DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONALIZING
THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Overview of the Phil. Disaster Management System and Concepts

▫The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the
requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which provides the legal basis for policies, plans and
programs to deal with disasters.

The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas

1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

2) Disaster Preparedness

3) Disaster Response

4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery,

-- the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

▫ By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and implements the NDRRMP and ensures
that the physical framework, social, economic and environmental plans of communities,
cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plan

▫ The NDRRMP is consistent with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework (NDRRMF), which serves as “the principal guide to disaster risk reduction and
management (DRRM) efforts to the country...

▫ The Framework envisions a country of “safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino

communities toward sustainable development.”

▫ It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein men and women
have increased their awareness and understanding of DRRM, with the end in view of
increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities

▫ The NDDRMP goals are to be achieved by 2028 through 14 objectives, 24 outcomes, 56

outputs, and 93 activities. The 24 outcomes, with their respective overall responsible
agencies, are summarized below
Safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable
development

DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

- Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and
exposure and enhancing capacities of communities

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

- Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and recover

from the negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disasters.

DISASTER RESPONSE

- Provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected
population based on acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster

DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY

- Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions and organizational
capacities of affected communities, and reduced disaster risks in accordance with
the “building back better” principle
NDRRMP Priority Projects
Geographic Hazards & Disaster Risk Profiles of the Philippines

▫ Due to its geographical location, the Philippines is exposed to high incidents of hazards
such as typhoons, floods, storm surges, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
landslides and droughts.

▫ Volcanic eruptions and tsunamis are related to the continental plate activity around “the
Ring of Fire”. Because it is one of the most geologically active areas, it is nicknamed “The
Ring of Fire.

▫ On average, about 20 tropical cyclones enter the Philippines waters each year, with
approximately eight or nine making landfall (ESCAP/WMO, 2009; Bankoff, 2003)

▫ Of all the disasters, cyclones and the accompanying landslides, storm surges and floods
have caused the largest losses of life and property (Huigen & Jens, 2006; Bankoff, 2003),
mostly because majority of the population is living within 60km from the coast.

Based on vulnerability studies, the most vulnerable regions to tropical cyclones in the
country are the National Capital Region (NCR), Southern Tagalog, Cagayan Valley, Central
Luzon, the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Bicol Province (Cruz, et al., 2017).

▫ Visayas and Mindanao are likewise becoming more at risk due to an increasing number of
tropical cyclones entering the southern part of the country.

Ring of Fire

• This is a circular arm of active volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific Ocean basin. This
area in the Pacific Ocean covers nearly 25,000 miles from the southern tip of South
America, to the west coast of North America, across the Bering Strait, through Japan,
and into New Zealand

Vulnerability of the Urban Environment

▫ Nearly half of the population is residing in urban centers, 25% of which in the capital
alone.

▫ Massive urban sprawl has expanded the metropolis of Manila into the Greater Manila
Area, now covering parts of the neighboring provinces as well.

▫ An estimated one third of the inhabitants of Metro Manila reside in informal

settlements, where inadequate housing and lack of infrastructure are often highlighted as
the most prevalent issues (Morin, et al., 2016)

▫ The urban poor are also often highly vulnerable to natural hazards, partly due to rapid
urban growth and lack of tenure which have forced many to inhabit hazard-prone areas
such as flood plains, riverbanks, the coasts and on steep slopes (Swiss NGO DRR Platform,
2014
Risk reduction and Preparedness

Local Governments and Disaster Risk

▫ Common disaster risk reduction issues for local governments have to do with not
enforcing the implementation of building codes resulting in unsafe buildings, including
schools, offices, houses, hospitals and public infrastructure

▫ Residents then become extremely vulnerable to the risk of injury and death from
collapsing buildings, particularly in urban areas.

▫ Local governments are not always aware of the issues on climate change and disaster
risks and existing programs are not adequate or able to cope with the scale of the need

Four key roles (opportunities) for LGUs to reduce disaster risks:

Build awareness

▫ increase knowledge, understanding and general awareness of the many issues about
disaster risk reduction

▫ build capacity in the LGU with persons who learn and teach others about DRR and
climate change adaptation option

Know the risks

▫ The need-to-know local risks and vulnerabilities. This is at the very heart of any disaster
risk reduction strategy

▫ Very heart of any disaster risk reduction strategy

Maintain infrastructure

▫ Maintaining and upgrading of critical infrastructure; while local governments are

responsible for a variety of critical infrastructure (such as water, drainage, sewage,
schools, hospitals), investment

Leadership

▫ long-term political commitment is crucial to successfully implement DRR programs over

time

▫ strong leadership at the top of the local government and this may mean providing on up-
to-date information on DRR

Definition of Terms

Crisis

• Is an event or series of events representing a critical threat to the health, safety,

security or wellbeing of a community, usually over a wide area.
▫ Armed conflicts, epidemics, famine, natural disasters, environmental emergencies and
other major harmful events may involve or lead to a humanitarian crisis.

Disaster

▫ A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread

human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resource

▫ A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards,
conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk

▫ Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area

Emergency

▫ A sudden occurrence demanding immediate action that may be due to epidemics, to

natural, to technological catastrophes, to strife or to other man-made cause

Vulnerability

▫ The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or

processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard

▫ The degree to which a population or an individual is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist
and recover from the impact of a disaster.

Hazard

▫ Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause disruption or damage to people and their
environment

Risk

▫ The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,

livelihood, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from
interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerabilities

Preparedness

▫ The capacities and knowledge developed by governments, professional response

organizations, communities and individuals to anticipate and respond effectively to the
impact of likely, imminent or current hazard events or condition

Relief / Response

▫ The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to

meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected
Resilience

▫ The capacity to absorb stress or destructive forces through resistance or adaptation;

to manage or maintain certain basic functions and structures during disastrous events; and
to recover or “bounce back” after an event

Contingency planning

▫ A management tool used to analyze the impact of potential crises so that adequate and
appropriate arrangements are made in advance to respond in a timely, effective and
appropriate way to the needs of affected population

▫ A tool to anticipate and solve problems that typically arise during a humanitarian
response

DRUG PREVENTION AND EDUCATION

COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165

It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being
of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on
their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions
detrimental to their development and preservation. In view of the foregoing, the State
needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs, it being one of
today’s more serious social

NATURE OF DRUG ABUSE

• A drug is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into
the body, alters the body’s function either physically and/or psychologically. Drugs may be
legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine and
heroin)

• Psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system and alter a person's mood, thinking
and behavior. Psychoactive drugs may be divided into four categories: depressants,
stimulants, hallucinogens and 'other

• Psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system and alter a person's mood, thinking
and behavior. Psychoactive drugs may be divided into four categories: depressants,
stimulants, hallucinogens.
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF DRUGS (ACCORDING TO PDEA)

NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

•These new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been known in the market by terms such
as “designer drugs”, legal highs”, “herbal highs”, “bath salts”, “research chemicals”,
“laboratory reagents”.

•The term “new” does not necessarily refer to new inventions -several NPS were first
synthesized 40 years ago -but to substances that have recently emerged on the market
and which have not been scheduled under the above Conventions

MARIJUANA

• Marijuana is the term used to describe all the plant material like leaves, tops, stems,
flowers and roots from a cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), dried and prepared for smoking
or taken orally as “brownies

• The mind-altering component is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; THC for short, which

is concentrated in the resin

•Smoked cannabis produces a dreamy state of consciousness in which ideas seem

disconnected, unanticipated and free-flowing. Time, color and spatial perceptions may be
altered

• In general, a feeling of well-being and relaxation is felt.

• Panic reactions have occurred, particularly in naïve users

•Increased heart rate, conjunctival injection (red eye) and dry mouth occur regularly

• Communicative and motor abilities are decreased, depth perception and tracking are
impaired and sense of timing is altered – all hazardous in certain situations (e.g. driving,
operating heavy equipment)

Marijuana: ADVERSE EFFECTS

•Impairment of memory and short-term cognitive functioning particularly mathematical

skills, reading and verbal comprehensive skills.

•Impairment of motor skills can lead to accidents, respiratory problems such as bronchitis
or lung cancer.

•Premature babies/low birth weight, abortion or still birth (neonatal death)

• Panic or state of anxiety, sometimes accompanied with paranoia

• A motivational syndrome – regular use of marijuana dulls the mind of the smoker, blunts
enthusiasms and takes away drive
•Burnout – the use can become dull, slow moving, inattentive and unaware of the
surroundings

• Regular pot smokers are especially susceptible to infections

It reduces testosterone level so that pre-teenage boys are at increased risk as are adults
with marital fertility –temporary loss of fertility to both sexes.

• Symptoms of mental illness (Psychosis) is exacerbate

SHABU

Methamphetamine HCL, a type of amphetamine is also known as “poor man’s cocaine”. Other
names are Shabu, Ubas, Siopao, Sha and Ice. Shabu is a white, odorless crystal or
crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste

• Abusers are known to take this drug by ingestion inhalation (chasing the dragon), sniffing
(snorting) or by injection

•Amphetamines are regularly absorbed orally and are associated with a rapid onset of
action, usually within one hour when taken orally. If taken intravenously or through
injection, they have an almost immediate effect

Shabu: Adverse Effects

• Produces anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of self-
control

• Results in loss of appetite and inability to sleep

• Euphoria, elation

• Can lead to acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior and recklessness
that may results in accident

SHABU: PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

- chest pain, irregularity of heart beat, elevated or lowered blood pressure, evidence
of weight loss, convulsion and death from cardiac arrest.

SHABU: LONG TERM EFFECTS

• Psychiatric consequence is the major feature of chronic “shabu” abuse and dependency.

• Prolonged use and even a single exposure especially if administered intravenously can lead
to manifestation of a full-blown psychosis which is similar to schizophrenia characterized
by the presence of paranoid delusions, auditory and visual hallucination.

•The paranoia may lead to violent and aggressive behavior.

•Some chronic users have difficulty concentrating and remembering things.

• Diminished ability to cope with problems and difficulties in facing reality are common.

• Loss of interest in sex, ambition or motivation may also result.

• Chronic snorters may suffer from severe irritation of the nasal passages and at times
may even develop tissue perforation of the nasal septum so that they become prone to
frequent nose bleed

• Renal damage, heart disease and stroke have been documented among chronic abusers.

INHALANTS

•Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substance that contain
psycho active (mind altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication

• common household products including everyday products such as nail polish remover, glue,
gasoline, household cleaners, and nitrous oxide.

• include fluorinated hydrocarbons found in aerosols such as hairspray, spray paint, and
household cleaner

INHALANTS: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

•Confusion •Distorted perception of time and distance

•Aggressive behavior/violence •Hallucinations

• Illusions •Nausea and vomiting •Drowsiness and weightless

INHALANTS: DELAYED EFFECTS

•Loss of memory

• Inability to think

•Muscle cramps and weaken

•Numbness in limbs

•Abdominal pains

•Damage to the central nervous system, kidney, liver and possible bone marrow

ECSTASY

•Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or commonly known as "Ecstasy", "X-TC",

"Adam", "Eden Tablet", or by its any other name "Ecstasy

• the other trendy drug, is the term used for a group of "designer" drugs closely related in
chemical form to the amphetamine family of illicit drugs
• Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA is the chemical name for "ecstasy" but it is
also known as X-TC, ADAM or Eden Tablet, the yuppie drug, and the hug drug, among
others. Demand for this drug caused its price to soar up to 2,000 pesos today.

ECSTASY: Adverse Effects

•Fatigue and perhaps depression after the drug is stopped

•Restlessness, anxiety and pronounced visual and auditory hallucinations at large doses

•Nausea and vomiting

• A rise in blood pressure and heart rate, death from heart failure or stroke

• Prolonged regular use can lead to the same long-term

• effects as with synthetic stimulants, including a potential for neurotoxicity and brain
damage as well as liver damage

OPIATES

•Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used medically to
relieve pain, but have a high potential for abuse.

• Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seedpod of the Asian poppy

• Opiates that are commonly abused are Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and synthesized or
manufactured opiate

• Opium refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) and
embraces every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or opium poppy; poppy
straw; and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not

• Opium Poppy - refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferous L.,
Papaver setigerum DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas

•includes the seeds, straws, branches, leaves or any part thereof, or substances derived,
even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes.

BANGKOK PILLS

•The pill has been found to contain ephedrine, bisacodyl, furosemide, phentermine, and
fenfluramine

COCAINE

•Cocaine is a drug from the leaves of the Cocao plant, a shrub that originated in South
America

• affects the central nervous system as a stimulant

SEDATIVE

•Sedative-hypnotics such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and sedatives are drugs which
depress or slow down body functions.

• dangerous when not taken according to physician's instructions.

NATIONAL DRUG SITUATION DRUGS OF CHOICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is obviously not exempted from the global illegal drug phenomena

Based on PDEA’s intelligence and drug- related arrests, methamphetamine hydrochloride,

locally known as shabu, is the most abused drug in the country, followed by cannabis
or marijuana, and methylenedioxyphenol- methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy.

• cocaine was recovered along the Philippine shores by law enforcers and locals.

• there is no conclusive indication that the cocaine was intended for local consumption

• The archipelagic set-up and strategic location of the country was advantageous to drug
syndicates who use the area as transshipment point to smuggle drugs to consuming
countries

GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSE TO DRUG PROBLEMS

• Guided by deliverables of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, PDEA has
been active in the conduct of barangay drug clearing program

• the significant number of drug-cleared barangays which is 4,922 in 2018 added to the
already cleared barangays of 5,077 in 2017

• Barangay Drug Clearing Program is to reintegrate drug personalities to the mainstream

• make the barangay self-policing and resistant against the entry of any illegal drug
activities

• rehabilitation of drug users and is dedicated in providing the youth with a new chance to
become productive citizens of the country

• the President’s dream of “MATATAG,MAGINHAWA AT PANATAG NA BUHAY,” for the

Filipino people