CH-1 Numerical Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems

Ex-1 : During an adiabatic compression, if the volume reduces by half and initial pressure is 100 kPa
and volume is 2 m3, calculate the work done by the gas. Take γ = 1.4.
Solution:
Assumptions: p
1. The gas is a closed system. 2 p2, V2
2. The moving boundary is the only work mode.
Given process path pV 1.4  constant
p2V2  p1V1
2 2
W1-2 =  δW =  pdV  1n
1 1 1 p1, V1
1.4
 V1 
p1V11.4  p2V21.4  p2  p1  
 V2  V
V2= 0.5 V1 m3 V1= 2 m3
p2  kPa
W1-2  kJ
Ex-2 : A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the relationship
between pressure and volume is given by: PV n  Constant
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the
work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n=0, (b) n = 1.0, and (c) n =1.5
Solution:
Assumptions:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. 2. The moving boundary is the only work mode.
p
a  : n  0; P  constant
1 A
2 2 p1 2a
 p V2  V1  
n=0
 δW =  pdV
A
W 1-2 = J
1 1

b : n  1; PV  constant B
2 2
V2 2b
 δW =  pdV  p1V1 ln 
B
W 1-2 = J C
1 1
V1
c  : n  1.5; PV 1.5  constant p2 2c
p2V2  p1V1
2 2

 δW =  pdV   V2= 0.2 m3 V

C
W 1 2 = J V1= 0.1 m3
1 1
1n
Ex-3 : A piston–cylinder device operates 1 kg of fluid at 20 atm. pressure. The initial volume is 0.04 m3.
The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following a process PV 1.45  Constant so that the volume becomes
double. Fluid is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes back to the original position,
Keeping the piston unaltered, heat is added reversibly to restore it to the initial pressure. Calculate the
work done in the cycle.
Solution:
Assumptions: 1. The gas is a closed system. 2. The moving boundary is the only work mode.
a  : PV 1.5  constant
p
p2V2  p1V1
2 2

 δW =  pdV  
A
W1-2 = kJ
1 1
1n p1 1

b : P  constant

V=C
3 3
C
 δW =  pdV  p V3  V2  
B
W 2-3 = kJ A
2 2
B
c  : V  constant 3 2
p2 p=C
1 1

 δW =  pdV 
C
W3-1 = kJ
3 3 V1= 0.04 m3 V2=2V1= 0.08 m3 V
Ex-4 : Stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m3 and 0.105
MPa to a final state of 0.15 m3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining constant during the process.
There is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal
energy of the gas change?.
Solution:
p,V2 p,V1
First law for a stationary system in a process gives
Q  ΔE  W
Total Energy  E   U  KE  PE  ΔE  ΔU  ΔKE  ΔPE
Q  ΔU  W
For a process in the absence of work other than pdV work
2 2
W1  2 =  δW =  pdV
1 1 Q1-2
For P  constant Process: W1 2  pV
W1-2  kJ
Q1-2  37.6 kJ
ΔU  Q  W  kJ
Ex-5 : fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in the
fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a+bV). The internal energy of the fluid is given by the
equation U= 34+3.15pV where U is in kJ, p in kPa, and V in cubic meter. If the fluid changes from an
initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m3, with no work other than that done
on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer.
Solution: p2,V2, U2 p1,V1, U1
ΔU  U 2  U 1
  34 + 3.15 p2V2    34 + 3.15 p1V1 
ΔU  kJ
For a process in the absence of work other than pdV work
2 2
W1  2 =  δW =  pdV
1 1
2
For Process P  a+bV W1 2    a+bV  dV
1

W1-2  kJ
Heat transfer involved is given by:
Q  ΔU  W  kJ
Ex-6 : 100 kJ of heat is supplied to a system at a constant volume. The system rejects 90 kJ of heat at
constant pressure and 20 kJ of work is done on it. The system is brought to original state by adiabatic
process. Determine (i) the adiabatic work and (ii) the values of internal energy at all end states if initial
value is 105 kJ.
p Q2-3 W2-3
Solution: 3 p=C
Given : U 1  100 kJ; Q1 2  100 kJ; Q2  3  90 kJ; W2  3  20 kJ; p2 2
B
Applying first law of thermodynamics for the constant volum e process 1-2,
Q1-2  ΔU  W1 2 W1 2 = 0 kJ; and Q1 2  100 kJ

V=C
A
ΔU  Q1-2 C Q1-2
Q1-2  U 2  U 1 p1 1
100  U 2  105
U2  kJ
V1 V2 V
Applying first law of thermodynamics for the constant pressure process 2-3,
Q2-3  ΔU  W2  3 Applying first law of thermodynam ics for the adiabatic process 3-1,
U 3  U 2  Q2-3  W2  3 Q3-1  0; ΔU  W3 1
U3  kJ
W3 1  U 1  U 3
W3-1  kJ
Ex-6 : A constant volume closed system experiences a temperature rise of 30oC when a certain process
takes place. The heat transferred in the process is 30 kJ. The specific heat at constant volume for the
pure substance comprising the system is 1.2 kJ/kg oC and the system contains 2 kg of this substance.
Determine (i) the change in internal energy and (ii) the work done (iii) comment on your answer.
Solution:
Given :
ΔU   c dT
v

ΔU  kJ
Applying first law of therm odynamics for the constant pressure process 2-3,
Q  ΔU  W
W  kJ
Mass Balance : m = m
in out

Energy Balance :  E =  E
in out

V12 δQ V22 δW
Steady Flow Energy Equations(S.F.E.E.): h1   Z1 g   h2 +  Z2 g 
2 δm 2 δm
Examples of Steady Flow Processes
1. Nozzle and Diffusor: 2. Throttling Device: 3. Turbine/Compressor

V12 δQ V22 δW
4. Heat Exchanger: Turbine and Compressor : h1   Z1 g   h2   Z2 g 
2 δm 2 δm
V12 δQ V22 δW
Nozzle Diffuser : h1   Z1 g   h2 +  Z2 g 
2 δm 2 δm
V12 δQ V22 δW
Throttling Device : h1   Z1 g   h2 +  Z2 g 
2 δm 2 δm
V12 δQ V22 δW
Heat Exchanger : h1   Z1 g   h2 +  Z2 g 
2 δm 2 δm
 Ex-7 : Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, 100
kPa pressure, and 0.95 m3/kg volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m3/kg. The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the
compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW. (a) Compute the rate of shaft work
input to the air in kW. (b) Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to outlet pipe diameter.
V2  5 m s
Solution: 2 p2  700 kPa
Given : v 2  0.19 m 3 kg
u2   u1  90 
Applying steady flow energy equation : V1  7 m s
kJ kg
p1  100 kPa 2
 V 2
  V 2

m  h1  1
 Z 1 g   Q  m  h2  2
 Z2 g  W v1  0.95 m 3 kg
1
 2   2  u1
 V12   V22 
m  u1  p1v1   Z 1 g   Q  m  u2  p2 v 2   Z2 g  W 1
 2   2  Q  58 kW

 V2  From Mass Balance :

W  Q  m  u  pv    g Z 
 2  m1  m 2

W  58  0.5  90  700×0.19  100×0.95  
 
5 2  7 2  10 -3 
 0
A1V1 A2V2 A1 v1 V2
   
 2  v1 v2 A2 v 2 V1
 
W  kW d1 d 2 
Ex-8 : A certain water heater operates under steady flow conditions receiving 4.2 kg/s of water at 75°C
temperature, enthalpy 313.93 kJ/kg. The water is heated by mixing with steam which is supplied to the
heater at temperature 100.2°C and enthalpy 2676 kJ/kg. The mixture leaves the heater as liquid water at
temperature 100°C and enthalpy 419 kJ/kg. How much steam must be supplied to the heater per hour?
Solution: m w  4.2 kg s
Given : T1  75 oC
h1  319.93 kJ kg
Applying energy balance :
 V12   V22  1 1
m w  h1   Z1 g   Q  m s  h2   Z2 g 
 2   2 
    ms  kg s 2
 V32  T1  100.2 oC
 mm  h3   Z3 g  W
 2  h1  2676 kJ kg
  2
m w h1  m s h2  mm h3
From Mass Balance :
3
m1  m 2  m 3 3

mw  m s  mm mm  kg s

 m w h1  m s h2   mw  mm  h3 T1  100 oC
h1  419 kJ kg
ms 
Ex-9 : Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s where its
temperature is raised to 800°C. It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 30 m/s and expands
until the temperature falls to 650°C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a
nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500°C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger, (b) the power output from the turbine
assuming no heat loss, and (c) the velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss. Take the
enthalpy of air as h = cpT, where cp is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg K and t is the temperature.
Solution: 2
1

2
1

3 4

3 4
Assignment 2
Ex.1 Air in a cylinder at an initial volume of 0.1 m3 and initial pressure of 10 MPa expands following a
polytropic process given by pV1.3 = constant. If the final volume of the gas is 0.25 m3, calculate the
work done by the gas.
Ex.2 A pure substance expands from 0.15 m3 at 10 bar to 0.48 m3 at 2 bar while going through a quasi-
static process. Calculate the work interaction for the pure substance.
Ex-3 A fluid system contained in a piston and cylinder arrangement. It passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is −400 kJ. The system
completes 200 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each item and
compute the net rate of work output in kW.

Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) E (kJ/min)

1-2 0 4300 ----------
2-3 40000 0 ----------
3-4 - 4000 ---------- -73000
4-1 --------- ---------- ----------