Keywords in Questions Similar words in Passage

Q1. 1. What does the writer say about the Paragraph C. The older typists, it turned out,
performance of older typists on the test? achieved their speed with cunning little strategies that
A They used different motor skills from made them far more efficient than their younger
younger typists. counterparts: They made fewer finger movements,
B They had been more efficiently trained saving a fraction of a second here and there. They
than younger typists. also read ahead in the text.
C They used more time-saving techniques
than younger typists.
D They had better concentration skills than
younger typists.
Note:
Scan the keyword “older typists” to find the answer in paragraph C.
It clearly states that the older people were able to outperform the younger participants by the use of
tactful strategies at typing, so they can save a little time (a fraction of a second).
Answer: C
Q2. The experiment with the rats Paragraph D. When a rat is kept in isolation without
showed that playmates or objects to interact with, the animal’s brain
A brain structure only changed when shrinks, but if we put that rat with 11 other rats in a large
the rats were given a familiar toy cage and give them an assortment of wheels, ladders, and
B the rats became anxious after a other toys, we can show–after four days– significant
lengthy period of time alone differences in its brain,” says Diamond, professor of
C the rats lived longer then they were integrative biology.
part of a social group
D the rats' brains expanded or shrank
depending on the level of mental activity
Note:
Skim to find that paragraph D deals with an experiment in rats.
The text states that depending on the environment (in isolation or with other rats) and then the mental
activity of rats (the interaction between rats), the rat’s brain shrank (become smaller) or expanded
(become bigger).
Note that “the significant differences in its brain” can be understood in comparison with the previous
status (brain shrank), so it means the brain expanded.
Answer: D
Q3. A comparison between adults and Paragraph I. A group of adult novice chess players was
children who played chess showed that compared with a group of child experts at the game. In
A the children were as capable as the tests of their ability to remember a random series of
adults of remembering a series of numbers numbers, the adults, as expected, outscored the
B the children had better recall of the children. But when asked to remember the patterns of
layout of pieces chess pieces arranged on a board, the children won.
C the adults stored memories of chess “Because they’d played a lot of chess, their knowledge
moves in a more logical manner of chess was better organized than that of the adults,
D the adults had clearer memories of and their existing knowledge of chess served as a
chess games they had played framework for new memory,” explains Kail.”
Note:
Scan the keyword “chess” to find the answer in paragraph I.
It is stated that When asked to remember the patterns of chess pieces (or the layout of pieces)
arranged on a board, the children won (or the children had better memory, or better recall).
Answer: B
Q4. Psychologists distinguish between Paragraph E. Memory exists in more than one form,
two different types of memory: 4 what we call knowledge- facts- is what psychologists
_______ and 5 ______ memory. such as Harry Bahrick of Ohio Wesleyan University call
semantic memory. Events, conversations and
occurrences in time and space, on the other hand,
make up episodic memory.
Note: The answer should be two Adjectives to come before the noun “memory”.
By skimming, you will find that paragraph E may contain the answer because it deals with memory
aspects.
Notice some hints:
Memory exists in more than one form: meaning there are different types of memory.
The signposting language “on the other hand” suggests a new aspect of memory mentioned here.
Answer:
Q4. semantic
Q5. Psychologists distinguish between Paragraph E. Memory exists in more than one form,
two different types of memory: 4 what we call knowledge- facts- is what psychologists
_______ and 5 ______ memory. such as Harry Bahrick of Ohio Wesleyan University call
semantic memory. Events, conversations and
occurrences in time and space, on the other hand,
make up episodic memory.
Note: The answer should be two Adjectives to come before the noun “memory”.
By skimming, you will find that paragraph E may contain the answer because it deals with memory
aspects.
Notice some hints:
Memory exists in more than one form: meaning there are different types of memory.
The signposting language “on the other hand” suggests a new aspect of memory mentioned here.
Answer:
Q5. episodic
Q6. A study was conducted into Paragraph F. Probing the longevity of knowledge, Bahrick
people's knowledge of ______ to tested 1,000 high school graduates to see how well they
determine recall ability. remembered the school subject algebra.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the preposition “of”.
The text suggests that the study about retention and memory was carried out on 1000 subjects
on the knowledge of Algebra.
Notice paraphrase “recall” – “remember”.
Answer: Algebra
Q7. School also helps with a brain Paragraph G. Perhaps even more important than the ability
function called _____ to remember is the ability to manage memory- a mental
function known as metamemory. 'You could say
metamemory is a by-product of going to school’, says
psychologist Robert Kail of Purdue University,
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the past participle “called” (or which is called...; or is
known as…).
In the text, it is stated that besides recall ability, school subjects help with a mental function (or
brain function) known as (or called) metamemory.
Notice that you need one word only, so “the ability to manage memory” is not appropriate. It
should be a term.
Answer: metamemory
Q8. This is why a more highly Paragraph G. This may be one reason why the better
educated person is generally more educated a person is, the more likely they are to perform
successful and does better in ____ well in many aspects of life and in psychological
tests. assessments
Note:
The answer should be an Adjective or a Noun to come before the noun “tests”.
It is stated in paragraph G that the better educated (or more highly educated) a person is, the
more likely they are to perform well (or do better) in many aspects of life and in psychological
assessments (or tests).
Answer: psychological
Q9. Some of our mental functions Paragraph H. On a more optimistic note, one mental
remain unaffected by age or even resource that only improves with time is specialized
improve. For example, as we get knowledge. Crystallised intelligence about one's occupation
older, our knowledge of ______ apparently does not decline at all until at least age 75.
increases. Vocabulary is another such specialized form of knowledge.
Research clearly shows that vocabulary develops with time.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the preposition “of”.
Skim to find that paragraph H deals with the ability increases with age, as mentioned in Q9 as
“unaffected by age or even improve”.
We need an example of that ability (or specialized knowledge), which is stated clearly in the
passage (“vocabulary”).
Answer: vocabulary
Q10. The educational system Paragraph G. 'You could say metamemory is a byproduct of
makes students aware of how going to school,’ says psychologist Robert Kail of Purdue
their memory works. University, ‘The question-and-answer process, especially
exam taking, helps children learn and teaches them how their
memory functions.’
Note:
First, skim to find that paragraph G deals with mental ability in school settings.
In the text, it is Robert Kail’s idea that Exam taking helps children learn (or be aware of) how their
memory functions (or works).
Answer: E
Q11. Although older people may Paragraph B. ‘The older subjects used different internal
use a different mental approach strategies to accomplish comparable results at the same time',
when completing a task, they Rapoport says.
can still achieve the same result
as younger people
Note:
First, scan with the keyword “older”, “younger” and skim to find that only paragraph B compares
two subjects in specific experiments.
In paragraph B, Rapoport reckons The older subjects (or people) used different internal strategies
(or mental approach) to accomplish (or achieve) comparable (or equivalent, or the same) results
at the same time' (as the young)
Answer: A
Q12. Being open to new ways of Paragraph C. A busy mental lifestyle keeps the human mind
doing things can have a positive fit, says Warner Schaie of Penn State University. ‘People who
impact on your mental condition regularly participate in challenging tasks retain their
as we get older. intellectual abilities better than mental couch potatoes'.
Note:
After skimming, you will notice that paragraph C may contain the answer because at the
beginning, it hints “deterioration in mental functions can actually be reversed”, meaning that it
may deal with some ways to positively impact mental conditions.
It is Schaie who says People who regularly participate in challenging tasks (or open to new ways
of doing things) retain their intellectual abilities better (or positive impact) than mental couch
potatoes’ (or a sedentary, inactive lifestyle).
Answer: C
Q13. Paragraph C. Animals are just like we are. They need
Both animals and humans need stimulation,’ says Diamond.
to exist in an environment full of
interest.
Note:
After skimming, you will notice that paragraph C may contain the answer because at the
beginning, it hints “deterioration in mental functions can actually be reversed”, meaning that it
may deal with some ways to positively impact mental conditions.
After an experiment on rats, Diamond concluded that like animals, people need an environment
full of stimulation (or full of interest) to keep their brain healthy.
Answer: B
Q14. Heritage Farm is different Paragraph B. Everything about Heritage Farm is in stark
from most other nearby farms. contrast to the surrounding acres of intensively farmed fields
of corn and soybean that are typical of modern agriculture.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Heritage Farm” to find the information in paragraph B.
It is stated that this farm is in stark contrast to (or completely different from) the surrounding (or
nearby) acres of intensively farmed fields.
Answer: TRUE
Q15. Most non government- Paragraph B. It is home to the Seed Savers Exchange, one of
owned seed banks are bigger the largest non government-owned seed banks in the United
than Seed Savers Exchange. States.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Seed Savers Exchange” to find the information in paragraph B.
It is stated that this organisation is one of the largest non-government-owned seed banks in the
United States, while Q2 says the opposite.
Answer: FALSE
Q16. Diane Ott Whealy's Paragraph C. In 1975 Diane Ott Whealy was given the
grandfather taught her a lot seedlings of two plant varieties that her great grandfather had
about seed varieties. brought to America from Bavaria in 1870
Note:
Scan the keyword “Diane Ott Whealy” to find the information in paragraph C.
It is stated that she was given the seedlings from her grandpa (or grandfather), but there is no
information that he taught her a lot about seed varieties.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Q17. The seeds people give to Paragraph D. "Each year our members list their seeds in
the Seed Savers Exchange are this,"Diane Ott Whealy says, handing over a copy of the Seed
stored outdoors. Savers Exchange 2010 Yearbook.
Note:
In the passage, it is said that members list their seeds in a copy of the Seed Savers Exchange
2010 Yearbook, while Q4 says the seeds are kept outdoors.
Answer: FALSE
Q18. Diane and her husband Not available information
choose which heirloom seeds to
grow on Heritage Farm.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Heritage Farm” to find the information in paragraph B.
As you can see, only paragraph B contains information of this farm, and it doesn’t provide any
detail as stated in Q5.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Q19. The seeds are listed in Paragraph D. It is as thick as a big-city telephone directory,
alphabetical order in The Seed with page after page of exotic beans, garlic, potatoes,
Savers Exchange Yearbook. peppers, apples, pears, and plums-each with its own name
and personal history .
Note:
Scan the keyword “The Seed Savers Exchange”, “Yearbook” to find the information in paragraph
D.
In this paragraph, there is no information related to the listing order of the seeds.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Q20. The Seed Savers Paragraph D. It is as thick as a big-city telephone directory,
Exchange Yearbook describes with page after page of exotic beans, garlic, potatoes, peppers,
how each seed was obtained. apples, pears, and plums-each with its own name and
personal history. For example, there’s an Estonian Yellow
Cherry tomato, which was brought to the seed bank by “an
elderly Russian lady” who lived in Tallinn.
Note:
Scan the keyword “The Seed Savers Exchange”, “Yearbook” to find the information in paragraph
D.
It is stated that personal history (or how each seed was obtained) of the seeds are described in
the Yearbook. The example lets us know how an Estonian Yellow Cherry tomato seed came to
the seed bank, and by whom.
Answer: TRUE
Q21. want fruit and vegetables to be Paragraph E. Found mostly in farmers' markets and
standard in their _____ boutique groceries, heirloom varieties have been
squeezed out of supermarkets in favor of modern
single-variety fruits and vegetables bred to ship well and
have a uniform appearance, not to enhance flavor.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the possessive pronoun “their”.
In paragraph E, it is stated that heirloom varieties have been squeezed out (or taken out) of
supermarkets in favor of (or to help) fruit and vegetable to have a uniform (or be standard in)
appearance.
Answer: appearance
Q22. while people know about Paragraph E. We’ve been hearing for some time about the
plants disappearing from ____ very loss of flora and fauna in our rainforests. Very little, by
few know about the decline in fruit contrast, is being said or done about the parallel decline in
and vegetable varieties the diversity of the foods we eat.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the preposition “from”.
It is stated that We’ve been hearing for (or people know) some time about the loss (or the
disappearance) of flora (or plants) and fauna (or animals) in our rainforests.
Answer: rainforests
Q23. less than 100 of the types of Paragraph E. Of the 7,000 different apple varieties that were
____ once available in the USA grown in the 1800s, fewer than a hundred remain.
are still grown
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to come before the noun “types” to indicate types of which fruit.
From the text, we can infer that fewer than a hundred (or less than 100) of apple varieties (or
types of apples) that were grown (or once available in the USA) remain (or are still grown).
Answer: apple
Q24. over ____ of food varieties Paragraph E. Experts estimate that in total we have lost
around the world have more than 50 percent of the world's food varieties over the
disappeared in the last 100 years past century.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to come before the phrase “of food varieties” to form a noun phrase.
In the text, it is stated that we have lost more than 50 percent of the world's food varieties, or they
have disappeared over the past century (or in the last 100 years).
Answer: 50 percent
Q25. Rick Ward believes the threat Paragraph F. Scientists believe that in Asia and Africa alone,
to food supplies in Asia and Africa the portion currently in danger could leave one billion people
might lead to a ____ without their primary food source. A famine with significant
humanitarian consequences could follow, according to Rick
Ward of Cornell University.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the article “a”.
Notice some paraphrases: “supply” – “source”, “A follows B” – “B leads to A”
Answer: famine
Q26. twice the amount of food may Paragraph I. The population of the world is expected to
be needed because of an increase reach nine billion by 2045. Some experts say we’ll need to
in _____ double our food production to keep up with this growth.
Note:
The answer should be Noun to follow the preposition “in” in the Noun phrase “an increase in
something”.
The text says that doubled food production (or twice the amount of food) will be needed to keep
up with (or because of) the growth (or increase) in population.
Answer: population
Q27. The optimum amount of fluorine in fluoridated Paragraph A. The fluorine, when mixed with
water is calculated partly according to water, becomes fluoride and the desired
A how hot the area is. concentration of fluoride in public water is
B how warm the water is. approximately one part per million,
C how many dental problems there are in the depending on the regional temperature
community.
D how much fluorine the community chooses to have
in its water.
Note: It can be seen from the text that the desired concentration of fluoride (or the optimum amount
of fluorine in water) depends on (or is calculated accordingly to) the regional temperature (or how
hot the area is).
Answer: A
Q28. One reason given by the writer for opposing Paragraph B. Three main grounds for
fluoridation is that opposition to fluoridation have been
A it may contribute to tooth decay expressed […] fluoridation is thought to
B it will be unacceptably expensive for the public. be an infringement on individual rights
C obligatory fluoridation takes away personal freedom. because it is compulsory medication of
D excessive fluoride could be added to the water by all members of a community.
mistake.
Note: The topic sentence of paragraph B may reveal that it would deal with the reasons for opposition
of fluoridation.
One of the reasons is fluoridation is thought to be an infringement on (or it violates, or it takes away)
individual rights (or personal freedom) because it is compulsory (or obligatory) medication.
Answer: C
Q29. The writer mentions Kuhn in order to Paragraph E. According to Kuhn, the shift from
A provide a contrast with the view of Collins. one scientific way of thinking to another is not
B support the rational nature of scientific inquiry. made solely on the basis of clear rules of formal
C demonstrate that Kuhn did not argue his case scientific practice, but can include social factors,
adequately. though Kuhn has never developed a full analysis
D show that science can be influenced by non- of what these might be.
scientific considerations
Note: Scan the keyword “Kuhn” to find the answer in paragraph E.
It can be inferred from the text that Kuhn is mentioned as a scientist who put forward the idea that
the shift (change) from one scientific way of thinking to another is not made solely on the basis of (or
is solely influenced by) clear rules of formal scientific practice, but can include social factors (or non-
scientific considerations).
Answer: D
30. What did Sutton's research discover about earlier Paragraph G. study by Sutton in 1960,
studies in North America? which analyzed the classic North American
A There were failings in the way they were carried out. studies of the effect of fluoridation on tooth
B The scientists involved had achieved unique results. decay, and found that each showed
C. Proponents of fluoridation had not understood its significant methodological shortcomings.
long-term effects.
D Fluoridation had a greater effect on tooth decay than
previously believed.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Sutton” to find the answer in paragraph G.
The text says that Sutton’s research discovered that classic (or earlier) North American studies had
significant methodological shortcomings (or failings, flaws in the way of carrying out them).
Answer: A
Q31. In the last paragraph, what does the writer say Paragraph I. social values are likely to be
about scientists? bound up in any decision about fluoridation,
A They should reveal their true motivations. so this is not an issue on which declarations
B They should not decide the fluoridation policy. by scientific experts ought to be considered
C They are solely concerned with scientific truths. the final word.
D They cannot reach agreement on the fluoridation
issue.
Note:
It can be inferred from the text that because social values would be considered in any decision about
fluoridation, scientists should not be the ones who make the final word (or determine policies) related
to fluoridation.
Answer: B
Q32. Scientific knowledge should Paragraph F. Because social processes are involved at all
be kept separate from social values. stages of the creation, evaluation, and establishing of
scientific knowledge, social values may also be involved.
Note:
This line from the passage confirms that social processes are involved at all stages of the creation,
evaluation, and establishing of scientific knowledge, so it cannot be excluded (or kept separate)
from scientific knowledge.
Q6 says the opposite.
Answer: NO
Q33. Many sociologists have Paragraph G. sociologists have also downplayed an important
disregarded the doubts that part of the debate by ignoring the number of eminent scientists
some scientists have concerning who have questioned aspects of fluoridation
fluoridation.
Note:
By skimming you will find that sociologists’ opinion would be addressed from paragraph G to the
end of the passage.
In paragraph G, it can be seen that sociologists have downplayed (or disregarded) an important
part of the debate by ignoring (or overlooking) eminent scientists who have questioned aspects
of fluoridation (or the doubts raised by scientists related to fluoridation).
Answer: YES
Q34. Sutton's findings have Not available information.
been given insufficient attention
by scientists outside of North
America.
Note:
Scan to find that Sutton’s findings is mentioned in paragraph G. However, there is no information
confirming that they are given insufficient attention by scientists outside of North America.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Q35. There are valid arguments Paragraph H. Both arguments consider the scientific evidence
on both sides of the fluoridation concerning fluoridation but differ in their assessments of the
debate. social benefits and costs.
Note:
Paragraph H summarises both arguments from proponents and opponents and gives that they
all consider the scientific evidence concerning fluoridation, meaning they have a sound basis in
logic or fact (or they are valid).
Answer: YES
Q36. The traditional view of Paragraph D. The traditional view is that science is a special
science is that ____ kind of knowledge, which is established through scientific
methods and objectively applied by members of a scientific
community.
Note:
In paragraph D, the traditional view of science can be inferred that science is a special kind of
knowledge (or discipline), which is established through scientific methods and objectively applied
(or unbiased).
Answer: B
Q37. A sociological view of Paragraph D. In recent years there has been a major
science argues that _____ challenge to this picture by a sociology of science that shows
how scientific knowledge is socially negotiated, and inevitably
linked to the values of the relevant parties, both scientists and
non-scientists.
Note:
It stated that according to a sociological view of science, scientific knowledge is linked to (or
affected by) the values (or beliefs) of the relevant (or concerned) parties (sides, groups, people).
Answer: G
Q38. Collins is of the opinion Paragraph E. Collins (1975) took this concept further when he
that _____ asserted that the outcome of experiments was not something
whose meaning could be immediately comprehended
Note:
According to Collins, (or he is of the opinion that) outcomes of experiments (or the results of
scientific research) are not always immediately comprehended (or understood at first).
Answer: A
Q39. The writer suggests that a Paragraph G. A supporter of fluoridation might argue. The
supporter of fluoridation may evidence for the benefits of fluoridation is quite substantial,
conclude that _____ while the evidence for harm is limited and dubious. I think the
likely benefits outweigh the possible dangers; hence I support
fluoridation because it is the cheapest and easiest way to
make sure every child reaps the benefits.
Note:
It can be inferred from the passage that a supporter may find that the evidence for harm is limited
and dubious (or there is insufficient proof), so that fluoridation should be adopted, and then no
need to support a cautious approach.
Answer: D
Q40. The writer suggests that an Paragraph G. An opponent might argue, 'Though the evidence
opponent of fluoridation may for the benefits of fluoridation is substantial, there is some
conclude that ____ doubt about it. Since fluoridation is not necessary for good
teeth, we should forego the benefits if there is some slight
chance of harm. Some scientists claim that a small percentage
of the population could be harmed by fluoride.
Note:
It can be inferred from the passage that an opponent may find that fluoridation is not necessary
(or optional, not required), then the benefits should be foregone (or given up) if there is some
slight chance of harm, meaning to his/her view, the serious damage fluoride causes far outweighs
any positive effects.
Answer: E