August 2022

Structural Engineering Department

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Topic: Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor,
Structural Engineering Department
VJTI

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Types of Body
August 2022

Types of Body
in Engineering
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Rigid Body Plastic Body Elastic Body

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Types of Body
August 2022

• A rigid body (also known as a rigid object is a solid body in

which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected.
The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it. A rigid body

is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.
• Plasticity, also known as plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid
material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of
shape in response to applied forces.
• A solid body for which the additional deformation produced by an increm
ent of stress completely disappears when the increment is removed. Also
known as elastic solid
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 FORCE
August 2022

Any action that tends to maintain or alter the motion of a body or to distort it.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Nature of the
Force

Pull Push
(Tension) (Compression)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE
August 2022

Magnitude 10 N Direction of application

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Direction of application
Point of application

Point of application

Magnitude - Value
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Stress
August 2022

• Force applied to a material

d
• C/S area P
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

L b
Force (P) P
Stress (σ ) = =
c/s Area (A) bd
d
P
• Tensile stress
b
• Compressive stress
Cross section of a rectangular section
• Shear stress
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Strain
August 2022

• Change in dimension

• Elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

d
P P

Change in length b
L
Strain (e) = (ΔL)
Original length
d
(L)
P b
L ΔL P
• Linear Strain – along P (+) elongation

• Lateral Strain - across P

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
(-) reduction ΔLAssistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Reflection Spot
August 2022

Think of atleast one illustration related to ‘Stress’ and ‘Strain’ in your day to day
activities….
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Stress Strain Curve
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Stress Strain Curve
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Linear Elasticity: Hooke’s Law
August 2022

When a material behaves elastically and also exhibits a linear relationship between
stress and strain, it is called linearly elastic. Linear elasticity is a property of many solid
materials, including metals, wood, concrete, plastics and ceramics.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)
The slope of stress-strain curve is called the Modulus of Elasticity (E) =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)

In other words, the linear relationship between stress and strain is expressed by the
equation
Stress = Modulus of Elasticity x Strain
σ = E.e (This equation is known as Hooke’s Law)
Thus, the modulus of elasticity (E) is the constant of proportionality which is defined as the
intensity of stress that causes unity strain. Thus, modulus of elasticity E has the units same
as units of stress
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Linear Elasticity:
August 2022

Modulus of elasticity [E] / Youngs Modulus

It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

corresponding strain within elastic limit. It is denoted by symbol E.

It is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)
(E) =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

Modulus of Rigidity
It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to corresponding shear strain
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

within elastic limit. It is also known as shear modulus.

It is represented by C or G or N.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)

(C) =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

Bulk Modulus
It is defined as the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

strain within the tic limit. It is denoted by K.

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)

(K) =
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

S.no Young’s Modulus Modulus of Rigidity Bulk Modulus

It is the ratio of tensile

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

It is the ratio of direct

or compressive stress to It is the ratio of shear stress
stress to the
1. the corresponding to the corresponding shear
corresponding volumetric
strain within elastic strain within elastic limit.
strain within elastic limit.
limit.

2. It is denoted by E. It is denoted by C or G or N. It is denoted by K.

C = shear stress/shear K = direct stress/

3. E = stress/ strain
strain volumetric strain.

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

Deformation of a Body due to force acting on it (Uniform cross section) – Consider a body subjected to a tensile stress
Let, P = Load or force acting on the body; l = length of the body; A = Cross sectional area of the body; σ = Stress induced
in the body; E = Modulus of elasticity for the material of the body; e = strain & ΔL = Deformation of the body

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Modulus of Elasticity (E) =

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)
𝑃𝑃/𝐴𝐴
Force (P) Modulus of Elasticity (E) =
Stress (σ ) = Δ𝐿𝐿/𝐿𝐿
c/s Area (A)

Change in length
Strain (e) = (ΔL)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Original length Change in length (Δ𝐿𝐿) =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
(L)
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Q. A rectangular bar of steel 20 mm x 30 mm is 1m long carries a pull of 94 KN, find the tensile stress in the bar,
strain and change in length, Take E = 200 GPa
August 2022

P = 94 KN
30 mm
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

L = 1m

𝑃𝑃 94 𝑥𝑥 103
Given: P = 94 KN = 94 x 103N (i) Tensile stress (σ) = = = 156.66 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 20 𝑥𝑥 30
b = 20 mm σ
Δ𝐿𝐿
t = 30 mm (iI) Tensile strain (e) = OR Tensile strain (e) =
𝐿𝐿 𝐸𝐸
L = 1m = 1000 mm
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 MPa
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)
Since , Modulus of Elasticity (E) =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑒𝑒)
To find: Stress (σ) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (σ)
Strain (e) Therefore, Strain (e) =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 (𝐸𝐸)
Elongation (ΔL)
156.66
Therefore, Strain (e) = = 0.0007833
200 𝑥𝑥 103

(iii) Change in length (ΔL) = e𝐿𝐿 = 0.0007833 xProf.

1000 = Ranshur
Sandeep 0.7833 mm
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Q. A rectangular bar of steel 20 mm x 30 mm is 1m long carries a pull of 94 KN, find the tensile stress in the bar, strain
and change in length, Take E = 200 GPa
August 2022

P = 94 KN
30 mm
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

L = 1m

Given: P = 94 KN = 94 x 103 N
b = 20 mm 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
t = 30 mm Change in length (Δ𝐿𝐿) =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
L = 1m = 1000 mm
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 MPa
94 𝑋𝑋 103 𝑋𝑋 1000
To find: Stress (σ)
Change in length (Δ𝐿𝐿) =
20 𝑋𝑋 30 𝑋𝑋 200 𝑋𝑋 103
Strain (e)
Elongation (ΔL)
= 0.7833 mm

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Q. A copper wire of length 600 mm is subjected to an axial pull of 10 KN. Find the minimum diameter of the stress is
not to exceed 75 MPa. Also calculate the elongation if E = 100 Gpa.
August 2022

Given: P = 10 KN = 10 x 103 N
L = 600 mm
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 Mpa
σ = not to exceed 50 MPa
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Deformation of a Body due to force acting on it (Uniform Cross Section & Varying Cross Section)

d d
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

L1 L1

L2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 L2
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Δ𝐿𝐿) = Σ
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = Σ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
L3 L3
Here A=A1=A2=A3
A=A1=A2=A3 But L1 ≠ L2 ≠ L3
L=L1=L2=L3

d
d 2 d
1 L L 3
L
1 2 3
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 Here A1 ≠ A2 ≠ A3
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = Σ Also L1 ≠ L2 ≠ L3
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar having 200 mm2 area is subjected to the axial load as shown in the fig. Find the value of P and total
elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2
August 2022

50 KN P 35 KN 65 KN

500 mm 600 mm 700 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar having 200 mm2 area is subjected to the axial load as shown in the fig. Find the value of P and total
elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2
August 2022

50 KN P 35 KN 65 KN

500 mm 600 mm 700 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Soln: For equilibrium of the entire bar

Given: Area (A) = 200 mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 KN /mm2 = 200 x 103 N/mm2 ΣFx = 0 ( )+ve
-50 +P-35+65 =0
To find: (i) Value of P (ii) ΔL
Therefore, P = 20 KN
50 KN
50 KN
500 mm

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar having 200 mm2 area is subjected to the axial load as shown in the fig. Find the value of P and total
elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2
August 2022

50 KN P 35 KN 65 KN

500 mm 600 mm 700 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Soln: For equilibrium of the entire bar

Given: Area (A) = 200 mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 KN /mm2 = 200 x 103 N/mm2 ΣFx = 0 ( )+ve
-50 +P-35+65 =0
To find: (i) Value of P (ii) ΔL
Therefore, P = 20 KN
50 KN
50 KN
500 mm

30 KN 30 KN

600 mm

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar having 200 mm2 area is subjected to the axial load as shown in the fig. Find the value of P and total
elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2
August 2022

50 KN P 35 KN 65 KN

500 mm 600 mm 700 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Soln: For equilibrium of the entire bar

Given: Area (A) = 200 mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 KN /mm2 = 200 x 103 N/mm2 ΣFx = 0 ( )+ve
-50 +P-35+65 =0
To find: (i) Value of P (ii) ΔL
Therefore, P = 20 KN
50 KN
50 KN
500 mm

30 KN 30 KN

600 mm 65 KN
65 KN

700 mm
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar having 200 mm2 area is subjected to the axial load as shown in the fig. Find the value of P and total
elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2
August 2022

CONTD…….

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = Σ
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

𝑃𝑃1𝐿𝐿1 𝑃𝑃2𝐿𝐿2 𝑃𝑃3𝐿𝐿3

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = + +
𝐴𝐴1𝐸𝐸1 𝐴𝐴2𝐸𝐸2 𝐴𝐴3𝐸𝐸3

50 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 500 30 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 600 65 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 700

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = + +
200 𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥 103 200 𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥 103

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = 2.2125 mm (Elongation)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A square bar 25 mm x 25 mm is subjected to axial forces at different locations as shown in fig. Find total change in
length of the bar if E = 200 GPa
August 2022

A B C D
50 KN 20 KN
90 KN 20 KN

600 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given: Area (A) = 25 mm x 25 mm

Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm2
To find: (i) ΔL

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
1000 mm
 A square bar 25 mm x 25 mm is subjected to axial forces at different locations as shown in fig. Find total change in
length of the bar if E = 200 GPa
August 2022

A B C D
50 KN 20 KN
90 KN 20 KN

600 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given: Area (A) = 25 mm x 25 mm

Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm2
To find: (i) ΔL

50 KN 50 KN
1

600 mm

40 KN 40 KN
2
1000 mm
20 KN 20 KN
3
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
1000 mm
 A square bar 25 mm x 25 mm is subjected to axial forces at different locations as shown in fig. Find total change in
length of the bar if E = 200 GPa
August 2022

CONTD…….
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = Σ
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑃𝑃1𝐿𝐿1 𝑃𝑃2𝐿𝐿2 𝑃𝑃3𝐿𝐿3
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = + +
𝐴𝐴1𝐸𝐸1 𝐴𝐴2𝐸𝐸2 𝐴𝐴3𝐸𝐸3
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

50 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 600 40 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 1000 20 𝑥𝑥 103 𝑥𝑥 1000

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = - -
25𝑥𝑥 25 𝑥𝑥 200 103 25 𝑥𝑥 25 𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥 103 25 𝑥𝑥 25 𝑥𝑥 200 𝑥𝑥 103
OR

1
(Δ𝐿𝐿) = {[(50 x 103)x 600] – [(40 x 103) x 1000] – [(20 x 103) x 1000]}
25 𝑥𝑥 25 𝑥𝑥 (200 𝑥𝑥 103)

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = - 0.24 mm

(Δ𝐿𝐿) = 0.24 mm (Contraction) Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar of 500 mm length has a cross sectional area as shown in the fig. First 100 mm had diameter 12 mm,
second 200 mm length has diameter 20 mm, third 200 mm length has diameter 30 mm. Determine the maximum
axial pull which the bar may be subjected if the maximum stresses is limited to 100 N/mm2. Also find the total
August 2022

elongation. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 or 2 x 105 MPa

C D
B
A
P P
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

100 mm 200 mm 200 mm

Given : σmax ˃ 100 N/mm2

∏
A1 = 𝑋𝑋 122 = 113.09 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
E=2x 105 N/mm2 4

L1 = 100 mm
L2 = 200 mm ∏
L3 = 200 mm A2 = 𝑋𝑋 202 = 314. 16 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4

∏
A3 = 𝑋𝑋 302 = 706.86 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4 Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar of 500 mm length has a cross sectional area as shown in the fig. First 100 mm had diameter 12 mm,
second 200 mm length has diameter 20 mm, third 200 mm length has diameter 30 mm. Determine the maximum axial
pull which the bar may be subjected if the maximum stresses is limited to 100 N/mm2. Also find the total elongation.
August 2022

Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2

Let P be the maximum axial pull

Maximum stress will be induced in the section

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar of 500 mm length has a cross sectional area as shown in the fig. First 100 mm had diameter 12 mm,
second 200 mm length has diameter 20 mm, third 200 mm length has diameter 30 mm. Determine the maximum axial
pull which the bar may be subjected if the maximum stresses is limited to 100 N/mm2. Also find the total elongation.
August 2022

Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2

Let P be the maximum axial pull

Maximum stress will be induced in the section

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular bar of 500 mm length has a cross sectional area as shown in the fig. First 100 mm had diameter 12 mm,
second 200 mm length has diameter 20 mm, third 200 mm length has diameter 30 mm. Determine the maximum axial
pull which the bar may be subjected if the maximum stresses is limited to 100 N/mm2. Also find the total elongation.
August 2022

Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2

Let P be the maximum axial pull

Maximum stress will be induced in the section having smaller cross – sectional area i.e. portion AB
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

𝑃𝑃
Therefore, Stress in AB (σ AB) =
𝐴𝐴

𝑃𝑃
100 = , 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃 = 11309 𝑁𝑁 = 113.09 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
113.09

𝑃𝑃1𝐿𝐿1 𝑃𝑃2𝐿𝐿2 𝑃𝑃3𝐿𝐿3 Here P=P1=P2=P3

TOTAL ELONGATION (Δ𝐿𝐿) = + +
𝐴𝐴1𝐸𝐸1 𝐴𝐴2𝐸𝐸2 𝐴𝐴3𝐸𝐸3
11309 100 200 200
= [ + + ]
2 𝑋𝑋 105 113.09 314.16 706.86

= 0.102 mm (Elongation)
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two copper rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in the fig. If the stresses in copper and steel are
not to exceed 75 N/mm2 and 150 N/mm2. Find the safe load that can be supported. Modulus of elasticity for steel is
twice that of copper.
August 2022

σs = 150 N/mm2 , Es = 2 Ec

σc = 75 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two copper rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in the fig. If the stresses in copper and steel are
not to exceed 75 N/mm2 and 150 N/mm2. Find the safe load that can be supported. Modulus of elasticity for steel is
twice that of copper.
August 2022

σs = 150 N/mm2 , Es = 2 Ec

σc = 75 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two copper rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in the fig. If the stresses in copper and steel are
not to exceed 75 N/mm2 and 150 N/mm2. Find the safe load that can be supported. Modulus of elasticity for steel is
twice that of copper.
August 2022

σs = 150 N/mm2 , Es = 2 Ec

σc = 75 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

𝑃𝑃
σ=
𝐴𝐴

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two copper rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in the fig. If the stresses in copper and steel are
not to exceed 75 N/mm2 and 150 N/mm2. Find the safe load that can be supported. Modulus of elasticity for steel is
twice that of copper.
August 2022

σs = 150 N/mm2 , Es = 2 Ec

σc = 75 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

𝑃𝑃
σ=
𝐴𝐴

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A uniform rigid block weighing 160 KN is to be supported on three bars as shown in the fig. There is 4 mm gap
between the block and the top of the steel bar. Find the stresses developed in the bars. Take Es = 200 Gpa and EA = 80
GPa
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A uniform rigid block weighing 160 KN is to be supported on three bars as shown in the fig. There is 4 mm gap
between the block and the top of the steel bar. Find the stresses developed in the bars. Take Es = 200 Gpa and EA = 80
GPa
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A uniform rigid block weighing 160 KN is to be supported on three bars as shown in the fig. There is 4 mm gap
between the block and the top of the steel bar. Find the stresses developed in the bars. Take Es = 200 Gpa and EA = 80
GPa
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A load of 270 KN is acting on a short RCC column of size 200 mm x 200 mm. The column is reinforced with 10 bars of
12 mm diameter. Determine the stresses in steel and concrete if modulus of elasticity of steel is 16.5 times of that of
concrete.
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A load of 270 KN is acting on a short RCC column of size 200 mm x 200 mm. The column is reinforced with 10 bars of
12 mm diameter. Determine the stresses in steel and concrete if modulus of elasticity of steel is 16.5 times of that of
concrete.
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A 6 m long hollow bar of circular section has 140 mm diameter for a length of 4 m, while it
has 120 mm diameter for a length of 2 m. The bore diameter is 80 mm throughout as shown in
August 2022

Fig. Find the elongation of the bar, when it is subjected to an axial tensile force of 300 kN.
Take modulus of elasticity for the bar material as 200 GPa
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given Data:
Total length (L) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 1 (D1)= 140 mm;
Length of section 1 (l 1) = 4 m = 4 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 2 (D2) = 120 mm ;
Length of section 2 (l 2) = 2 m = 2 × 103 mm ;
Inner diameter (d1) = d2 = 80 mm ;
Axial tensile force (P) = 300 kN = 300 × 10 N and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A 6 m long hollow bar of circular section has 140 mm diameter for a length of 4 m, while it
has 120 mm diameter for a length of 2 m. The bore diameter is 80 mm throughout as shown in
August 2022

Fig. Find the elongation of the bar, when it is subjected to an axial tensile force of 300 kN.
Take modulus of elasticity for the bar material as 200 GPa
Consider portion AB,
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given Data:
Total length (L) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 1 (D1)= 140 mm;
Length of section 1 (l 1) = 4 m = 4 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 2 (D2) = 120 mm ;
Length of section 2 (l 2) = 2 m = 2 × 103 mm ;
Inner diameter (d1) = d2 = 80 mm ;
Axial tensile force (P) = 300 kN = 300 × 10 N and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A 6 m long hollow bar of circular section has 140 mm diameter for a length of 4 m, while it
has 120 mm diameter for a length of 2 m. The bore diameter is 80 mm throughout as shown in
August 2022

Fig. Find the elongation of the bar, when it is subjected to an axial tensile force of 300 kN.
Take modulus of elasticity for the bar material as 200 GPa
Consider portion AB,
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given Data:
Consider portion BC,
Total length (L) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 1 (D1)= 140 mm;
Length of section 1 (l 1) = 4 m = 4 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 2 (D2) = 120 mm ;
Length of section 2 (l 2) = 2 m = 2 × 103 mm ;
Inner diameter (d1) = d2 = 80 mm ;
Axial tensile force (P) = 300 kN = 300 × 10 N and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A 6 m long hollow bar of circular section has 140 mm diameter for a length of 4 m, while it
has 120 mm diameter for a length of 2 m. The bore diameter is 80 mm throughout as shown in
August 2022

Fig. Find the elongation of the bar, when it is subjected to an axial tensile force of 300 kN.
Take modulus of elasticity for the bar material as 200 GPa
Consider portion AB,
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given Data:
Consider portion BC,
Total length (L) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 1 (D1)= 140 mm;
Length of section 1 (l 1) = 4 m = 4 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of section 2 (D2) = 120 mm ; Elongation of Bar = δl
Length of section 2 (l 2) = 2 m = 2 × 103 mm ;
Inner diameter (d1) = d2 = 80 mm ;
Axial tensile force (P) = 300 kN = 300 × 10 N and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2
Elongation of Bar = δl = 1.054 mm

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A compound bar ABC 1.5 m long is made up of two parts of aluminium and steel and that
cross-sectional area of aluminium bar is twice that of the steel bar. The rod is subjected to an
August 2022

axial tensile load of 200 kN. If the elongations of aluminium and steel parts are equal, find
the lengths of the two parts of the compound bar. Take E for steel as 200 GPa and E for
aluminium as one-third of E for steel.
Given Data:
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Total length (L) = 1.5 m = 1.5 × 103 mm

C/s area of aluminium bar (AA) = 2 AS ;
Axial tensile load (P) = 200 kN = 200 × 103 N ;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES)
= 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2 and
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = Es/3

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A compound bar ABC 1.5 m long is made up of two parts of aluminium and steel and that
cross-sectional area of aluminium bar is twice that of the steel bar. The rod is subjected to an
August 2022

axial tensile load of 200 kN. If the elongations of aluminium and steel parts are equal, find
the lengths of the two parts of the compound bar. Take E for steel as 200 GPa and E for
aluminium as one-third of E for steel.
Given Data:
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Total length (L) = 1.5 m = 1.5 × 103 mm

C/s area of aluminium bar (AA) = 2 AS ;
Axial tensile load (P) = 200 kN = 200 × 103 N ;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES)
= 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2 and
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = Es/3

Consider portion AB

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A compound bar ABC 1.5 m long is made up of two parts of aluminium and steel and that
cross-sectional area of aluminium bar is twice that of the steel bar. The rod is subjected to an
August 2022

axial tensile load of 200 kN. If the elongations of aluminium and steel parts are equal, find
the lengths of the two parts of the compound bar. Take E for steel as 200 GPa and E for
aluminium as one-third of E for steel.
Given Data: Consider portion BC
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Total length (L) = 1.5 m = 1.5 × 103 mm

C/s area of aluminium bar (AA) = 2 AS ;
Axial tensile load (P) = 200 kN = 200 × 103 N ;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES)
= 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2 and δ lS = δ lA
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = Es/3
lS = 1.5 lA

Consider portion AB

lS = 900
lA = 600

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A steel bar 2 m long and 40 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 80 kN. Find the
length of the 20 mm diameter bore, which should be centrally carried out, so that the total
August 2022

elongation should increase by 20% under the same pull. Take E for the bar material as 200
GPa

1. Find total Elongation

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

2. Add 20 % Elongation

3. Find Elongation considering bore hole

Given Data:
Length of steel bar (l) = 2 m
= 2 × 103 mm = 2000 mm ; 4. Equate it to 20 % additional Elongation
Diameter of steel bar (D) = 40 mm ;
Axial pull (P) = 80 kN = 80 × 103 N ;
Diameter of bore (d) = 20 mm and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A steel bar 2 m long and 40 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 80 kN. Find the
length of the 20 mm diameter bore, which should be centrally carried out, so that the total
August 2022

elongation should increase by 20% under the same pull. Take E for the bar material as 200
GPa

1. Find total Elongation

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Given Data:
Length of steel bar (l) = 2 m 2. Add 20 % Elongation
= 2 × 103 mm = 2000 mm ; 0.64 + (0.2 × 0.64) = 0.768 mm
Diameter of steel bar (D) = 40 mm ;
Axial pull (P) = 80 kN = 80 × 103 N ;
3. Find Elongation considering bore hole
Diameter of bore (d) = 20 mm and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2 4. Equate it to 20 % additional Elongation

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A steel bar 2 m long and 40 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 80 kN. Find the
length of the 20 mm diameter bore, which should be centrally carried out, so that the total
August 2022

elongation should increase by 20% under the same pull. Take E for the bar material as 200
GPa
1. Find total Elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

2. Add 20 % Elongation
Given Data:
0.64 + (0.2 × 0.64) = 0.768 mm
Length of steel bar (l) = 2 m
= 2 × 103 mm = 2000 mm ; 3. Find Elongation considering bore hole
Diameter of steel bar (D) = 40 mm ;
Axial pull (P) = 80 kN = 80 × 103 N ;
Diameter of bore (d) = 20 mm and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A steel bar 2 m long and 40 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 80 kN. Find the
length of the 20 mm diameter bore, which should be centrally carried out, so that the total
August 2022

elongation should increase by 20% under the same pull. Take E for the bar material as 200
GPa
1. Find total Elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

2. Add 20 % Elongation
4. Equate it to 20 % additional Elongation 0.64 + (0.2 × 0.64) = 0.768 mm
3. Find Elongation considering bore hole
x = 7 240 – 6 000 = 1240 mm = 1.24 m

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A circular steel rod ABCD of different cross-sections is loaded as shown in Fig. Find the
maximum stress induced in the rod and its deformation. Take E = 200 GPa
August 2022

1. Find Forces acting on

Given Data: each part
Length of first part AB (l1) = 1 m = 1 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of first part AB (D1) = 70 mm ;
Length of second part BC (l 2) = 2 m = 2 × 103 mm ;
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

2. Find the stresses

Diameter of second part BC (D2) = 50 mm ; induced in each section
Length of third part CD (l3) = 1 m = 1 × 103 mm ;
Diameter of third part CD (D3) = 50 mm and
Internal diameter of hole (d3) = 30 mm

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Now consider a small element of length dx of the bar, at

a distance x from the bigger end
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

P= Pull on the bar.

l = Length of the bar,
d1 = Diameter of the bigger end of the bar, and
d2 = Diameter of the smaller end of the bar

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Now consider a small element of length dx of the bar, at

a distance x from the bigger end
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

P= Pull on the bar.

l = Length of the bar,
d1 = Diameter of the bigger end of the bar, and
d2 = Diameter of the smaller end of the bar

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Now consider a small element of length dx of the bar, at

a distance x from the bigger end
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

P= Pull on the bar.

l = Length of the bar,
d1 = Diameter of the bigger end of the bar, and
d2 = Diameter of the smaller end of the bar

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Now consider a small element of length dx of the bar, at

a distance x from the bigger end
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

P= Pull on the bar.

l = Length of the bar,
d1 = Diameter of the bigger end of the bar, and
d2 = Diameter of the smaller end of the bar

Elongation of the elementary length Total extension of the bar may be found out by integrating the above
equation between the limit 0 and l.
Therefore total elongation

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Total extension of the bar may be found out by

integrating the above equation between the limit 0 and
l. Therefore total elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Total extension of the bar may be found out by

integrating the above equation between the limit 0 and
l. Therefore total elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Total extension of the bar may be found out by

integrating the above equation between the limit 0 and
l. Therefore total elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Stress Strain: Stresses in the Bars of Uniformly Tapering Sections

Total extension of the bar may be found out by

integrating the above equation between the limit 0 and
l. Therefore total elongation
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction A round tapered alloy bar 4 m long is subjected to load as shown in Fig.

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction A round tapered alloy bar 4 m long is subjected to load as shown in Fig.

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction A round tapered alloy bar 4 m long is subjected to load as shown in Fig.

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A round tapered alloy bar 4 m long is subjected to load as shown in Fig. Find the change in
the length of the bar. Take E for the bar material as 120 GPa
August 2022

Diameter of the bar at B, C .

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A round tapered alloy bar 4 m long is subjected to load as shown in Fig. Find the change in
the length of the bar. Take E for the bar material as 120 GPa
August 2022

Consider Bar AB.

Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Consider Bar BC.

Consider Bar CD.

δ l = δl1 – δl2 + δl3 = 0.64 – 0.48 + 0.38 = 0.54 mm (decrease)

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 An alloy bar of 1 m length has square section throughout, which tapers from one end of 10
mm × 10 mm to the other end of 20 mm × 20 mm. Find the change in its length due to an
August 2022

axial tensile load of 30 kN. Take E for the alloy as 120 GPa
From the geometry of the figure, we
find that side of the square at X.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Length of bar (l) = 1 m = 1 × 103 mm ;

Section at A = 10 mm × 10 mm ;
Section at B = 20 mm × 20 mm ;
Tensile load (P) = 30 kN = 30 × 103 N and
Modulus of elastictiy (E) = 120 GPa = 120 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

Length of bar (l) = 1 m = 1 × 103 mm ;

Section at A = 10 mm × 10 mm ;
Section at B = 20 mm × 20 mm ;
Tensile load (P) = 30 kN = 30 × 103 N and
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Modulus of elastictiy (E) = 120 GPa = 120 × 103 N/mm2

From the geometry of the figure, we

find that side of the square at X.

Cross-sectional area of the bar at this section

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022

Length of bar (l) = 1 m = 1 × 103 mm ;

Section at A = 10 mm × 10 mm ;
Section at B = 20 mm × 20 mm ;
Tensile load (P) = 30 kN = 30 × 103 N and Now, increase in the length of the small element dx
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Modulus of elastictiy (E) = 120 GPa = 120 × 103 N/mm2

From the geometry of the figure, we

find that side of the square at X. Integrating the above equation between 0 and 1000

Cross-sectional area of the bar at this section

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A steel plate of 20 mm thickness tapers uniformly from 100 mm to 50 mm in a length of 400
mm. What is the elongation of the plate, if an axial force of 80 kN acts on it ? Take E = 200
August 2022

Gpa………………ASSIGNMENT
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Plate thickness = 20 mm ;
Width at A = 100 mm ;
Width at B = 50 mm ;
Length (l) = 400 mm ;
Axial force (P) = 80 kN = 80 × 103 N and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A mild steel rod of 20 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow
copper tube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter 25 mm. The ends of the rod
August 2022

and tube are brazed together, and the composite bar is subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN as
shown in Fig. If E for steel and copper is 200 GPa and 100 GPa respectively, find the stresses
developed in the rod & Tube
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter of steel rod = 20 mm ;

External diameter of copper tube = 30 mm;
Internal diameter of copper tube = 25 mm ;
Total load (P) = 40 kN = 40 × 103 N ;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa and
Modulus of elasticity of copper (EC) = 100 GPa

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A mild steel rod of 20 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow
copper tube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter 25 mm. The ends of the rod
August 2022

and tube are brazed together, and the composite bar is subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN as
shown in Fig. If E for steel and copper is 200 GPa and 100 GPa respectively, find the stresses
developed in the rod & Tube
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter of steel rod = 20 mm ;

External diameter of copper tube = 30 mm;
Internal diameter of copper tube = 25 mm ;
Total load (P) = 40 kN = 40 × 103 N ;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa and
Modulus of elasticity of copper (EC) = 100 GPa

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A mild steel rod of 20 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow
copper tube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter 25 mm. The ends of the rod
August 2022

and tube are brazed together, and the composite bar is subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN as
shown in Fig. If E for steel and copper is 200 GPa and 100 GPa respectively, find the stresses
developed in the rod & Tube
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter of steel rod = 20 mm ;

External diameter of copper tube = 30 mm;
Internal diameter of copper tube = 25 mm ;
Total load (P) = 40 kN = 40 × 103 N ; Total load (P)=
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa and
Modulus of elasticity of copper (EC) = 100 GPa

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A composite bar is made up of a brass rod of 25 mm diameter enclosed in a steel tube of 40
mm external diameter and 30 mm internal diameter as shown in Fig. 4.20. The rod and
August 2022

tube, being coaxial and equal in length, are securely fixed at each end. If the stresses in
brass and steel are not to exceed 70 MPa and 120 MPa respectively, find the load (P) the
composite bar can safely carry. lso find the change in length, if the composite bar is 500 mm
long. Take E for steel tube as 200 GPa and brass rod as 80 GPa respectively…ASSIGNMENT
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter of brass rod = 25 mm ;

External diameter of steel tube = 40 mm ;
Internal diameter of steel tube = 30 mm ;
Maximum stress in brass (σB(max) ) = 70 MPa = 70 N/mm2
Maximum stress in steel (σS(max) ) = 120 MPa = 120 N/mm2 ;
Length of brass rod (l B) = l S = 500 mm;
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of brass (EB) = 80 GPa = 80 × 103 N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Thermal Stresses in Simple Bars
Let l = Original length of the body,
August 2022

t = Increase of temperature and

α = Coefficient of linear expansion.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Thermal Stresses in Simple Bars
Let l = Original length of the body,
August 2022

t = Increase of temperature and

α = Coefficient of linear expansion.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A aluminium alloy bar, fixed at its both ends is heated through 20 K. Find the stress
developed in the bar. Take modulus of elasticity, and coefficient of linear expansion for the
August 2022

bar material as 80 GPa and 24 × 10–6/K respectively

Given :
Increase in temperature (t) = 20 K ;
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 80 GPa = 80 × 103 N/mm2 and
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 24 × 10–6/K

σ = α.t.E = (24 × 10–6) × 20 × (80 × 103) N/mm2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two parallel walls 6 m apart are stayed together by a steel rod 25 mm diameter passing
through metal plates and nuts at each end. The nuts are tightened home, when the rod is
August 2022

at a temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress in the rod, when the temperature falls
down to 60°C, if
(a) the ends do not yield, and (b) the ends yield by 1 mm: E = 200 GPa and α = 12 × 10–6/°C
Length (l) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter (d) = 25 mm ;
Decrease in temperature (t) = 100° – 60° = 40°C ;
Amount of yield in ends (Δ) = 1 mm ;
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2
Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 12 × 10–6/°C.

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two parallel walls 6 m apart are stayed together by a steel rod 25 mm diameter passing through metal plates and nuts at each end. The
nuts are tightened home, when the rod is at a temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress in the rod, when the temperature falls
down to 60°C, if (a) the ends do not yield, and (b) the ends yield by 1 mm: E = 200 GPa and α = 12 × 10–6/°C
August 2022

Length (l) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ;

Diameter (d) = 25 mm ;
Decrease in temperature (t) = 100° – 60° = 40°C ;
Amount of yield in ends (Δ) = 1 mm ;
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 12 × 10–6/°C.

(a) Stress in the rod when the ends do not yield (b) Stress in the rod when the ends yield by 1 mm

σ1 = α.t.E = (12 × 10–6) × 40 × (200 × 103) N/mm2

= 96 N/mm2 = 96 MPa

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 Two parallel walls 6 m apart are stayed together by a steel rod 25 mm diameter passing through metal plates and nuts at each end. The
nuts are tightened home, when the rod is at a temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress in the rod, when the temperature falls
down to 60°C, if (a) the ends do not yield, and (b) the ends yield by 1 mm: E = 200 GPa and α = 12 × 10–6/°C
August 2022

Length (l) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm ; (b) Stress in the rod when the ends yield by 1 mm
Diameter (d) = 25 mm ;
Decrease in temperature (t) = 100° – 60° = 40°C ;
Amount of yield in ends (Δ) = 1 mm ; δl = l.α.t - Δ
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 N/mm2
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 12 × 10–6/°C.

(a) Stress in the rod when the ends do not yield

σ1 = α.t.E = (12 × 10–6) × 40 × (200 × 103) N/mm2

= 96 N/mm2 = 96 MPa

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A rigidly fixed circular bar 1.75 m long uniformly tapers from 125 mm diameter at one end
to 100 mm diameter at the other. If the maximum stress in the bar is not to exceed 108
August 2022

MPa, find the temperature through which it can be heated. Take E and α for the bar
material as 100 GPa and 18 × 10–6 / K respectively
Length (l) = 1.75 m ;
Diameter at end 1 (d1) = 125 mm ; Temperature through which it can be heated ??
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter at end 2 (d2) = 100 mm ;

Maximum stress (σmax) = 108 MPa = 108 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 100 GPa = 100 × 103 N/mm2
and coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 18 × 10–6/K
δl = l.α.t

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A rigidly fixed circular bar 1.75 m long uniformly tapers from 125 mm diameter at one end
to 100 mm diameter at the other. If the maximum stress in the bar is not to exceed 108
August 2022

MPa, find the temperature through which it can be heated. Take E and α for the bar
material as 100 GPa and 18 × 10–6 / K respectively
Length (l) = 1.75 m ;
Diameter at end 1 (d1) = 125 mm ; Temperature through which it can be heated ??
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Diameter at end 2 (d2) = 100 mm ;

Maximum stress (σmax) = 108 MPa = 108 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 100 GPa = 100 × 103 N/mm2
and coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 18 × 10–6/K
δl = l.α.t

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 Thermal Stresses in Bars of Varying Section
We know that as a result of the increase in temperature, the bar
ABC will tend to expand. But since it is fixed at its ends A and C,
therefore it will cause some compressive stress in the body.
Moreover, as the thermal stress is shared equally by both the
portions,
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

σ1 A1 = σ2 A2

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A composite bar made up of aluminium and steel, is held between two supports as shown
in Fig;
August 2022

The bars are stress-free at a temperature of 38°C. What will be the stresses in the two bars, when the
temperature is 21°C, if (a) the supports are unyielding, (b) the supports come nearer to each other by 0.1
mm? It can be assumed that the change of temperature is uniform all along the length of the bar. Take E for
steel as 200 GPa; E for aluminium as 75 GPa and coefficient of expansion for steel as 11.7 × 10–6 per °C and
coefficient of expansion for aluminium as 23.4 × 10–6 per °C.
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Length of steel bar (lS) = 600 mm

Area of steel bar (AS) = 1000 mm2
Length of aluminium bar (lA) = 300 mm
Area of aluminium bar (AA) = 500 mm2
Decrease in temperature (t) = 38 – 21 = 17°C
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103
N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = 75 GPa = 75 x 103
N/mm2
Coefficient of expansion for steel (αS) = 11.7 × 10–6/°C and
coefficient of expansion for aluminium (αA) = 23.4 × 10–6/°C.
Prof. Sandeep Ranshur
Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 (a) Stresses when the supports are unyielding

σ S . AS = σA . AA σS = 0.5σA
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Length of steel bar (lS) = 600 mm

Area of steel bar (AS) = 1000 mm2
Length of aluminium bar (lA) = 300 mm
Area of aluminium bar (AA) = 500 mm2
Decrease in temperature (t) = 38 – 21 = 17°C
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103
N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = 75 GPa = 75 x 103
N/mm2
Coefficient of expansion for steel (αS) = 11.7 × 10–6/°C and
coefficient of expansion for aluminium (αA) = 23.4 × 10–6/°C .

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022 (a) Stresses when the supports are unyielding

σ S . AS = σA . AA σS = 0.5σA
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Length of steel bar (lS) = 600 mm

Area of steel bar (AS) = 1000 mm2
Length of aluminium bar (lA) = 300 mm
Area of aluminium bar (AA) = 500 mm2
Decrease in temperature (t) = 38 – 21 = 17°C
Modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) = 200 GPa = 200 × 103 b) Stresses when the supports come nearer to each other by 0.1 mm
N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium (EA) = 75 GPa = 75 x 103
N/mm2 δl = 0.238 – 0.1 = 0.138 mm
Coefficient of expansion for steel (αS) = 11.7 × 10–6/°C and
coefficient of expansion for aluminium (αA) = 23.4 × 10–6/°C .

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
 A flat steel bar 200 mm × 20 mm × 8 mm is placed between two aluminium bars 200 mm ×
20 mm × 6 mm so as to form a composite bar as shown in Fig. All the three bars are
August 2022

fastened together at room temperature.

Find the stresses in each bar, where the temperature of the whole assembly is raised
through 50°C.
Assume : Young’s modulus for steel = 200 GPa
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

Young’s modulus for aluminium = 80 GPa

Coefficient of expansion for steel = 12 × 10–6/°C
Coefficient of expansion for aluminium = 24 × 10–6/°C…….Assignment

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
August 2022
Mechanics of Solids: Introduction

THANKYOU

Prof. Sandeep Ranshur

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department