IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring System with

Machine Learning for Accurate and Real-time

Data Analysis

Hemanth Karnati

Abstract: Air pollution in urban areas has severe consequences for both human
health and the environment, predominantly caused by exhaust emissions from ve-
hicles. To address the issue of air pollution awareness, Air Pollution Monitoring
systems are used to measure the concentration of gases like CO2, smoke, alcohol,
benzene, and NH3 present in the air. However, current mobile applications are
unable to provide users with real-time data specific to their location. In this
paper, we propose the development of a portable air quality detection device that
can be used anywhere. The data collected will be stored and visualized using
the cloud-based web app ThinkSpeak. The device utilizes two sensors, MQ135
and MQ3, to detect harmful gases and measure air quality in parts per million
(PPM). Additionally, machine learning analysis will be employed on the collected
data.

INTRODUCTION
Air quality plays a crucial role in human health and the well-being of the
environment. Unfortunately, air pollution has been on the rise due to various
sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial activities, energy production, and
natural disasters like wildfires. Understanding and assessing the quality of the
air we breathe is of utmost importance. Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) systems,
integrated with sensors and advanced technologies, are utilized to measure
particulate matter and air pollutants like ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur
dioxide. The data collected by these systems helps formulate policies, monitor
pollution reduction efforts, and empower the public to make informed decisions
regarding their health and well-being.
Currently, AQM stations are primarily used for calculating the Air Quality Index
(AQI) and monitoring pollution. However, the infrastructure requirements,
operational complexities, and ongoing expenses associated with these stations
limit the expansion of AQM networks and the availability of air pollution data.
To overcome these limitations, it is imperative to develop low-cost, efficient, and
real-time data-sensing devices. IoT technology provides a promising solution,

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with recent advancements allowing the use of IoT sensors in various domains,
including smart cities, smart mobiles, smart refrigerators, and smartwatches.
Leveraging IoT, air quality can be monitored remotely using sensors (e.g.,
temperature and pressure sensors, noise sensors), Arduino for data processing,
and cloud platforms for storage. Machine learning algorithms, such as Linear
Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, and ARIMA models, have also proven
effective in forecasting and predicting air pollutant levels. The availability of
affordable sensors and
data processing tools has enabled the deployment of air quality monitoring
systems on a large scale. However, maintaining the accuracy of these systems
is crucial, as erroneous data can lead to flawed policy decisions and ineffective
mitigation efforts. Regular calibration and validation are essential to ensure the
accuracy of air quality monitoring systems.
This paper presents several contributions:
• Development of a low-cost and user-friendly air pollution monitoring
system.
• Real-time data gathering capabilities within the AQM system.
• Utilization of Blynk for real-time data visualization.
• Adoption of ThingSpeak, an open-source software, for day-to-day pollution
visualization.
The importance of air quality and the necessity of monitoring systems are
discussed, highlighting the limitations of current AQM stations and the need for
cost-effective and efficient solutions using IoT technology. The paper outlines the
use of IoT sensors, Arduino, cloud platforms, and machine learning algorithms for
real-time air quality monitoring. The proposed system includes a low-cost, user-
friendly AQM system capable of gathering real-time data, a website displaying
the Air Quality Index, and the integration of Blynk to access IoT sensor data
and Thingspeak for data visualization.

PROPOSED WORK
The proposed framework for the IoT device with MQ3 and MQ135 sensors,
NodeMCU processor, Arduino IDE, ThingSpeak, and Blynk platforms, consists
of a well-structured hardware and software architecture, as well as an ML analysis
and visualization component. This framework aims to provide a reliable and
efficient system for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing air quality and alcohol
level data in real-time.
Hardware Architecture: The hardware architecture of the IoT device includes the
sensors, NodeMCU processor, WiFi module, power source, and other necessary
components. The sensors, MQ3 and MQ135, are responsible for collecting air

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quality and alcohol level data respectively. The NodeMCU processor processes
the collected data and controls the behavior of the device.
The WiFi module enables internet connectivity for the device to transfer the
collected data to the ThingSpeak platform. The power source supplies power to
the device.
Software Architecture: The software architecture of the IoT device is composed
of several layers, including a sensor data acquisition layer, data processing layer,
internet connectivity layer, cloud data storage layer, and user interface layer.
The firmware running on the NodeMCU controls the device behavior and sends
collected data to the ThingSpeak platform for storage and analysis.
The Blynk app provides a real-time display of the collected data to the user.
ML Analysis and Visualization Component: After collecting data from the
ThingSpeak platform, the next
step is to analyze and visualize the collected data using ML algorithms.
Overall, this proposed framework for analyzing and visualizing the data collected
using the IoT device with
MQ3 and MQ135 sensors, NodeMCU processor, Arduino IDE, ThingSpeak, and
Blynk platforms provides a structured approach for processing, selecting features,
selecting appropriate ML algorithms, building, and training models, evaluating
models, and visualizing data. This framework can help to provide meaningful
insights for decision-making in various applications, such as environmental
monitoring and public.

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FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Flow diagram.

1) Input from MQ3, MQ135 is taken in the format of analog and the send to the
ESP8266.
2) The Wi-Fi module conneccted to the nearby Wi-Fi sends the data to ThingS-
peak and Blynk IoT platform.
3) The raw data from the sensors is sent to the ThingSpeak.
4) The calculated ppm values are sent to the Blynk IoT mobile application.
5) The data collected on ThingSpeak is exported as csv file and processed through
the ML algorithm for

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data visualization.

CIRCUIT DESIGN
The sensors selected for the system were the MQ 135 gas sensor for volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and the MQ 3 gas sensor for alcohol. The sensors
were calibrated by exposing them to known levels of pollutants and adjusting the
readings to match the expected values. The hardware design also consisted of an
ESP8266, Wi-Fi module, MQ 135, MQ 3 gas sensors, an Arduino microcontroller,
and a power source.

Figure 2: Circuit Design

The sensors were connected to the microcontroller, and the ESP8266 was used to
establish a Wi-Fi connection for data transmission. The software development
involved programming the microcontroller using Arduino IDE.
The code was designed to read data from the sensors, process it, and transmit
it wirelessly to a cloud-based server. The system collects and stores data from
the sensors at regular intervals. The collected data were analyzed using machine
learning algorithms to predict future pollution levels.

ALGORITHM
The below algorithm is followed to collect data from the sensors.
1. Define the Blynk credentials, WiFi credentials, and other variables required
for the code.

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2. Setup the serial communication and the Blynk connection using Blynk.begin().
3. Set up the timer to run a function to send data to ThingSpeak every second.
4. Connect to the WiFi network using WiFi.begin() and wait until the connection
is established.
5. Define the changeMUX function and set the MUX_A pin as output.
6. In the loop, run the Blynk and timer functions, and read the sensor data
from the analog pin A0.
7. Calculate the sensor value 1 (ppm (parts per million)) value for the sensor
data using a formula.
8. Read the sensor data from A0 for a total of six times, and take the average of
these readings to get the
sensor value 0.
9. Change the MUX_A pin to HIGH, and read the sensor data from A0 for
another six times, and take the average of these readings to get the sensor value
1.
10. Connect to ThingSpeak using the WiFiClient object.
11. Build the request string with the ThingSpeak API key and field values (sen-
sorValue0 and sensorValue1) and send the GET request using the HTTPClient
object.
12. Delay for a second before running the loop again.
13. Define the function to be called by the timer to send data to ThinkSpeak.
14. Change the MUX_A pin to LOW and read the sensor data from A0.
15. Calculate the ppm value for the sensor data using a formula.
16. Change the MUX_A pin to HIGH and read the sensor data from A0 for a
total of six times, and take the average of these readings to get the sensor value
2.
17. Write the sensor value 1 and sensor value 2 to virtual pins V 1 and V 2
respectively using Blynk.virtualWrite().

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The below figures represent the data interpretation in BLYNK and
ThingSpeak which are connected with
the help of Unique key.

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Figure 3: Data representation in Blynk Application

Figure 4: Data Stored in ThinkSpeak platform

In Figure 3, the green coloured meter represents the sensor readings
of MQ135 sensor and the blue coloured meter represents the readings
of MQ3 sensor.
The dataset used in this code is the”city_day.csv” dataset, which
contains daily air quality data for multiple cities in India from 2015
to 2020. The dataset has been sourced from the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) of India.
The dataset has 15 columns, which include the following features:
City, Date, PM2.5, PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, NH3, CO, SO2, O3,
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and AQI.
The target variable in this code is AQI, which stands for Air Quality
Index, and is a measure of the air quality based on the concentration
of pollutants present in the air. The dataset contains daily air quality
readings for different cities, and hence, has a large number of records.

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The dataset also has missing values, which have been dropped in this
code. Additionally, some of the features in the dataset show skewness,
which can impact the performance of machine learning models. The
code in this example uses three different regression models - Random
Forest, Linear Regression, and Decision Tree - to predict AQI based
on the concentration of pollutants.
The models have been evaluated using various metrics such as mean
absolute error, root mean squared error, root mean squared logarith-
mic error, and R-squared score.

Figure 5: Correlation heat map of AQI with other pollutants.

In Figure 5 it can be seen that there are blanks in the correlation
heat map data, which there are missing values for one or both of
variables being compared. It could be said that there is so missing
data of Xylene in the given data set. It can be seen that toluene and
PM10, NH3 and xylene are inversely proportional to each other.

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 Figure 6: Vehicular pollution in Delhi, Mumbai
In Vehicular pollution the level of PM is high followed by PM2_5
from Figure 6
In industrial Pollutants the level of O3 is very high followed by toluene
from Figure 7 in the cities of Mumbai and Delhi. It’s important
to note that ozone is a secondary pollutant, which means it is not
emitted directly into the air, but rather forms because of chemical
reactions between other pollutants (VOCS and Nitrogen oxides).

Figure 7: Industry Pollution in Delhi, Mumbai

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Figure 8: AQI trends in different Cities
As we see in Figure 8 there is no regular pattern of AQI index, there are so
many external factors which affect the AQI of a particular city. It has been
recorded that the highest Aqi was in Ahmedabad in the year 2018. The least
AQI recorded was in Shillong.
From figure 8, The top 9 cities which have high industrial pollutants were noted
in Patna, Delhi, Kolkata, Amritsar, Visakhapatnam, Amaravati, Hyderabad,
Gurugram, Chandigarh.
The top 9 cities that have high vehicular pollutant was noted in Delhi, Patna, Am-
ritsar, Visakhapatnam, Gurugram, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Amaravati
from Figure 9.

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Figure 9: Industrial Pollution by city

Figure 10: Vehicular Pollution by city

To address the issue of these high pollutant concentrations some solutions are
discussed.
We used three regression models: Random Forest Regression, Linear Regression,
and Decision Tree Regression. To evaluate the performance of these models we
calculated Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE),
Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE), and R squared (R2).
MAE measures the average absolute difference between the predicted and actual
values, whereas RMSE measures the square root of the average of the squared
differences between the predicted and actual values.
RMSLE measures the root mean squared logarithmic error between the predicted
and actual values, and it is used when the target variable has a large range
of values. R-squared is a statistical measure that represents the proportion of
variance in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variables

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in the regression model.
Based on the results of these metrics we can compare the performance of the
different models and choose the best one for our dataset. The model with the
lowest MAE, RMSE, and RMSLE and the highest R-squared value is the best
model for the dataset.
By adding SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) to the regres-
sion models we can com-
pare the results, and we can conclude about using smote in Regression models.

Model MAE RMSE RMSLE R2

Random Forest 14.78 21.59 0.16 0.94
Regression
Linear Regression 18.98 26.46 0.19 0.92
Decision Tree 20.81 30.33 0.16 0.89
Regression

Table 1: For prediction of AQI: Without SMOTE.

Model MAE RMSE RMSLE R2

Random Forest 15.02 22.00 0.17 0.94
Regression
Linear Regression 20.6 26.95 0.21 0.91
Decision Tree 20.48 30.21 0.22 0.89
Regression

Table 2: For prediction of AQI: With SMOTE

From the above table 1 and 2 provides gives us the results of various metrics
with three different regression models with smote and without smote, compared
to other regression models we can say that Random Forest regression model
given the best results without smote.
From these results we can say that using a smote didn’t improve the results.
Here smote failed because of the target, for predicting AQI smote should not be
used.

Model Accuracy F1 Score

Random Forest 81 81
Logistic Regression 43 44
Decision Tree 70 70

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Table 3: Prediction of AQI_Bucket : Without SMOTE

Model Accuracy F1 Score

Random Forest 80 80
Logistic Regression 40 41
Decision Tree 71 71

Table 4: Prediction of AQI_Bucket : With SMOTE.

By comparing Table 3 and 4 we can say that using smote given better results
with Decision Tree classifier it is because AQI_Bucket has number of counts
of moderate - 2521, satisfactory - 2079, Poor – 648, good - 454, very poor -
410, severe – 124, in this condition by using smote it improved the results. But
overall Random Forest classifier gives the better results without smote.

Model Accuracy F1 Score

SVM 79 79
KNN 80 80
Naïve Bayes 72 73
DNN 79.2 78.3

Table 5: Prediction of AQI_Bucket

In Table 5 by comparing all the machine learning models like SVM (Support
Vector Machines), KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), Naïve Bayes, Random Forest
and Deep Neural Network we can say that KNN performed better for this
dataset.

SOLUTIONS
To reduce the emissions of gases CO, NO2, O3, SO2, NH3, PM2_5, PM10, NH3
one can implement various scientific methodologies and can reduce them in many
ways.
a) Scientific Methodologies
To lower the levels of the previously mentioned gases, a variety of scientific
methods can be used.
• Catalytic converters: Used in cars to transform dangerous pollutants like
CO, NO, andNO2 into less dangerous ones. To achieve this, exhaust gases
are passed through a catalyst, which sets off a chemical reaction that
transforms the harmful gases into less dangerous ones.

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 • Scrubbers: Before exhaust gases are discharged into the environment,
pollutants are removed from them using scrubbers in factories and power
plants. By doing this, it may be possible to lessen the emissions of hazardous
gases like SO2, PM2.5, andPM10.
• Flue gas desulfurization: This method removes Sulphur dioxide from
exhaust gases coming from power plants and other industrial operations.
The SO2 is changed into a less dangerous compound that can be safely
disposed of using a chemical procedure to accomplish this.
• Selective catalytic reduction: This procedure helps power plants and
other industrial processes decrease their nitrogen oxide emissions. This
is accomplished by injecting a reductant into the exhaust gases, typically
ammonia or urea, which interacts with the NOx to transform it into
harmless nitrogen and water vapor.
• Biofiltration: A natural method of purifying the air is known as biofiltration.
By sending the air through a biofilter, which has microorganisms that
convert the contaminants into harmless chemicals, this is accomplished.
• Carbon capture and storage: This procedure collects carbon dioxide from
industrial processes and stores it in a secure area, like an underground
storage facility. The amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere, which is
a significant cause of climate change, can be decreased as a result. It’s vital
to remember that the most efficient method will depend on the precise
source of the emissions and the surrounding environment. As a result, it’s
critical to do a thorough study of the problem and create a customized
solution that considers all of the necessary variables.
b) General Methods
These gases are examples of air pollutants that can harm both the ecosystem
and human health. The following are some ways to lower their levels.
• Cut back on pollution: Reducing the emissions of these gases is one of the
best methods to lower.
air pollution. Stricter emission regulations for factories and vehicles,
encouragement of the use of renewable energy sources, and control
of industrial processes that emit these gases can all help accomplish
this.
• Encourage the use of public transportation: Since automobile emissions
are a major source of air pollution, encouraging people to take the bus,
walk, or bike instead of driving can help reduce those emissions.
• Enhance energy efficiency: Reducing emissions from power plants, another
significant source of air pollution, can be accomplished by making structures
and appliances more energy efficient.

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 • Plant trees: Trees are a useful instrument for decreasing air pollution
because they absorb pollutants like carbon dioxide from the air. Urban
tree planting can aid in lowering the airborne concentrations of these
pollutants.
• Install air filters: By removing pollutants from the air and enhancing
interior air quality, air filters can be installed in homes, workplaces, and
public areas.
It’s important to remember that these remedies need both individual and group
efforts to be successful. Governments, corporations, and people must therefore
cooperate to combat air pollution and safeguard both the environment and
human health.

CONCLUSION
An air quality monitoring system made of Arduino, a few sensors, and a multi-
plexer can be an effective and affordable solution for monitoring the air quality
in a particular environment. The system can be easily customized and expanded
with additional sensors depending on the specific needs of the application.
With the use of a multiplexer, multiple sensors can be connected to a single
Arduino board, reducing the overall hardware cost and complexity. The collected
data can be easily visualized and analyzed using software tools, allowing users
to monitor and track air quality over time, detect potential issues and take
necessary actions to improve the air quality.
Overall, this type of air quality monitoring system can be a useful tool for
environmental monitoring, health management, and pollution control. By adding
SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) to the regression models
we compared the results, and we came to a conclusion about using smote in
Regression models.
One area of improvement could be in the calibration of the sensors, which
could be optimized for specific environments or applications to improve accuracy.
Additionally, machine learning algorithms could be used to identify patterns in
the data and predict changes in air quality, allowing users to take preventive
actions before air quality deteriorates. Another area of future work could be to
improve the user interface and data visualization of the system, making it more
accessible and easier to use for non-experts.
Overall, continued development and optimization of the system can help to
increase its effectiveness and applicability in a variety of settings, from indoor
air quality monitoring in homes and offices to outdoor pollution monitoring in
urban environments.

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AUTHORS PROFILE
Hemanth Karnati, He is a dedicated and enthusiastic 3rd-year student pursuing
a Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree in Computer Science and Engineering
(CSE) at VIT Vellore. His passion for technology and innovation has driven
him to explore various domains within the field. Hemanth's research work
primarily revolves around the fields of IoT and ML. He has conducted extensive
studies on leveraging IoT devices and networks to create intelligent systems that
enhance efficiency, automation, and decision-making processes. His research
work showcases his ability to apply ML algorithms and techniques to IoT data,
enabling predictive analysis, anomaly detection, and optimization in diverse
applications.

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