GROUP 1

4A

1. Types of piles that are used as supporting members to earth or water in cofferdams for
foundation excavations or as retaining walls. - Sheet piles
2. The most commonly used type of cast-in-situ piles. - Bored piles
3. It is an increasing concern in densely populated urban areas and the r results from driven
pile construction. – noise and vibration
4. It is one of the factors involving pile foundation design which consists of understanding the
soil profile, including its type, density, cohesion, and angle of internal friction, is essential. –
soil conditions
5. It is probably the easiest method used in group action of piles. It states that the load
capacity of each pile in a group is reduced by 1/16 on account of the nearest pile in each diagonal
or straight row. -Feld’s rule
6. They serve as the primary structural elements transferring loads from superstructures to
the underlying soil or rock strata. -Piles
7. Who proposes the general formula for ultimate load-bearing capacity for piles which is
Q_u=c^’ N_c+q N_q+ γBN_γ? -Terzhagi
8. The pile that compacts the soil adjacent to it. -compaction pile
9. Maximum load on a prestressed concrete pile. -2,000 kN
10. Piles that are angled with respect to the vertical. -Batter or raker piles

4B

1. It acts as a structural member to transfer the load of the structure to a required depth in a deep
foundation to carries the load which may be vertical or lateral or lateral and vertical.
- Pile Foundation
2. When to use pile foundation? Give 3 situations

a. When the groundwater table is high foundation pilings are the best solution.
b. Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
c. Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
d. When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
e. When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or seashore,
etc.
f. When there is a canal or deep drainage system near the structure.
g. When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil conditions.
h. When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by pumping or by any
other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage.
3. In this type of piles foundation, the loads pass through the lower tip of the pile.
- End Bearing Pile
4. This type of piles is mostly used to provide lateral support.
- Sheet Piles
5. In this type of pile, it transfers the load from the structure to the soil by the frictional force between
the surface of the pile and the soil surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy soil, etc.
- Friction Pile
6. What are the environmental impacts of pile installation, and how can they be mitigated?
7. How do we account for future expansion or modifications to the structure in pile foundation design?
8. What are the lateral load requirements, and how do we address them?
9. How are pile foundations designed for seismic loading?
10. How are pile foundations inspected and maintained over their service life?
 GROUP 2
4A

Instructions: Identify what is being asked on the following questions. Choose the best answer by encircling
the letter only.

1. A reinforced concrete slab or block which interconnects a group of piles and acts as a medium to transmit
the load from wall or column to the piles.

A. Pile cap B. Pile steel C. Pile concrete D. Pile load

2. The reaction from the pile is taken as distributed at __ from the edge of the pile cap up to the mid-depth
of the pile cap.

A. 30° B. 60° C. 45° D. 90°

3. Pile foundations are common foundations for the following except:

A. Bridge abutment C. Buildings resting on soft soil strata

B. Piers D. Buildings resting on hard soil strata

4. These piles transfer their load on to a firm stratum located at a considerable depth below the base of the
structure and they derive most of their carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of the soil at the
toe of the pile.

A. End bearing piles C. Timber piles

B. Friction or cohesion piles D. None of the choices are correct

5. It is caused by the drainage of the ground water and consolidation of the soil.

A. Positive Skin Friction C. Infinite Skin Friction

B. Negative Skin Friction D. None of the choices are correct

6. Classification of pile with respect to type of material.

A. Steel C. Concrete

B. Timber D. A, B, and C are all correct.

7. Pile foundation that is constructed to resist the uplift forces can be called as _________.

A. compression piles C. tension piles

B. timber piles D. concrete piles

8. These are the different reasons for the development of the uplift forces except:
 A. Seismic Forces C. Seismic loads

B. Overturning Moments D. Hydrostatic pressure

9. In determining the capacity of a pile foundation, it is important to consider the pile ________ along with
the capacity of individual piles.

A. size C. load

B. spacing D. weight

10. The purpose of pile foundation is to:

A. transmit a foundation load to a solid ground

C. resist lateral and uplift load only

B. resist vertical load only

D. None of the choices are correct

4B

1. Which method, developed by Reese et al and Matlock, is commonly used in the United States
for solving laterally loaded pile problems? - p-y curves method

2. Why are p-y curves considered to be inadequate for predicting pile response accurately,
according to Basu et al. (2008)? - They are based on empirical data

3. The concept of modulus of subgrade reaction in laterally loaded piles is based on: - Winkler's
assumption

4. What factor influences the value of the soil modulus (Es) in the relationship between soil
resistance per unit length (p) and deflection (y) along a pile? - Applied load magnitude

5. What factor determines whether a free-headed pile is considered long or short, according to
Broms' criteria? - The dimensionless quantity βL

6. In the 𝛽-method for computing unit skin friction resistance of a pile, what does the term 𝛽
represent? - Product of horizontal effective stress and friction factor

7. According to the design assumptions for pile caps under eccentric loading or concentric load,
what is the minimum edge distance of concrete beyond the outside face of the exterior piles? - 150
mm

8. Which method is used to determine the end-bearing capacity of a pile in saturated clays under
undrained conditions, according to the information provided? - Janbu's method

9. How is a piled foundation defined in terms of its depth and breadth, according to Atkinson (2007)?
- Depth is greater than breadth by three times

10. What is one of the key assumptions made in the design of a pile cap under eccentric loading
or concentric load? - Pile heads are hinged to the pile cap, therefore no bending moment is
transmitted from the pile cap to the piles.
 GROUP 3
4A

1. What are the two types of forces act on piles?

Answer:
1. End bearing acts on the bottom of the pile.
2. Skin friction acts on the sides of the pile.

2. Why is it important to evaluate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a pile?

Answer:
Evaluating the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a pile is one of the most important aspects of pile
design. Hence, determining the ultimate load-carrying capacity will help you know the maximum
load the pile can carry without failure or excessive settlement of the ground.

3. What are the steps in solving the ultimate and allowable load-carrying capacity of
pile?

Answer:
Step 1: Compute the end-bearing load capacity (𝑄𝑃 ).
Step 2: Compute the skin-frictional resistance (𝑄𝑆 ).
Step 3: Compute for the ultimate load-carrying capacity (𝑄𝑈 ).
Step 4: Compute the allowable load-carrying capacity (𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ).

4. What is pile settlement?

Answer:
Pile settlement in foundation engineering refers to the vertical displacement or compression of soil and
surrounding structures due to the installation and loading of piles.

5. What are the several factors influence pile settlement?

Answer:
Including the soil type, pile type, load distribution, and construction methods.

6. What are the various techniques that use pile settlement?

Answer:
Such as soil investigation, load testing, and settlement analysis, to assess and mitigate potential
settlement issues, ensuring the long-term performance of the foundation system.

7. The magnitude of settlement depends on what factors?

Answer:
Like soil stiffness, pile spacing, pile depth, and the structural characteristics of the piles themselves.

8. What engineers methods use in pile settlement?

Answer:
Like geotechnical analysis, pile load testing, and numerical modeling to predict and manage settlement
in pile foundations.
 9. What are the step in solving the design procedure of pile settlement?

Answer:
Step 1: Determine the total load carried by the footing.
Step 2: Compute the number of piles required and the load
carried by each pile.
Step 3: Determine the effective depth of footing based on wide
beam shear and punching shear.
Step 4: Compute the steel requirement.
Step 5: Check the development length.

10. How to investigate the pile settlement?

Answer:
Step 1: Load per pile
Step 2: Find ρ to solve for Ru
Step 3: Check for adequacy of ‘d’
Based on wide-beam shear (one- way):
Based on Punching shear (two- way):

4B

1. What is the primary factor that determines the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile?

A. Pile diameter
B. Soil type and properties
C. Pile length
D. Pile material
E.
2. Which type of capacity relies on the frictional resistance between the pile shaft and surrounding
soil?

A. End-bearing capacity
B. Skin friction capacity
C. Pile material capacity
D. Structural capacity

3. What type of pile relies primarily on end-bearing capacity?

A. Driven pile
B. Bored pile
C. Timber pile
D. Steel H-pile

4. What role does the integrity of a pile play in its load-carrying capacity?

A. It has no impact on the capacity

B. It increases the capacity
C. It decreases the capacity
D. It depends on the soil type

5. What is the primary cause of pile settlement under load?

A. Pile corrosion
B. Excessive lateral pressure
C. Soil consolidation and compression
D. Inadequate pile driving technique

6. What type of pile settlement is characterized by a uniform downward movement of the entire
structure?

A. Differential settlement
B. Uniform settlement
C. Consolidation settlement
D. Compression settlement

7. Which type of soil is more prone to causing significant pile settlement?

A. Cohesive soil
B. Granular soil
C. Organic Soil
D. Peaty Soil

8. What shape does the pressure bulb developed under a point load in soil mass?

A. Conical in shape
B. Circular in shape
C. Rectangular in shape
D. Irregular in shape

9. What happens to the pore water pressure in a soil mass under an increase in vertical stress?

A. Pore water pressure decreases

B. Pore water pressure remains unchanged
C. Pore water pressure increases
D. Pore water pressure becomes zero

10. What is the term used to describe the increase in soil pressure near a pile due to load application?

A. Soil compression
B. Soil dilation
C. Bulking effect
D. Soil heave
 GROUP 4
4A
2𝑊ℎ
1. The Engineering News Record Formula, 𝑅 = is used for the case of _______.
(𝑆+1)

a. Drop hammer
b. Single-acting hammer
c. Double-acting hammer
d. All of the above

2. In the Engineering News Record Formula for determining the safe load carrying capacity of a pile,
the factor of safety used is ______.
a. 2.5
b. 3
c. 5
d. 6

3. The Engineering News Record formula is derived from what theory?

a. Work-energy theory
b. Theory of technical systems
c. Universal design
d. Kinetic Energy
𝑊 ℎ
4. What is ℎ in 𝑄𝑢 = 𝑅 ?
𝑆+𝐶

a. the ultimate load

b. the weight of the ram
c. the height of fall of the ram
d. the penetration of pile per hammer blow
5. The pile penetration, 𝑆, is usually based on the ______ obtained from the last few driving blows.
a. average value
b. first value
c. last value
d. none of the above

6. The capacity of the pile group is not necessarily the capacity of the individual pile multiplied by the
_______________ of individual piles in the group.

a) Number
b) Spacing
c) Unit weight
d) Distance

7. Distance of the soil during the installation of the pile and overlap of stresses between the adjacent
piles, may cause the group capacity to be less than ______________ of the individual capacities.

a) The pile
 b) The sum
c) The soil pressure
d) The difference

8. The soil between individual piles may become locked in due to densification from and the group
may tend to behave as a unit or an equivalent sing large ______________.

a) Capacity
b) Number
c) Pile
d) Stress

9. If the _________ of pile between two- or four-times diameter, then pile behave as a group.
a) Distance
b) Unit weight
c) Number
d) Spacing

10. The soil under the pile cap is assumed not to offer any ___________.

a) Support
b) Point
c) Load
d) Capacity

4B
1. Foundational tool in geotechnical engineering that plays a crucial role in estimating the load-carrying
capacity of piles.

- Engineering News Formula

2. Engineering News Formulas was developed by an American civil engineer.

- Arthur Mellen Wellington

3. What ultimate moment at the face of the column will be used for the critical section?

- Exterior face of the column

4-5. What two types of shearing stress will be used in computing for the shearing stress of footing?

- One-Way Shear (Wide Beam) and Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

6. When was the Engineering News Formula developed?

- 1892

7. Part of the pile footing that are generally arranged in groups or clusters.

- Piles

8. It is a dynamic method of a pile to determine its capacity.

- Engineering News Formula

9. The Engineering News Formula is used to solve for.

 - Allowable Capacity

10. What is the safety factor of Engineering Formula as formulated by Wellington.

- Safety factor of six or Six

GROUP 5
4A
1. It functions as a barrier that contains soil or water on one side of it. - Retaining Wall
2. It depends on the vertical stress imposed by the material behind the wall, determined by factors
such as the height of the backfill and its density. - Magnitude of lateral earth pressure
3. These retaining walls utilize their own weight to counteract the lateral earth pressure exerted by
the soil behind them, preventing tipping and shifting. – Gravity Retaining Walls
4. These are examples of gravity retaining walls. – Crib retaining walls, gabions, and bin retaining
walls
5. It is typically made up of a stem and a base slab, constructed using reinforced concrete, precast
concrete, or prestressed concrete materials. – Cantilever Retaining Wall
6. This is a cantilever retaining wall that incorporates counterforts, which are monolithically integrated
with the back of the wall slab and the base slab. – Counter-fort / Buttressed Retaining Wall
7. It involves a retaining structure that does not move either to the right or to the left of its position. –
Lateral Earth Pressure at rest
8. It says that failure will occur when the maximum principal stress at any point reaches a value equal
to the tensile stress in a simple tension specimen at failure. – Rankine’s Theory
9. This theory assumes that soil shear resistance develops along the wall and failure plane. –
Coulomb’s Theory
10. These retaining walls are designed to delve deeper than the excavation, tapping into the passive
earth pressure of the soil beneath – Embedded retaining walls

4B

1. It is a type of reinforced concrete retaining structure that incorporates a series of

vertical or inclined concrete ribs, known as counterforts or buttresses, spaced at
regular intervals along the backside of the wall. Counterfort or Buttressed
Retaining Wall
2. It is a structure designed to resist the lateral pressure of soil or other materials
when there is a desired change in ground elevation. – Retaining Wall
3. These walls are typically constructed from heavy materials such as concrete,
stone, or masonry, which provide stability by gravity alone. – Gravity Retaining
Wall
4. The economical height of a gravity retaining wall. – 3 meters
5. The economical height of a cantilever retaining wall. – 10 meters
6. It is a type of retaining structure that utilizes a cantilevered design to resist the
lateral pressure exerted by retained soil or other materials. – Cantilever
Retaining Wall
7. Any additional loads placed on or near the retaining wall, such as buildings,
vehicles, or landscaping features. – Surcharge Loads
8. A structural arm in cantilever walls. - Heel
9. Another term for counterfort retaining wall. – Buttressed Retaining Wall
10. Has to be performed due to the failure if the soil under the toe of the foundation
and a forward rotation of the wall. – Bearing Check
 GROUP 6

4A
1. What are the main factors that influence the magnitude of earth pressure?
2. What does lateral earth pressure refer to?
3. What is at-rest earth pressure and when is it exerted on a wall?
4. How does passive earth pressure behave in relation to the movement of the wall towards the soil?
5. Which type of earth pressure is always greater than the others, and why?

Answers:
1. The physical properties of the soil, the interaction at the soil-structure interface, the magnitude and
character of the deformations in the soil-structure system, and the time-dependent nature of soil strength.
2. Lateral earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the soil in the horizontal direction.
3. At-rest earth pressure is the horizontal pressure force that acts on a vertical wall causing insignificant
or no deflection. It occurs when the wall does not move to the left or to the right.
4. Passive earth pressure increases as the wall moves toward the soil and decreases as it moves away.
5. Passive earth pressure is always greater than active earth pressure and at-rest pressure because in
the passive state, the structure is the actuating element and the soil is the resisting element.

4B
1. Which of the following materials are commonly used for constructing sheet pile walls?
a) Bricks
b) Wooden sheet piles
c) Cement blocks
d) Glass panels

2. What is the primary purpose of sheet pile walls?

a) To support heavy machinery
b) To retain earth, water or any other filling materials
c) To provide aesthetic appeal
d) To create underground tunnels

3. Sheet pile walls are thinner in section compared to which type of walls?
a) Brick walls
b) Stone walls
c) Masonry walls
d) Timber walls
4. Which of the following is NOT a typical application of sheet pile walls?
a) Building diversion dams
b) Constructing skyscrapers
c) River bank protection
d) Retaining the sides of cuts made in earth

5. Where are sheet pile walls commonly used in waterfront structures?

a) Building roads
b) Constructing parks
c) Building wharfs and piers
d) Developing residential areas

6. Which type of sheet pile is made from precast concrete?

 a) Wooden sheet piles
b) Precast concrete sheet piles
c) Steel sheet piles
d) None of the above

7. What is the purpose of using cofferdams in relation to sheet pile walls?

a) To store water
b) To create underwater barriers
c) To build diversion dams
d) To provide temporary enclosure for construction

8. Which of the following sheet pile materials is known for its durability and strength?
a) Wooden sheet piles
b) Precast concrete sheet piles
c) Steel sheet piles
d) Plastic sheet piles

9. What application best describes the use of sheet pile walls for river bank protection?
a) Preventing erosion along rivers
b) Creating fish habitats
c) Diverting river flow
d) Building bridges over rivers

10. Which type of sheet pile is commonly used for retaining the sides of cuts made in earth?
a) Wooden sheet piles
b) Precast concrete sheet piles
c) Steel sheet piles
d) All of the above
 GROUP 7
4A

I. Multiple Choice

Encircle the letter of the correct answer from the options provided.

1. What are the primary materials used for the construction of sheet piles?
a) Steel and concrete
b) Timber and concrete
c) Steel and timber
d) Concrete and timber

2. When are timber sheet piles primarily utilized?

a) For permanent structures
b) When the driving depth exceeds 3 meters
c) For temporary structures and depths not exceeding 3 meters
d) In fine sand or soft soil conditions

3. Cantilever sheet piles rely on interaction with which element for support?
a) Anchors
b) Backfill
c) Reinforcement bars
d) Concrete slabs

4. What role do anchors play in anchored sheet pile walls?

a) They provide lateral support.
b) They stabilize the top of the wall.
c) They prevent soil settlement behind the wall.
d) They contribute to the passive resistance of the soil.

5. What is the stability number used for in the design of steel sheet pile walls in cohesive soils?
a) To determine the initial height of the sheet pile wall
b) To assess the risk of toe kick-out
c) To calculate the adhesion between soil and sheet piles
d) To estimate the factor of safety required

II. Identification

Match the statements with the correct descriptions provided in the wordpool.

Cantilever Sheet Piles Negative Pressure Stability Analysis

Cohesive Soils Soil Settlement Anchored Sheet Piles

1. Soil types with particles held together by cohesive forces, such as clay, influencing the
design and stability of sheet pile walls. - Cohesive Soils

2. Phenomenon occurring in cohesive soils near sheet pile walls, disregarded in analysis
due to decreasing cohesive strength over time. - Negative Pressure
 3. Assessment of the stability of sheet pile walls considering factors such as soil
characteristics, depth, and applied loads. - Stability Analysis

4. Method involving supporting sheet piles above their driven depth by anchors,
enhancing stability. - Anchored Sheet Piles

5. Type of sheet pile wall that relies solely on interaction with the surrounding soil for
support. - Cantilever Sheet Piles

4B

1. What is the purpose of an anchorage on a sheet pile foundation?

A) To provide stability and resistance against various forces.

B) To increase the height of the sheet pile wall.

C) To negotiate excavation.

D) A and C

2. Which factor(s) determine the location of an anchor on a sheet pile?

A) Soil conditions

B) Structural requirements

C) Type of anchor system

D) All of the above

3. What is the ratio between the tension in the anchor and the maximum pull it can stand called?

A) Anchor ratio

B) Tension factor

C) Factor of safety of the anchor

D) Anchor resistance

4. Which type of anchor system is suitable when it can be installed below the level of the original ground
surface?

A) Dead men, anchor plates, anchor beams etc.

B) Anchor block supported by battered piles

C) Sheet piles

D) Dead men, anchor plates, anchor beams etc.

5. What condition must be met for the full capacity of the anchorage to be available?

A) The sheet pile wall must be perpendicular to the ground.

B) The anchor blocks must be placed at great depths.

C) The active sliding wedge of the backfill must not interfere with the passive sliding wedge of the
deadman.

D) The active sliding wedge of the backfill must not interfere with the passive sliding wedge of the
deadman.

6. What is the primary purpose of sheet piling in construction?

A) To increase the load-bearing capacity of soil.

B) To facilitate excavation.

C) To provide temporary or permanent earth retention and excavation support.

D) To resist lateral pressure of the surrounding earth or water.

7. What type of soil is known for its high internal strength due to attractive forces between particles?

A) Sandy soil

B) Loamy soil

C) Cohesive soil

D) Clay and silt

8. What type of sheet piles are used to resist large bending moments, as in anchored or cantilever walls?

A) Arch-web and Z-piles

B) Shallow-arch piles

C) Straight-web sheet piles

D) Arch-web and Z-piles

9. What purpose do anchored bulkheads serve?

A) To increase the weight of retaining walls

B) To anchor ships in harbors

C) To provide lateral support for fills

D) To serve as retaining walls

10. What is the defining characteristic of cantilever sheet piles?

A) They are fixed at both the top and bottom.

B) They are free at the top and fixed only at the bottom.

C) They are curved in shape.

D) They depend on an adequate embedment into the soil below the dredge line.