NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
LIANGA CAMPUS
FLUID MECHANICS
FINAL COVERAGE
HELNER I. GOMEZ
Course Instructor
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
FLUIDS IN MOTION
• Fluids can move or flow in many ways.
• Water may flow smoothly and slowly in a quiet stream
or violently over a waterfall. The air may form a gentle
breeze or a raging tornado.
• To deal with such diversity, it helps to identify some of
the basic types of fluid flow.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
FLUIDS IN MOTION
• Fluid dynamics is a rich and complex field of
study with turbulence and chaos in its wake.
• We will focus primarily on ideal fluids (fluids
without friction (no viscosity) and fluids that do
not rotate).
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Types of Fluid Flow
• LAMINAR FLOW
✓ In laminar flow, fluid particles move smoothly in parallel layers, with
minimal mixing between layers.
✓ This type of flow occurs at low velocities and in highly viscous fluids.
✓ An example is the flow of syrup or honey from a bottle. The fluid moves in
a smooth, uniform stream with little to no turbulence.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Types of Fluid Flow
• TURBULENT FLOW
✓ An extreme kind of unsteady
flow and occurs when there
are sharp obstacles or bends
in the path of a fast-moving
fluid.
✓ In turbulent flow, the velocity
at a point changes erratically
from moment to moment, both
in magnitude and in direction.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Types of Fluid Flow
• TURBULENT FLOW
✓ Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic, irregular
movement of fluid particles.
✓ It occurs at high velocities or in fluids with low viscosity.
✓ Turbulent flow is often seen in natural phenomena such as
river rapids or ocean waves.
✓ It's also observed in man-made systems like the flow of air
around an aircraft wing or the flow of water through a pipe
with rough walls.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Types of Fluid Flow
• TURBULENT FLOW
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Types of Fluid Flow
• TRANSITIONAL FLOW
✓ Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar
and turbulent flow.
✓ It typically occurs during a transition
phase as the flow velocity or other
parameters change.
✓ An example is the flow of water in a river.
Near the banks, where the velocity is
lower, laminar flow may occur, while in
the middle of the river where the velocity
is higher, turbulent flow may dominate.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
• Steady Flow/Streamline Flow
✓ Steady flow is characterized by uniform flow parameters such
as velocity, pressure, and density at any given point in the
fluid. In steady flow, these parameters do not change with time.
Example. A well-designed pipe system
where the flow rate remains constant and all
points in the pipe experience the same
conditions over time.
Streamlines are often used to represent the trajectories of the
fluid particles. A streamline is a line drawn in the fluid such that a
tangent to the streamline at any point is parallel to the fluid
velocity at that point.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
• STEADY FLOW
Steady flow in this context is
achieved through careful design and
maintenance of the plumbing
infrastructure, including properly sized
pipes, efficient pumps or gravity-fed
systems, and adequate pressure
regulation. By ensuring steady flow, the
plumbing system maximizes its
effectiveness, minimizes water waste, Example. A well-designed pipe system
and provides reliable service to where the flow rate remains constant and
occupants of the building. all points in the pipe experience the same
conditions over time.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Fluids can be…
✓ Steady or Unsteady.
Particle passing through this point has the same velocity
✓ Compressible or Incompressible.
Most liquids are nearly incompressible; that is, the density
of a liquid remains almost constant as the pressure changes. To
a good approximation, then, liquids flow in an incompressible
manner. In contrast, gases are highly compressible.
✓ Viscous or Nonviscous.
A viscous fluid, such as honey, does not flow readily and is
said to have a large viscosity.* In contrast, water is less viscous
and flows more readily; water has a smaller viscosity than honey.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Ideal Fluid
✓ It is described as incompressible, nonviscous
fluid.
✓ Although no real fluid has zero viscosity at
normal temperatures, some fluids have
negligibly small viscosities.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
How to identify whether the
fluid is laminar or turbulent?
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Reynold’s Number
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Laminar
Turbulent
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Reynold’s Number
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Reynold’s Number
• Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid
mechanics to characterize the flow of fluids.
• Reynolds number (Re) is defined as the ratio of inertial
forces to viscous forces within a fluid flow, and it's
expressed as:
• 𝝆 = is the density of the fluid
• 𝒗 = is the velocity of the fluid relative to the object
𝝆𝒗𝑫 (often the object's velocity is used)
𝐑𝐞 = • 𝑫 = is a characteristic linear dimension (such as
𝝁 the diameter of a pipe or length of an object),
• 𝜇 = is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Reynold’s Number
Sample Problem:
• Determine the Reynolds number for the flow of water
(density, ρ=1000kg/m^3, dynamic viscosity, μ=0.001kg/m⋅s)
through a pipe with a diameter of 0.1m at a velocity of 1m/s.
• 𝝆 = 1000 kg/m^3
𝝆𝒗𝑫 • 𝒗 = 1 m/s
𝐑𝐞 = • 𝑫 = 0.1 m
𝝁 • 𝜇 = 0.001kg/m⋅s
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Reynold’s Number
Problem Solving: Solve for Reynold’s Number and identify
the type of flow.
1. Determine the Reynolds number for the flow of oil
(ρ=850kg/m^3, μ=0.02kg/m⋅s) through a tube with a diameter
of 0.05m at a velocity of 0.5m/s.
2. Consider the flow of a fluid (ρ=1.8 kg/m^3, μ=0.001kg/m⋅s)
through a pipe with a diameter of 0.02m at a velocity of 80 m/s.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Supplementary Videos.
1. https://youtu.be/a8QVUWI5-jk
2. https://youtu.be/9A-uUG0WR0w
3. https://youtu.be/pJ_aOO3JXVU
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
Have you ever used your thumb to control the
water flowing from the end of a hose?
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
When the end of a hose is
partially closed off, thus reducing
its cross-sectional area, the fluid
velocity increases.
This kind of fluid behavior is
described by the equation of
continuity.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
This equation expresses the following
simple idea:
If a fluid enters one end of a pipe at a
certain rate, then fluid must also leave at
the same rate, assuming that there are
no places between the entry and exit
points to add or remove fluid.
If referring to the mass, then the mass of fluid per second (e.g., 5
kg/s) that flows through a tube is called the MASS FLOW RATE.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
• The figure shows a small mass of fluid or fluid element (darker blue)
moving along a tube. Upstream at position 2, where the tube has a
cross-sectional area A2, the fluid has a speed v2 and a density 𝞺2.
• Downstream at location 1, the corresponding quantities are A1, v1,
and 𝞺1. During a small time interval ∆t, the fluid at point 2 moves a
distance of v2 ∆ t, as the drawing shows.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
• The volume of fluid that has flowed past this point is the cross-
sectional area times this distance, or A2v2 ∆t. The mass ∆m2 of this fluid
element is the product of the density and volume: ∆m2 = 𝞺2A2v2∆t.
Dividing ∆m2 by ∆t gives the mass flow rate (the mass per second):
=
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
• The mass flow rate ( 𝞺Av ) has the same value at every position along
a tube that has a single entry and a single exit point for fluid flow. For
two positions along such a tube
SI Unit of Mass Flow Rate: kg/s
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
• The density of an incompressible fluid does not change during flow, so
that 𝞺1 = 𝞺2, and the equation of continuity reduces t0
• The quantity Av represents the volume of fluid per second (measured
in m^3/s, for instance) that passes through the tube and is referred to
as the volume flow rate, Q.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
Sample Problem:
• A garden hose has an unobstructed opening with a cross-
sectional area of 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝟐 , from which water fills a bucket in
𝟑𝟎. 𝟎 𝒔. The volume of the bucket is 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 . (about two
gallons). Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose
through (a) the unobstructed opening and (b) an obstructed
opening with half as much area.
𝑽
𝑸= 𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
∆𝒕
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
Problem Solving:
• A fluid sample flows through a pipe at a velocity of 2 m/s. The
diameter of the pipe is 0.1 meters. Calculate the flow rate of the
fluid sample in cubic meters per second.
• Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe with a diameter of 0.2
meters. At one point in the pipe, the water has a velocity of 4
m/s. If the pipe narrows to a diameter of 0.1 meters
downstream, what is the velocity of the water at that point?
Calculate the volume flow rate.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
The Equation of Continuity
Problem Solving:
1. A fuel pump sends gasoline from a car’s fuel tank to the
engine at a rate of 𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒔. The density of the gasoline
is 𝟕𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 , and the radius of the fuel line is 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 .
What is the speed at which the gasoline moves through the
fuel line?
2. A patient recovering from surgery is being given fluid
intravenously. The fluid has a density of 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 , and
𝟗. 𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑 of it flows into the patient every six hours. Find
the mass flow rate in kg/s.
FLUID MECHANICS (PH01)
