Web Technology

( KCS-602 )
2023-24 EVEN
Syllabus
Syllabus
COs
 Web Development Strategies
1. Introduction and Web Development Strategies
2. History of Web and Internet
3. Protocols
4. Governing Web
5. Writing Web Projects
6. Connecting to Internet
7. Introduction to Internet services and tools
8. Introduction to client-server computing.
INTERNET
 Internet
• Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to
access information over the web. It provides a medium to
publish and access information over the web.
• Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected
computer networks.
• Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP
address.
 Internet
• IP Address(IPv4, IPv6) is a unique set of numbers (such
as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer location
• A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to
give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a
computer by a name.
• For example
– A DNS server will resolve a name http://www.google.com to a
particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which
this website is hosted.
• Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
 Evolution of Internet
• The origin of Internet was devised (in 1969 ) from the
concept of Advanced Research Project Agency Network
(ARPANET).
– Developed by United States Department of Defense.
– Initially for communication among the various bodies
of government(only four nodes (Hosts), In
1972 spread over the globe with 23 nodes
• With invention of new technologies such as
– TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW, browsers, scripting
languages etc.,
 Internet Services

• Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of

information such as text, graphics, sound and software
over the internet.
• Following diagram shows the four different categories of
Internet Services.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
• Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of.
• Here, we will discuss some of the advantages of Internet
• Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote
locations.
– Facebook, Twitter, Online Games
Songs, Videos, Social Networking
Apps, Internet Banking, Online Shopping
Data Sharing, E-mail
• There are always chances to loose personal information (such as name,
address, credit card number). Every one should use credit cards only
through authenticated sites.
– Security, Spamming, Virus , Pornography,…
WORLD WIDE WEB
 WWW
• The World Wide Web is a system of inter linked hyper text documents
accessed via the Internet. Web is a huge collection of pages of
information linked to each other around the globe.
• The internet is, as its name implies, a network -- a vast, global
network that incorporates a multitude of lesser networks. As such, the
internet consists of supporting infrastructure and other technologies.
And the Web is a communications model that, through HTTP, enables
the exchange of information over the internet.
• History
– WWW is created by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in Geneva.
– And now he is director of the W3C, the organization that oversees its
development
– In 1989, Berners-Lee began work on the first World Wide Web server at
CERN.
 WWW
• History..
– He called the server "httpd” and dubbed the first client "WWW.”
Originally, WWW was just a WYSIWYG hypertext browser/editor that
ran in the NeXTStep environment.
– The World Wide Web has been widely available since 1991.
– Initially plain HTML(Hypertext Transfer Language) was used.
– HTML is sub set of SGML(standard generalized markup language).
– Now Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text
files to achieve font, colour, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide
Web pages.
– In 1993, there are only about 50 websites world wide.
 WWW
• WWW time line
– 1989. Tim Berners-Lee proposes the web. ...
– 1991. The web is born. ...
– 1993-94. Browsers develop. ...
– 1996. Internet Explorer 3.0. ...
– 1997. Google. …
– 1998. Blog comments. ...
– 2001. Wikipedia. ...
– 2003. The great firewall
• A browser that allowed user to take advantage of the web's graphical
capabilities, was developed at the National center for Super Computing
application (NCSA). NCSA called the browser Mosaic.
• To transfer HTML document to remote sites a new protocol was
devised called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
 Protocols Governing Web
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs how
applications communicate with one another.
• Classification:
– HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol
– TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol
– FTP : File Transfer Protocol
– SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
– TELNET: Teletype Network Protocol
 HTTP
• It defines mechanism for communication between browser
and the web server. It is also called request and response
protocol because the communication between browser and
server takes place in request and response pairs. It uses
standard methods (i.e. Get, Post, PUT, DELETE,..)
• Initial HTTP 0.9 does not allow for content typing and
does not have provisions for supplying meta information.
Content Typing is used to identify the type of data being
transferred. And Meta Information is the supplemental
data, such as environment variables that identify the
client's computer.
 TCP/IP
• TCP is a connection oriented protocol and offers end-to-
end packet delivery. It acts as back bone for connection.
• Features:
– Part of Transport Layer of OSI Model.
– TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol.
– TCP offers:
• Stream Data Transfer,
• Reliability,
• Efficient Flow Control,
• Full-duplex operation,
• Multiplexing.
 TCP/IP
• Internet Protocol(IP) is connectionless and
unreliable protocol. It ensures no guarantee of successfully
transmission of data.
• How to make reliable
– It must be paired with reliable protocol such as TCP at the transport
layer.
• Internet protocol transmits the data in form of a datagram.
The Datagram is divided into two parts: header and data.
The length of header is 20 to 60 bytes.
 FTP
• FTP is used to copy files from one host to another.
• FTP creates two processes such as Control Process and
Data Transfer Process at both ends i.e. at client as well as
at server.
• FTP establishes two different connections: one is for data
transfer and other is for control information.
• FTP uses port 21 for the control connection and Port
20 for the data connection.
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)is also used to
transfer the files but it transfers the files without
authentication. It does not separate control and data
information.
 SMTP
• SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow
software to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is
called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• It is a program used for sending messages to other
computer users based on e-mail addresses. The message
can include text, voice, video or graphics.
• It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or
different computers(Also outside the internet)
• It can send a single message to one or more recipients.
• The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up
communication rules between servers.
 SMTP
• First, we will break the SMTP client and SMTP server into
two components
– User agent (UA) : It prepares the message, creates the envelope
and then puts the message in the envelope.
– Mail transfer agent (MTA): It transfers this mail across the internet
(including private network).
• Working of SMTP
– Composition of Mail
– Submission of Mail
– Delivery of Mail
– Receipt and Processing of Mail
– Access and Retrieval of Mail
 TELNET
• Telnet is a protocol used to log in to remote computer on
the internet. There are a number of Telnet clients having
user friendly user interface. The following diagram shows
a person is logged in to computer A, and from there, he
remote logged into computer B.
WEBSITE
Website
• Website is a location on web and is hosted on a web
server. It is a set of related web pages. It is accessed using
Internet address known as Uniform Resource Locator.
• Static websites are also known as
– flat or stationary websites.
– They are loaded on the client’s browser as exactly they are stored
on the web server.
– contain only static information.
– User can only read the information(one way)
– Static websites are created using only HTML.
– Static websites are only used when the information is no more
required to be modified.
Website
• Dynamic websites shows different information at different
point of time. It is possible to change a portion of a web
page without loading the entire web page. It has been made
possible using Ajax technology.
• Server-side dynamic web page is created by using server-
side scripting. There are server-side scripting parameters
that determine how to assemble a new web page which
also include setting up of more client-side processing.
– Using PHP/JSP/ASP/..
• Client-side dynamic web page is processed using client
side scripting (JavaScript) and HTML, CSS,..
Website
Web Technologies
Web Technologies
 Web Technologies
Front End Frameworks and Libraries:

• HTML JavaScript:
• JavaScript Technology
• CSS • ES6
– CSS Frameworks • JavaScript Frameworks
• Bootstrap • AngularJS
• VueJS
• JavaScript Libraries
• jQuery
• ReactJS
• TensorFlow.js
 Web Technologies
Back End Frameworks and Technology:
 Web Server
• Web server is a computer where the web content is stored.
Basically web server is used to host the web sites but there
exists other web servers also such as gaming, storage, FTP,
email etc.
• It respond to the client request in either of the following
two ways:
– Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
– Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with
database
• Web Server Architecture
– Concurrent Approach: It allows web server to handle multiple
client requests at the same time.
– Single-Process-Event-Driven Approach.
Web Server
S.N. Web Server Description
1 Apache HTTP Server: This is the most popular web server in the world developed by
the Apache Software Foundation. Apache web server is an open source software and can
be installed on almost all operating systems including Linux, UNIX, Windows,
FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web server machines run the Apache
Web Server.
2. Internet Information Services (IIS): The Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high
performance Web Server from Microsoft. This web server runs on Windows NT/2000
and 2003 platforms and bundled with Windows NT/2000 and 2003; Because IIS is
tightly integrated with the operating system so it is relatively easy to administer it.
3. Lighttpd: The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server that is distributed
with the FreeBSD operating system. This open source web server is fast, secure and
consumes much less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
and Solaris operating systems.
4. Sun Java System Web Server: This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for
medium and large web sites. Though the server is free it is not open source. It however,
runs on Windows, Linux and UNIX platforms. The Sun Java System web server
supports various languages, scripts and technologies required for Web 2.0 such as JSP,
Java Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, and Ruby on Rails, ASP and Coldfusion etc.
5. Jigsaw Server: Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. It
is open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, UNIX, Windows,
and Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and can run CGI scripts
and PHP programs.
Web Application
• A web application (or web app) is application software
that runs on a web server.
• Web applications are accessed by the user through a web
browser with an active network connection. These
applications are programmed using a client–server
modeled structure.
• Examples of commonly-used web applications include:
web-mail, online retail sales, online banking, and online
auctions.
Web Application
• A user sends a request to the web-server using web
browsers ( Firefox )
• Then, the request is forwarded to the appropriate
web application server by the web-server.
• Now it performs the requested operations; like processing
the database, produces the result of the requested data.
• The obtained result is sent to the web-server by the web
application server
• The web server responds back to the user
CYBER LAW
 Cyber Law
• Cyber law, also known as Internet Law or Cyber Law, is
the part of the overall legal system thet is related to legal
informatics and supervises the digital circulation of
information, e-commerce, software and information
security. It is associated with legal informatics and
electronic elements, including information systems,
computers, software, and hardware. It covers many areas,
such as access to and usage of the Internet, encompassing
various subtopics as well as freedom of expression, and
online privacy.
 Cyber Law
• Why are cyber laws needed?
• What happens if anyone breaks a cyber law?
• Importance of Cyber Law ?
• Areas involving in Cyber Laws ?
– Fraud
– Copyrighting Issues
– Scam/ Treachery
– Character Degradation
– Data Protection
– Trade Secrets