DNA

CODE OF LIFE
BY:M.SAIDI
Grade 12

By M.SAIDI 0848331738
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 INTRODUCTION
 DNA is often referred to as the code of
life because: contains instructions on how to build
various proteins
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
 They consist of
Nucleotides building STRUCTURE OF
NUCLEOTIDE
blocks (or monomers)
Each nucleotide is made of P

1. Phosphate group N
S
2. A sugar (Deoxyribose or
ribose)
3. Nitrogenous base
(adenine, thymine,
guanine ,cytosine or
uracil)
 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
 They are two types of nucleic acids
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
 RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA
Location (types)
The types are base on where DNA is found
1. Nuclear DNA – found in the nucleus
2. Mitochondrial DNA – found in the
mitochondria
3. Chloroplastic DNA – found in the chloroplast
History of the discovery of the structure
of the DNA molecule
 James Watson, an American biochemist and

Francis Crick an English physicist began their

collaborative work to try to solve the puzzle of the
molecular structure of DNA.
 Using data (X-ray diffraction pictures ) provided

by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, they

made an accurate model of the molecular
structure of DNA that its it’s a double helix with
complementary base pair .
 In 1962. Crick, Watson and Wilkins received the

Nobel Prize for determining the molecular

structure of DNA
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
 Question: Describe the structure of DNA.
 Its made up of Nucleotide
 Each Nucleotide has a phosphate group,
deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base
 The nucleotides are joined together by
phosphate –sugar bond to form a strand
 They are four nitrogenous bases, A,T,C,G
which are
 complementary to each other ie adenine (A)
to thymine (T), cytosine (C) to guanine (G)
 Nitrogenous bases linked by weak hydrogen
bonds to form two strands
 The two strand twist to form a Double helix
DNA STRUCTURE / MOLECULE

1. Double stranded
2. Weak hydrogen
bonds
3. Deoxyribose sugar
4. It has Nitrogenous
bases A,G,C and T
5. A is Complementary
to T, and G to C
6. It’s a double helix
 Functions of DNA:
 1. Sections of DNA forming genes carry
hereditary information
 2. DNA contains coded information for

protein synthesis
 BASE CALCULATIONS
 A) If A is 30% what is the percentage of

C A-T Questions
G-C B) If c is 20% what is the
If A=30 ,,then T=30 ratio T:G
30+30=60 C) If DNA has 5000 bases,
100-60=40 only 500 is G what is the
G-C=40/2 =20 percentage of T: C
C=20
 DNA REPLICATION:
 Questions on DNA replication.
 1. What is DNA replication?

 is the process by which DNA makes a exact copy of

itself during cell

 2. When in the cell cycle it takes place?

 During interphase, before cell division

 3. Where does it take place?

 In the nucleus of the cell

 4. Why does it take place (significance)?

 To double the chromosome number/ genetic

material
 Results in the formation of identical daughter cells

during mitosis.
DNA REPLICATION
PROCESS

Unwinding
Unzipping

By M.SAIDI
5. How DNA REPLICATION takes
place?
 DNA double helix unwind
 Weak hydrogen bonds break (unzip)
 To form two separate strands
 Each acting as a template
 Using free floating DNA nucleotide from the
nucleoplasm
 A complementary DNA strand is formed
 Where A pairs with T and G with C
 Two new DNA molecules are formed which are
genetically identical.
 with one original strand and one new strand
 The process is controlled by enzyme.
 DNA PROFILING
 This is a technique of identifying someone’s

unknown DNA profile using a known DNA profile

USES OF DNA PROFILING
Personal Identification
Paternity and Maternity
Diagnosis Inherited Diseases
Criminal Identification and
 Forensics

Identifying suitable organ donors

 DISADVANTAGES OF DNA PROFILING
 Expensive
 Human error
 Not all hospitals have the necessary

requirements to carry out DNA

profiling
 It is possible to plant DNA at a crime scene

giving false evidence, or an innocent

person's DNA might be at the scene even
though they had nothing to do with the
crime
 RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 TYPES OF RNA (BASED ON THE FUNCTION)
 Messenger RNA (mRNA): responsible for carrying the genetic
code that is transcribed from DNA, to specialized sites of the
ribosomes where the information is translated for protein
synthesis
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): form the ribosomes and produce the
proteins, based on the information received from the tRNA.
 Transfer RNA (tRNA): has anticodons which codes for a
specific amino acid. The anticodons are complementary to the
mRNA codon, during the production of proteins.
 RNA plays a role in protein synthesis

 Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the

coding sequences for protein synthesis
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules form the core
of a cell's ribosomes.
 Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino
acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
 STRUCTURE OF RNA:
 A single stranded molecule
consisting of nucleotides
 Each nucleotide is made up of a
sugar(ribose),
 phosphate and a nitrogen base
Structure of
 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA are: RNA
adenine
 (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C),
guanine (G)

mRNA

tRNA
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Protein synthesis is the process by which
proteins are made in each cell of an
organism to form enzymes, hormones and
new structures for cells.
 Transcription: formation of mRNA
 Translation: formation of a polypeptide chain

Transcription Translation:
Simple process of protein synthesis

By M.SAIDI
 Transcription:
 Double helix DNA unwind
 When the weak hydrogen bonds
break (unzips)
 One strand is used as a template
 To form mRNA strand
 Using free mRNA nucleotides from
the nucleoplasm
 mRNA is complementary to the
DNA (where A to U and C to G)
 mRNA now has the coded
message for protein synthesis.
 mRNA moves from the nucleus
through nuclear pore to the
cytoplasm and attaches to the
ribosome
 Translation
 Each tRNA carries a specific
amino acid.
 When the anticodon on the
tRNA
 matches the codon on the
mRNA
 then tRNA brings the
required amino acid to the
ribosome.
 Amino acids become
attached by peptide bonds
 to form the required protein.
Mutations on DNA (Gene mutation)
 A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in
the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
 QUESTIONS


 What will happen, If a mutation
changes base triplet 1 from ATG to
ATA.
 base triplet 4 from TTA TO TTT
PRACTICING QUESTIONS

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