74 CHAPTER 2 STRAIN

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS

F2–1. When force P is applied to the rigid arm ABC, F2–4. The triangular plate is deformed into the shape
point B displaces vertically downward through a distance of shown by the dashed line. Determine the normal strain
2 0.2 mm. Determine the normal strain developed in wire CD. developed along edge BC and the average shear strain at
corner A with respect to the x and y axes.
D

200 mm
400 mm 300 mm

y
A
B C
5 mm
400 mm
P A
x
B 3 mm
F2–1
F2–2. If the applied force P causes the rigid arm ABC to 300 mm
rotate clockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.02°,
determine the normal strain developed in wires BD and CE.

C
E

F2–4
600 mm
D
P
400 mm

A
B C F2–5. The square plate is deformed into the shape shown
600 mm 600 mm by the dashed line. Determine the average normal strain
along diagonal AC and the shear strain of point E with
F2–2 respect to the x and y axes.

F2–3. The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape of a

rhombus shown by the dashed line. Determine the average
shear strain at corner A with respect to the x and y axes.
y
y x
2 mm
D C D C
4 mm

400 mm 300 mm E

B x A B
A 4 mm 300 mm
300 mm 3 mm 3 mm

F2–3 F2–5
 2.2 STRAIN 75

PROBLEMS

2–1. An air-filled rubber ball has a diameter of 6 in. If the •2–5. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires
air pressure within it is increased until the ball’s diameter BD and CE. If the distributed load causes the end C to be
becomes 7 in., determine the average normal strain in the displaced 10 mm downward, determine the normal strain 2
rubber. developed in wires CE and BD.
2–2. A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of
15 in. If it is stretched around a pipe having an outer diameter
of 5 in., determine the average normal strain in the strip.
2–3. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires
BD and CE. If the load P on the beam causes the end C to
be displaced 10 mm downward, determine the normal strain E
developed in wires CE and BD.
D
2m
1.5 m
D E
2m 3m
A B C

4m

P w

Prob. 2–5
A B C

3m 2m 2m

2–6. Nylon strips are fused to glass plates. When

Prob. 2–3
moderately heated the nylon will become soft while the
*2–4. The two wires are connected together at A. If the glass stays approximately rigid. Determine the average
force P causes point A to be displaced horizontally 2 mm, shear strain in the nylon due to the load P when the
determine the normal strain developed in each wire. assembly deforms as indicated.

C
y
300
mm
2 mm
30
P 3 mm P
30 A
5 mm

mm 3 mm
300
5 mm
B 3 mm
x

Prob. 2–4 Prob. 2–6

 76 CHAPTER 2 STRAIN

2–7. If the unstretched length of the bowstring is 35.5 in., 2–10. The corners B and D of the square plate are given
determine the average normal strain in the string when it is the displacements indicated. Determine the shear strains at
stretched to the position shown. A and B.

2–11. The corners B and D of the square plate are given

the displacements indicated. Determine the average normal
2 strains along side AB and diagonal DB.
18 in.
y

6 in.
16 mm
18 in.
D B
x
3 mm

3 mm 16 mm
Prob. 2–7

*2–8. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a

rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is C
16 mm 16 mm
applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate
by u = 0.3°, determine the normal strain in the cable.
Originally the cable is unstretched. Probs. 2–10/11

•2–9. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists

of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force *2–12. The piece of rubber is originally rectangular.
is applied to the end D of the member and causes a Determine the average shear strain gxy at A if the corners B
normal strain in the cable of 0.0035 mm>mm, determine and D are subjected to the displacements that cause the
the displacement of point D. Originally the cable is rubber to distort as shown by the dashed lines.
unstretched. •2–13. The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and
subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines.
u Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal
D DB and side AD.
P

300 mm y

3 mm C
B D

300 mm
400 mm
A C

x
A 300 mm B
400 mm 2 mm

Probs. 2–8/9 Probs. 2–12/13

 2.2 STRAIN 77

2–14. Two bars are used to support a load.When unloaded, •2–17. The three cords are attached to the ring at B. When
AB is 5 in. long, AC is 8 in. long, and the ring at A has a force is applied to the ring it moves it to point B¿ , such
coordinates (0, 0). If a load P acts on the ring at A, the that the normal strain in AB is PAB and the normal strain in
normal strain in AB becomes PAB = 0.02 in.>in., and the CB is PCB. Provided these strains are small, determine the
normal strain in AC becomes PAC = 0.035 in.>in. normal strain in DB. Note that AB and CB remain
Determine the coordinate position of the ring due to the horizontal and vertical, respectively, due to the roller guides
load. at A and C. 2

2–15. Two bars are used to support a load P. When

unloaded, AB is 5 in. long, AC is 8 in. long, and the ring at A
A¿ B¿
has coordinates (0, 0). If a load is applied to the ring at A, so
that it moves it to the coordinate position (0.25 in.,
-0.73 in.), determine the normal strain in each bar. A
B

L
B C
60
u
C¿
D C
5 in. 8 in.

Prob. 2–17

A x
2–18. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular.
Determine the shear strain gxy at corners A and B if the
P
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.

2–19. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular.

Probs. 2–14/15
Determine the shear strain gxy at corners D and C if the
*2–16. The square deforms into the position shown by the plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.
dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along *2–20. The piece of plastic is originally rectangular.
each diagonal, AB and CD. Side D¿B¿ remains horizontal. Determine the average normal strain that occurs along the
diagonals AC and DB.
y

3 mm
D¿ B¿ y
B 5 mm
D
2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
53 mm 50 mm C

91.5
300 mm

C
x 2 mm
A C¿ x
D A
50 mm 400 mm
8 mm 3 mm

Prob. 2–16 Probs. 2–18/19/20

 78 CHAPTER 2 STRAIN

•2–21. The force applied to the handle of the rigid lever •2–25. The guy wire AB of a building frame is originally
arm causes the arm to rotate clockwise through an angle of unstretched. Due to an earthquake, the two columns of the
3° about pin A. Determine the average normal strain frame tilt u = 2°. Determine the approximate normal
developed in the wire. Originally, the wire is unstretched. strain in the wire when the frame is in this position.
Assume the columns are rigid and rotate about their lower
supports.
2
u  2 u  2

B
600 mm

3m
45 C
A

B
A
1m 4m

Prob. 2–21

Prob. 2–25

2–22. A square piece of material is deformed into the

2–26. The material distorts into the dashed position
dashed position. Determine the shear strain gxy at A.
shown. Determine (a) the average normal strains along
2–23. A square piece of material is deformed into the sides AC and CD and the shear strain gxy at F, and (b) the
dashed parallelogram. Determine the average normal strain average normal strain along line BE.
that occurs along the diagonals AC and BD.
2–27. The material distorts into the dashed position
*2–24. A square piece of material is deformed into the shown. Determine the average normal strain that occurs
dashed position. Determine the shear strain gxy at C. along the diagonals AD and CF.

y 15 mm 25 mm
C D
15.18 mm 10 mm
B C B
E

15.24 mm
15 mm 90 mm 75 mm

89.7
x
A 15 mm D x
15.18 mm A 80 mm F

Probs. 2–22/23/24 Probs. 2–26/27

 2.2 STRAIN 79

*2–28. The wire is subjected to a normal strain that is *2–32. The bar is originally 300 mm long when it is flat. If it
defined by P = xe - x , where x is in millimeters. If the wire
2
is subjected to a shear strain defined by gxy = 0.02x, where
has an initial length L, determine the increase in its length. x is in meters, determine the displacement ¢y at the end of
its bottom edge. It is distorted into the shape shown, where
P  xex no elongation of the bar occurs in the x direction.
2

x
2
x

L y

Prob. 2–28

•2–29. The curved pipe has an original radius of 2 ft. If it is

heated nonuniformly, so that the normal strain along its
y
length is P = 0.05 cos u, determine the increase in length of
the pipe. x
300 mm
2–30. Solve Prob. 2–29 if P = 0.08 sin u.

Prob. 2–32

•2–33. The fiber AB has a length L and orientation u. If its

ends A and B undergo very small displacements uA and vB ,
2 ft
respectively, determine the normal strain in the fiber when
u A it is in position A¿B¿.

Probs. 2–29/30 y
B¿
2–31. The rubber band AB has an unstretched length of vB
1 ft. If it is fixed at B and attached to the surface at point B
A¿, determine the average normal strain in the band. The L
surface is defined by the function y = (x2) ft, where x is u
in feet. x
A uA A¿

y Prob. 2–33
y  x2

2–34. If the normal strain is defined in reference to the

A¿ final length, that is,

¢s¿ - ¢s
1 ft Pnœ = lim a b
p : p¿ ¢s¿

A x
B instead of in reference to the original length, Eq. 2–2, show
1 ft
that the difference in these strains is represented as a
Prob. 2–31 second-order term, namely, Pn - Pnœ = PnPnœ .