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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Definition: A technique by which analog signal gets converted into digital form
in order to have signal transmission through a digital network is known as Pulse
Code Modulation. It is abbreviated as PCM.

PCM systems are basically signal coders also known as waveform coders. PCM
allows the representation of the continuous time message signal as a sequence of
binary coded pulses. The binary form permits only 2 probable states i.e., 0 and 1.

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The major steps involved in PCM is sampling, quantizing and encoding which
will be discussed in detail in the upcoming sections.
Basics of PCM
BASIC ELECTRONICS DIGITAL ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ADC
In pulse code modulation, the analog message signal is first sampled, and then the
COMPARISONS
amplitude of the sample is approximated to the nearest set of quantization level.
This allows the representation of time and amplitude in a discrete manner.
Thereby, generating a discrete signal.

This discrete signal is then converted into its binary form for the transmission of the
signal.

It is to be noted here that, in PCM technique the signal gets transmitted in the
coded format and must be decoded at the receiver in order to have the original
message signal.

Block diagram of Pulse Code Modulation

The figure below shows the block diagram representing a PCM system

It is basically composed of a transmitter, a transmission path and a receiver. The

transmitter performs the sampling, quantizing and encoding of the signal. The
transmission path includes regenerative receivers that recover the signal from the
undesired noise effects.

Lastly, the receiver section that performs decoding of the coded signal after
regeneration of the signal at the receiver. Let us now understand the working of
each section in detail:
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PCM Transmitter
The detailed diagram of a practical PCM transmitter is shown below

LPF: Here, the message signal which is in the continuous time form, is
allowed to pass through a low pass filter (LPF). This LPF whose cutoff
frequency is fm eliminates the high-frequency components of the signal and
passes only the frequency components that lie below fm.

Sampler: The output of the LPF is then fed to a sampler where the analog
input signal is sampled at regular intervals. The sampling of the signal is done
at the rate of fs. This sampling frequency is so selected that it must follow the
sampling theorem that is expressed as:

fs ≥ 2fm

The output of the sampler is a signal that is discrete time continuous amplitude
signal denoted as nTs which is nothing but a PAM signal.

Quantizer: A quantizer is a unit that rounds off each sample to the nearest
discrete level. The sampler provides a continuous range signal and hence still
an analog one. The quantizer performs the approximation of each sample
thus assigning it a particular discrete level.
AsBASIC
it basically rounds off the
ELECTRONICS valueELECTRONICS
DIGITAL to a certain level ELECTRONICS
this shows some variation by
INSTRUMENTATION ADC
the actual amount. Thus we can say, quantizing a signal introduces some distortion
COMPARISONS
or noise into it. This is known as quantization error.

This noise factor is somewhat better than the channel noise as it is controllable.

A quantizer can be of two types, uniform and non-uniform quantizer. In uniform

quantizer, there exists a uniform spacing in between the level. As against, in non-
uniform quantizer, the spacing in between the levels is not uniform. Here, we have
employed a uniform quantizer.

For a low signal level, the quantization error is high i.e., bad SNR. But, for a
high signal level, the quantization error is low providing good SNR.

The figure below shows the sampling of analog signal and further quantization of
the samples
 Encoder:
BASIC An encoderDIGITAL
ELECTRONICS performs the conversionELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS of the quantized signal into
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binary codes. This unit generates a digitally encoded signal which is a
COMPARISONS
sequence of binary pulses that acts as the modulated output.

As it is a binary encoder thus generates a binary coded sequence. That is

transmitted through the transmission path.

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Transmission path in a PCM system

A PCM system has a better control over signal distortion introduced during
transmission through the channel than other systems. PCM achieves low signal
distortion by employing regenerative receivers along the transmission path.

The channel introduces distortion in the signal during transmission. This distortion
is eliminated by the regenerator in order to provide a distortionless PCM signal.
Resultantly, enhancing the transmission ability of the system.

The figure below shows the block diagram of a regenerative repeater. It basically
performs equalization and timing and then executes decision making.

The PCM signal when provided to the regenerative repeater, the equalizer circuit at
the beginning performs the reshaping of the distorted signal. At the same time, the
timing circuit
BASIC generates a pulse
ELECTRONICS train
DIGITAL that is a derivative
ELECTRONICS of input PCM
ELECTRONICS pulses.
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This pulse train is then utilized by the decision-making device in order to sample
the PCM pulses. This sampling is done at the instant where maximum SNR can be
achieved. In this way, the decision-making device generates the distortionless
PCM wave.

PCM Receiver
The figure below shows the functional block diagram of a PCM receiver

Regenerator: A regenerative repeater is placed at the receiving end also so

as to have an exact PCM transmitted signal. Here, also the regenerator works
in a similar manner as that when employed in the transmission path. It
eliminates the channel induced noise and reshapes the pulse.

DAC and Sampler: Digital to analog converter performs the conversion of

digital signal again into its analog form by making use of the sampler. As the
actual message signal was analog thus at the receiver end there is a
necessity to again convert it into its original form.

LPF: The sampler generates analog signal but that is not the original
message signal. Thus, the output of the sampler is fed to the LPF having
 cutoff
BASIC frequency fm. This
ELECTRONICS is sometimes
DIGITAL termed ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS as the reconstruction filter that
INSTRUMENTATION ADC
produces the original message signal.
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The process done at the transmitter is somewhat reversed at the receiver in order
to generate the original analog message signal. The figure below shows the
reconstruction of the actual analog message signal at the receiver.

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Transmission bandwidth in Pulse Code Modulation

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The transmission bandwidth of a PCM system is associated with a number of

bits per sample. If the number of bits per sample increases, the bandwidth also
increases. In order to have a good approximation, a large number of levels must
be used but that will lead to a larger bandwidth requirement.

Let us consider each quantizer level is represented by ‘n’ binary digits. Then the
levels represented by n binary digits is given as,

q = 2n

: q is the digital level of the quantizer

Every sample is changed into n bits, thus, a number of bit per sample is ‘n’.

As we have already discussed the number of samples per second is fs. Hence the
number of bits per second which is also termed as signalling rate is given as,

Replay

r = n fs

As transmission bandwidth is half the signalling rate, hence

 BASIC ELECTRONICS DIGITAL ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ADC

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As we have already discussed, r = nfs

Therefore,

But we know, fs ≥ 2fm

Thus the bandwidth of the PCM system is given as,

BW ≥ n fm

Advantages of PCM
1. Immune to channel induced noise and distortion.

2. Repeaters can be employed along the transmitting channel.

3. Encoders allow secured data transmission.

4. It ensures uniform transmission quality.

Disadvantages of PCM
1. Pulse code modulation increases the transmission bandwidth.

2. A PCM system is somewhat more complex than another system.

Thus from the above discussion, we can conclude that a PCM system, transmits
data in a coded format, that ensures secured transmission. But, this at the same
time needs decoding system in order to reproduce exact message signal that
increases system complexity.

Related Terms:
1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

2. Delta Modulation (DM)

 3. Pulse
BASIC Width Modulation
ELECTRONICS (PWM)
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ADC
4. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
COMPARISONS
5. Companding

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