CELLULAR AND MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS
UNIT – I
CHAPTER :2 ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

M V S S BABU M.Tech (COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS)| Asst. professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Topics covered
General description of the problem,
Concept of frequency channels,
Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor,
Desired C/I from a normal case in a Omni directional Antenna system,
Cell splitting,
consideration of the components of Cellular system.

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 General description of the problem
The limitation in the cellular system is the frequency resource, the
challenge is to serve the greatest number of customers with a specified
system quality.
Based on the concept of efficient spectrum utilization, the cellular mobile radio
system design can be broken down into many elements, and each element can be
analyzed and related to the others.
The major elements are
The concept of frequency reuse channels
The Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor
The desired carrier to interference ratio
The handoff mechanism, and
Cell splitting

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 General description of the problem
The concept of frequency reuse channels:
 A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies, one for each direction of transmission that is used for full-duplex
operation.
 A particular radio channel, say F1, used in one geographic zone as named it a cell, say C1, with a coverage radius R
can be used in another cell with the same coverage radius at a distance D away.
 Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system.
 In this frequency reuse system, users in different geographic locations (different cells) may simultaneously use the
same frequency channel.
 The frequency reuse system can drastically increase the spectrum efficiency, but if the system is not properly
designed, serious interference may occur.
 Interference due to the common use of the same channel is called co-channel interference and is our major
concern in the concept of frequency reuse.

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The concept of frequency reuse channels : N-cell reuse Pattern

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 The concept of frequency reuse channels
Frequency Reuse Distance:
The minimum distance that allows the same frequency to be reused will depend on
many factors, such as the number of co-channel cells in the vicinity of the center cell,
the type of geographic terrain contour, the antenna height, and the transmitted power
at each cell site.

Distance between center of Hexagonal and center of Hexagonal side is L then

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 The concept of frequency reuse channels
Consider a K=7 cell reused pattern as shown in above figure.
• To find the distance between two co-channel cells (D)
consider the new axis’s U and V are passing through center
of hexagonal sides.
• To find the distance of a point P(u,v) from origin use X-Y
to U-V co-ordinate transformation

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 The concept of frequency reuse channels

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 The concept of frequency reuse channels

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 The concept of frequency reuse channels
If all the cell sites transmit the same power, then K increases and the frequency
reuse distance D increases. This increased D reduces the chance that co-channel
interference may occur.
Theoretically, a large K is desired. However, the total number of allocated channels
is fixed.
When K is too large, the number of channels assigned to each of K cells becomes
small. It is always true that if the total number of channels in K cells is divided as K
increases, trunking inefficiency results.

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 COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE REDUCTION FACTOR
Assume that the size of all cells is roughly the same.
The cell size is determined by the coverage area of the signal strength in each cell.
As long as the cell size is fixed, co-channel interference is independent of the
transmitted power of each cell.
It means that the received threshold level at the mobile unit is adjusted to the size of
the cell.
Actually, co-channel interference is a function of a parameter q defined as
q=(D/R)
The parameter q is the co-channel interference reduction factor.
When the ratio q increases, co-channel interference decreases.
Further more, the separation D is a function of KI and C/I
Where KI is the number of co-channel interfering cells in the first tier and
C/I is the received carrier-to-interference ratio at the desired mobile receiver.
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 COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE REDUCTION FACTOR
In a fully equipped hexagonal-shaped cellular system, there are always six co-
channel interfering cells in the first tier, as shown in Fig,
that is, KI = 6 Co-channel interference can be experienced both at the cell site and at
mobile units in the center cell.
Therefore, the co-channel interference from
the second tier of interfering cells is negligible.

Where qk is the co-channel interference reduction

factor with k^th co-channel interfering cell

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 DESIRED C/I FROM A NORMAL CASE IN AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA SYSTEM (Find the desired C/I For K=7)
There are two cases to be considered:
(1) the signal and co-channel interference received by the mobile unit and
(2) the signal and co-channel interference received by the cell site.
 Both cases are shown in Fig below.
 Nm, and Nb are the local noises at the mobile unit and the cell site, respectively.
 Usually, Nm and Nb are small and can be neglected as compared with the interference level.

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 DESIRED C/I FROM A NORMAL CASE IN AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA SYSTEM (Find the desired C/I For K=7)
As long as the received carrier-to-interference ratios at both the mobile unit and
the cell site are the same, the system is called a balanced system.
In a balanced system, we can choose either one of the two cases to analyze the
system requirement; the results from one case are the same for the others.
Assume that all Dk are the same for simplicity, then D = Dk , and q = qk , and

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 DESIRED C/I FROM A NORMAL CASE IN AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA SYSTEM (Find the desired C/I For K=7)
Normal cellular practice is to specify C/I to be 18 dB or higher based on subjective
tests.
Because a C/I of 18 dB is measured by the acceptance of voice quality from present
cellular mobile receivers.

This is because q is not a function of transmitted power. The factor q can be

related to the finite
set of cells K in a hexagonal-shaped cellular system by

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 DESIRED C/I FROM A NORMAL CASE IN AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA SYSTEM (Find the desired C/I For K=7)

Substituting q from Eq. (4) into Eq. (5) yields

K=7
Equation (6) indicates that a seven-cell reuse pattern is needed for a C/I of 18 dB.

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 HANDOFF MECHANISM
It is a unique feature that allows cellular systems to operate as effectively as demonstrated in
actual use.
There are two kinds of handoffs, hard and soft.
The hard handoff is “brake before make.” The soft handoff is “make before brake.”
Two co-channel cells using the frequency F1 separated by a distance D are shown in Fig. The
radius R and the distance D are governed by the value of q.
Now we have to fill in with other frequency channels such as F2, F3, and F4 between two co-
channel cells in order to provide a communication system in the whole area.
The fill-in frequencies F2, F3, and F4 are also assigned to their corresponding cells C2, C3, and
C4 according to the same value of q.
Suppose a mobile unit is starting a call in cell C1 and then moves to C2.
The call can be dropped and reinitiated in the frequency channel from F1 to F2 while the mobile
unit moves from cell C1 to cell C2.
This process of changing frequencies can
be done automatically by the system without the user’s interference.
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 HANDOFF MECHANISM

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 CELL SPLITTING
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells with their own base
stations.
Then it reduces in the antenna height and transmitted power.
Splitting the cells reduces the cell size and thus more number of cells has to be used.
More number of cells => more number of clusters => more number of channels=> Higher capacity.

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 CELL SPLITTING
Example:
 Suppose the congested service area is originally covered by 3 cells and each cell contains 80 channels.
 Capacity= 3X80= 240.
 Usually the new radius is one-half the original radius.
 After cell splitting the radius of new cell RNew= R/2.
 After cell splitting we have 19 cells as shown below.
 Now new capacity= 19X80= 1520.

If you observe the above figures after

cell splitting it covers the entire area as
compared to before cell splitting. The
capacity also increased from 240 to
1520.

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CONSIDERATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

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CONSIDERATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS
The elements of cellular mobile radio system design have been mentioned in the
previous sections.
Here we must also consider the components of cellular systems, such as mobile
radios, antennas, cell-site, base-station controller, and MTSO. They would affect
our system design if we do not choose the right one.
The general view of the cellular system is shown in above Fig. Even though the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association) and the FCC have specified standards for radio
equipment at the cell sites and the mobile sites, we still need to be concerned
about that equipment.

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