Merit-Quality-Excellence

IBA Institute of Emerging Technologies Khairpur

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
LAB No: 03
Instructor: Marina Gul
Objective of Lab No. 3:
After performing lab 3, students will be able to:

o SQL Functions
o Type of Scalar Functions
o Character Functions
o Number Functions
o Date Functions
o Conversion Functions
o General Functions

SQL Functions
There are two types of SQL functions, aggregate functions, and scalar (non-aggregate) functions.
1. Scalar(Non Aggregate)/Single Row Functions:
Non-aggregate functions operate on each record independently. OR These functions
operate of single rows only and return one result per row and can be used in SELECT,
WHERE and ORDER BY clause.
2. Aggregate/Multiple Rows Functions:
Aggregate functions operate on many records and produce a summary, works with
GROUP BY. OR These functions manipulate group of rows to give one and only one
result per group of rows. There are so many built-in functions in SQL to do various
calculations on data.

Types of Scalar Functions

1. Character Functions: Accept character input and can return number or character value.
2. Numeric Functions: Accept numeric input and returns numeric values.
3. Date Functions: Operate on values of date data type. It always return a date value except
the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number.
4. Conversion Functions: Converts a value from one data type to another.
5. General Functions: Usually contains NULL handling functions.
Character Functions
LOWER()/LCASE() function
LOWER() function is used to convert all characters of a string to lower case.
Syntax:
SELECT LOWER/LCASE(string)
UPPER()/UCASE() function
UPPER() function is used to convert all characters of a string to uppercase.
Syntax:
UPPER/UCASE(string)

TRIM() function
The TRIM() function removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.
Syntax:
TRIM(string)

CONCAT() function
The CONCAT() function adds two or more expressions together.
Syntax:
CONCAT(expression1, expression2, expression3,…)

LENGTH Function
The LENGTH() function returns the length of a string.
Syntax:
LENGTH(string)

REPLACE() Function
The REPLACE() function replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string, with a new
substring.
Note: This function performs a case-sensitive replacement.
Syntax:
REPLACE(string, from_string, new_string)

SUBSTRING()/SUBSTR()/MID() Functions
These functions extract a substring from a string (starting at any position).
Syntax:
SELECT SUBSTRING/SUBSTR/MID(string, start, length)
 Parameter Description
string Required. The string to extract from
start Required. The start position. Can be both a positive or negative number. If it is
a positive number, this function extracts from the beginning of the string. If it
is a negative number, this function extracts from the end of the string
length Required. The number of characters to extract

LEFT() Function
The LEFT() function extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from left).
Syntax:
LEFT(string, number_of_chars)

RIGHT() Function
The LEFT() function extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from right).
Syntax:
RIGHT(string, number_of_chars)

STRCMP() Function
The STRCMP() function compares two strings.
STRCMP(string1, string2)
Return Values:

 If string1 = string2, this function returns 0

 If string1 < string2, this function returns -1
 If string1 > string2, this function returns 1

INSTR() Function
The INSTR() function returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in another
string.This function performs a case-insensitive search.
Syntax:
INSTR(string1, string2)
Parameter Description
string1 Required. The string that will be searched
string2 Required. The string to search for in string1.
If string2 is not found, this function returns 0
 Number Functions
MOD() Function
The MOD() function returns the remainder of a number divided by another number.
Syntax:
MOD(x, y)

ROUND() Function
The ROUND() function rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
Syntax:
ROUND(number, decimals)

TRUNCATE() Function
The TRUNCATE() function truncates a number to the specified number of decimal places.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE(number, decimals)

CEILING/CEIL() Function
The CEILING/CEIL() function returns the smallest integer value that is bigger than or equal
to a number.
Syntax:
CEILING/CEIL(number)

Date Functions
DATEIF() Function
The DATEDIFF() function returns the number of days between two date values.
Syntax:
DATEDIFF(date1, date2)

ADDDATE() Function
The ADDDATE() function adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date.
ADDDATE(date, INTERVAL value addunit)
OR
ADDDATE(date, days)
Example:
ADDDATE("2017-06-15 09:34:21", INTERVAL 15 MINUTE)
For more details

CURRENT_DATE() Function
The CURRENT_DATE() function returns the current date.
Syntax:
CURRENT_DATE()

CURRENT_TIME() Function
The CURRENT_TIME() function returns the current time.
Syntax:
CURRENT_TIME()

CURENT_TIMESTAMP() Function
The CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() function returns the current date and time.
Syntax:
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()

DATE() Function
The DATE() function extracts the date part from a datetime expression.
Syntax:
DATE(expression)

Other Functions
The MINUTE(datetime) function returns the minute part of a time/datetime (from 0 to 59).
The HOUR(datetime) function returns the hour part for a given date (from 0 to 838).
The DAY(datetime) function returns the day of the month for a given date (a number from 1 to
31).
The MONTH(date) function returns the month part for a given date (a number from 1 to 12).
The YEAR(date) function returns the year part for a given date (a number from 1000 to 9999).
Conversion Functions
DATE_FORMAT() Function
The DATE_FORMAT() function formats a date as specified.
Syntax:
DATE_FORMAT(date, format)
Example:
DATE_FORMAT("2017-06-15", "%M %d %Y")
For more details

FORMAT() Function
The FORMAT() function formats a number to a format like "#,###,###.##", rounded to a
specified number of decimal places, then it returns the result as a string.
Syntax:
FORMAT(number, decimal_places)

CONVERT() Function
The CONVERT() function converts a value into the specified datatype or character set.
Syntax:
CONVERT(value, type)
For more details

General Functions
NULLIF() Function
The NULLIF() function compares two expressions and returns NULL if they are equal.
Otherwise, the first expression is returned.
NULLIF(expr1, expr2)

COALESCE() Function
The COALESCE() function returns the first non-null value in a list.
COALESCE(val1, val2, ...., val_n)
IFNULL() Function
The IFNULL() function returns a specified value if the expression is NULL.
If the expression is NOT NULL, this function returns the expression.
Syntax:
IFNULL(expression, alt_value)
Lab Tasks

1. Write a query to generate new names of the employees by combining the first 3 characters
of the First_Name and last 3 characters of the job.
2. Generate new jobs of the employees by changing letter E with A in the existing jobs.
3. Write a query to Display Names, hire date years in the department.
4. Write a query to display names, hire date of all the employees who were hired before July
30, 1987. Keeping this in mind that hire dates should be displayed in the format “MONTH
DATE, YEAR”. Also date in the where clause should be in the format “MONTH DATE,
YEAR”.
5. Write a query to display the last day of the current month three months before the current
month.
6. Write a query to get the a day of the current year.
7. Write a query to get the current date in the following format.
Sample date : 2014-09-04
Output : September 4, 2014
8. Write a query to get the current date in Thursday September 2014 format.
9. Write a query to get the first name and hire date from employees table where hire date
between '1987-06-01' and '1987-07-30'.
10. Write a query to display the current date in the 05/09/2014 format.
11. Write a query to get the firstname, lastname who joined in the month of June.
12. Write a query to append '@iba-suk.edu.pk' to email field.
13. Write a query to get the employee id, first name and hire month using MID().
14. Write a query to extract the last 4 character of phone numbers.
15. Write a query to get the last word of the street address(from locations able)
16. Write a query to get the locations that have minimum street length.(locations tbl).
17. Write a query to display the first word from those job titles which contains more than
one words.
18. Write a query to display the length of first name for employees where last name contain
character 'c' after 2nd position.