tipNEx rd - P
a
screenout design. ght tin D© r ou

yri
Sandstone
a len
o p for
V
▪ Key design requirement
C uced is a wide
od
highly conductive fracture. Pr

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved 21

Cased Hole Completion Reliability

0.05
SAS 44 wells
Sand Control Production Failures

0.045 d . 8
0.04 rve Screenless
,2
e un 1wells
01 26
s
re - J
(Failures/Well/Year)

0.035
0.03 hts y 28 CHGP 388 wells
rig
a
-M
All
0.025 ce HRWP 187 wells
ran
0.02
T . ,F Frac Pack 844
x au
NEouard
0.015 -P wells
0.01
t © Dr Total 1489 wells
h tin
rigValen
0.005
0 y
p or
Couced f
od
Pr

* George King (BP) Sand Control Failure Database August, 2005

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Fracturing Improves Production

100%
90% d.
Frac pack
e 18
v
Cumulative Probability

er un 1Pack
20
,
80% s
re 8 - J
Gravel
70% h ts ayHRWP
2

l ig - M
r nce
60% l
A ra
T . ,F
50% x au
NEouard -P
40% t © Dr
h tin
30% y rigValen
p or
20% Couced f
od
10% Pr

0%
0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

23 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Flow Efficiency
Relative Sand-face Areas

HRWP STIMPAC
d . 8
GravelPack
e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
s re 28 - J
ht ay
Xf = 3 ft Xf = 20 ft
r i g e-M
ll nc
A , Fra
.
T au
E x -P
N ard
t © Dro u
h tin
y rigValen
p or
H = 50 ft
Couced f
od
Pr

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Relative Sand-face Areas

.
dLength8 Frac
20 ft Half
e 201
Gravel 3 ft Half
Pack Length Frac
rv
e n 1,
r es8 - Ju
h s 2
t ay
l ig - M
r nce
l
A ra
600 ft2
T . ,F
x au
130 ft2
NEouard -P

t © Dr
h tin
4,000 ft2

y rigValen
p or
H = 50’ Couced f
Rw = 0.4’ od
Pr

Velocity at the Sandface is Reduced by 85%

Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved
 Cased Hole Selection Considerations: GP, HRWP or FP

▪ Installation cost
– Lowest to highest: SAS, Gravel Pack, High Rate Water Pack, Fracpack
d . 8
▪ Mostly due to the pumping (hhp, proppant volume)
rv e 201
▪ With fracpacks, high pressure and rate, tools may be required s e un 1,
e 8-J
rcost
▪ Costs are usually insignificant to the overall completion
h s
t ay 2 (i.e. gravel pack pumping =
$60,000 USD, fracpack = $200,000 USD) r i g e-M
l l nc
▪ Reliability (frequency of failure)T. Aau, F r a

E x -P
– Fracpacks have the highest reliability N ouard of any cased hole sandface completion
type, by an order of magnitude t © Dr
i g h ntin
▪ Productivity y r Vale
o p for
– Frac packs have C the
u c ed
lowest skins and the highest productivity.
od
Pr
▪ Selection criteria may be based on availability (especially for
fracpacks)

27 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved

 Any Questions?

d . 8
e 01
rv n 1, 2
e
s u
s re 28 - J
i ht ay
g e-M
r
ll nc
. A , Fra
T au
x -P
E
N ard
t © Dro u
h tin
y rigValen
p or
Couced f
od
Pr

28 Copyright ©2011 NExT. All rights reserved