COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

& GRAHICS

Engr. Tayyab Zafar

MS (Structures)
Components of Building
INTRODUCTION :
 Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be
well conversant with drawings.
 Drawings provide a language with specific data to Architects,
Engineers and workmen at the site to construct the structure
accordingly.
 In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering
works, it is essential to work out different items of
construction with their quantities for estimating the total cost
of construction project.
 For this purpose, drawings of different parts and different
views are essential so that the approval of work from the
sanctioning authority can be obtained.
……………………..Continued
 Further, the detailed drawings form an essential
contract documents, when the work is handed over to
a contractor.
 Hence it is necessary to prepare detailed drawings,
which will inform the contractor, the exact information,
which he needs during the construction of different
items of work.
 Drawings, thus should be carefully prepared even after
the completion of work. Thus, it becomes important to
asses the possibility of further vertical expansion by
referring to the foundation details initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING

 Drawing should be clear, simple and clean

 Should agree with the actual measurements by the
accurately drawn scaled measurements.
 Exact information should be provided in order to
carry out the work at site without scaling for
missing measurements.
 Only minimum notes to support the drawings
should be indicated in the drawings.
 Sufficient space should be provided between the
views so as to mark the dimensions without
crowding.
What is a Building ?
 Any structure constructed of whatsoever
material and used for residential, business,
commercial, educational, industrial or other
purpose
Objectives of a building
 Sufficient accommodation for which
constructed.
 Protection from heat/ glare of sun/ storm/
rain etc.
 Protection against thieves and
housebreakers.
How to Achieve Objectives
 Thick outer walls or cavity walls
 Sun shades/ double glass
 False ceiling
 Minimum required openings/ doors
 Etc.
 Persons Concerned

 Client

 Architect

 Design Engineer

 Builder
Requirements of a Good Residential Building
 Good building site.
 Properly planned and designed.
 Adequate provision for sleeping, bathing, rest
and recreation.
 Rooms properly placed according to utility.
 Properly oriented.
 Privacy from outside and inside.
 Free movement within the building.
 Flexibility for usage for functions.
 Quality fittings and fixtures.
Site Selection
 Selection of site is only valid once there are
multiple choices. For example if one decides to
purchase a plot he should consider orientation
of plot and it’s location.
 On the other hand if a person wants to
reconstruct ancestor’s house he has no choice
but to achieve objectives at the same location
Factors for Site Selection
◦ Level of site.
◦ Climatic conditions.
◦ Subsoil conditions.
◦ Modern amenities.
◦ Other facilities.
◦ Surroundings.
◦ Type of building i.e. residential, educational, hospital etc.
◦ Other considerations like noise/ air pollution, well-
drained, safe horizontal and vertical distance from HT/
LT line etc.
Orientation
 The art of placing a building in such a position so
that it’s front faces a particular direction is called
orientation.
 It also includes the arrangements of rooms of a
building so as to provide natural comfort to
inmates.
Orientation
Objects of Orientation
 Suits the surroundings.

 Natural comfort to inmates.

 Privacy.

 Free from dust and noise .

 Minimum portion in direct shower of rain.

 To have a good design.

 Design of a House
 Every effort is made to utilize the full natural resources
such as wind, sun etc. Maximum facilities should be
provided within the funds and space available.
 Plot sizes are measured in ft2, yd2, Marla or kanal. 1 kanal
= 20 Marla, 1 Marla = 272 ft2 (actual) or 225 ft2 where
kanal is f 500 yd2.
 Standard size of 1 kanal plot is 50’ x 90’ and 10 Marla
plot is 35’ x 65’.
 A suitable rectangular plot has length 1.85 times the
front of the plot.
Design of a House
 Design of a house
 Restrictions vary from society/ authority to society/ authority. These
form building bylaws. For example; common construction restrictions
are:-

◦ Covered area should not be > 60% of plot area.

◦ 10’ open space in front.
◦ 5’-10’ open space in rear.
◦ 5’ open space at one side.

 A two-storey building is normally 20% cheaper than one storey building

if covered area is the same.
 In ordinary house area covered by walls is approximately 15% of the
covered area.
 Rectangular rooms provide better utilization of space. Length / breadth
ratio should be 1.25 up to 200 ft2 area and beyond this, it may be 1.50.
Basic Components of a building
 Bed Room with attached Bath
 Drawing Room
 Living Room
 Dining Room
 Pantry
 Kitchen
 Store or Box Room
 Stair Case
 Verandah
 Servant Room
 Car porch
Important Points
 Doors and windows should be minimum as they increase the cost and
utilize the available space yet they should provide adequate means of
ventilation and light. Area covered by windows should not be lesser than
15 to 20 % of the floor area of the room.
 Windows and doors on opposite faces provide better cross ventilation
 Arrangement of different components should be such that minimum space
is wasted in passages and corridors.
 Proper attention should be given to the orientation of the plot with
respect to North. The side of the building towards the south or the south-
east is generally very hot in summer and also light becomes excessive on
this side.
 Ground floor plan and first floor plan should be so adjusted such that
most of the walls of first floor comes directly above the walls beneath
because providing beams increases the cost.
Important Points
 Further towards the south and southwest, as
the light is usually excessive, windows are
generally made narrow with proper sun shades.
 For maintaining good ventilation inside the
building, longer side of the building , should be
exposed to the wind direction. Wind normally
blows from the south-west direction. Hence if
the face of the building is towards the south-west
or North-East direction, it is advantageous.
 In architectural design, much more attention is
given to the elevation. Elevation is the appearance
of the building from the front or side, and hence
should be properly designed.
 Drawing types
Types of Drawings :
 Proposal drawing or proposal sketching
 Perspective
 Submission drawing
 Working drawings
 Completion drawing
Drawing types
Proposal and Perspective
 First architect collects data and requirements for the building such as the
funds available, plot size, use of the building, number of stories desired,
north direction, plot level especially in comparison with the road level,
required room sizes, etc. Then he makes a number of proposals keeping in
mind the by-laws of the controlling authorities.
 For proposals, plan and elevation are drawn on a very small scale like I/8
or I/16 while the section is usually not needed.
 Plans and elevations, in these drawings, are made attractive even by
coloring and, if needed, perspectives are also drawn to impress the client.
 The proposals are then discussed with the client and changes are made
according to his wishes.
 Sometimes, if the client dislikes the proposals altogether, new proposals
are to be made. Offering of proposals is continued till the client is satisfied
with a certain plan.
Drawing types
Submission Drawing:
 Submission drawings are actually legal documents used to approve the plan
from the controlling authorities like CDA, LDA etc.
 Plans (Ground floor plan, first floor plan and so on), an elevation and a
section is drawn in these drawings. Plans are most commonly drawn on I/8
scale. Section here is used to give important heights but all the details are
not required. That is why it is also drawn as I/8 scale and is taken through
such a portion so that it is the simplest sectional view.
 Site plan is required in submission drawings for plots greater in size than
10 marlas.
 Site plan shows the block of actual building or the constructed portion as
compared to the total plot area. It is drawn on a very small scale like I/16
or I/32.
 If site plan is included in the drawing, the main plans are only drawn for the
constructed portion without showing the open spaced and the boundary
wall.
 Various services are also shown in the site plan, e.g. if sewerage line is
passing, two or three man holes of the main line are shown and then
connection for the plot is indicated.
Submission Drawing (contd.)
 Location plan is also drawn to indicate the location of the plot, on a scale
like I/64. It is a part plan of the total scheme; one or two main roads with
their names and neighboring plots are shown.
 Doors, windows and ventilators are marked by D1, D2, …, W, W2, … and
V1,V2, … in the plans. The sizes of these components and other related
details are given in the form of a table called Schedule of Openings.
 Statements of Areas or Schedule of Areas is also prepared in tabular form
in which total area of the plot, covered area, allowable covered area,
ground floor covered area and first floor covered area etc. are given.
 Submission drawing should have the name and complete address of the
owner and further it should be properly signed by the owner and further
it should be properly signed by the owner. The drawing should also be
signed by a licensed architect.
Drawing type
Working Drawings:
 Working drawings are those drawings which are used for carrying out
construction at the site according to the design. Examples of the working
drawings are as follows:
 Architectural working drawings
 Structural working drawings
◦ Foundation plan
◦ Reinforcement details
◦ Plumbing works (plumbing means the water supply and its disposal
inside the building)
◦ Details of doors and windows
◦ Bathroom and kitchen details
◦ Electrification plan
Working Drawings (contd.)

 After approval of the plan, through the submission drawing, architectural

working drawings are made in which all the details are given which are
necessary for the at-site construction.
 The section are drawn on enlarged scales and as many number of section
are used as needed to clearly explain the structure.
 On blown-up scales, stair details and details of kitchen and bathrooms etc.
are also shown.
 Further, position of various types of furniture is also indicated in the plans.
More than one elevation is drawn to represent the shape from different
directions.
 In working drawings, we can make small changes from approved plans like
alteration in the position of doors and windows and small adjustment in
the internal sizes of the rooms.
Drawing types
Completion Drawing:
 After construction of the building,
drawings are made according to the
actually constructed features called
completion or as-built drawings.
 These drawings are then submitted to the
authorities to get the completion
certificate and only after the approval the
owner can legally occupy the building.
Components of Building :

A building, whether residential or non residential, can be

broadly divided into two parts
Superstructure and Sub-Structure:
 The portion of the structure which is visible or which is
above the ground level is called super-structure.
 The portion of the structure present underground is called
sub-structure including the foundations and the basements, if
present.
Ceiling Height (C.H.)

Bottom of roof slab is called ceiling. Height of the ceiling from

the finished floor level is called ceiling height normally varies
from 8 to 12 ft.

Sill Level (S.L.):

It is the level of bottom of main windows generally 3 ft.
higher than the floor level.
Finished floor level (F.F.L)
Top level of floor in any part of the building is called finished floor level. It
may be different for rooms verandahs and open areas of a building.

Plinth Level (P.L)

It is the level of the ground floor top in main part of the building. It is
made higher than the ground level by an amount depending upon the
following factors with a minimum of 1 ft.
 The building must be prevented from rainwater to come inside the
building
 Drainage of the used water from the building must be easy.
 Further trends in the locality like raising of street and road levels is to be
kept in mind.
Ground Level
It is the level of ground in or near the building which may be
natural or developed ground level.

Lintels
Lintels are small beams, which are of reinforced cement
concrete in present construction provided over small opening
like door, window, almairahs etc. Generally 150mm thick and
width equal to wall width are provided.
Parapet
Small wall provided on periphery of the roof for safety and
privacy purposes is called parapet wall having a height of 1’-0”
to about 5’-0” from top of the roof slab.

Boundary Wall:
 It is the outermost wall of a building marking the boundary of
the area used to provide safety and privacy inside the building.
Its height varies from 5 to 7 ft.
Riser and Tread
 The height covered in one step of a stair is called riser and width
of horizontal platform required for one step of stair is tread. For
Public buildings, riser is usually made equal to 6-in.
Flight of Stairs:
 A series of stair-steps arranged together usually in a single line is
called a flight.
 Maximum number of steps in a single flight must not exceed 12
to 14.
 Longer flight may be uneasy for the person using it.
 Further it requires a longer space which is generally not available
inside the building.
 Number of treads in a flight of stair is always one lesser than the
number of risers.
 Number of risers =
Landing in stairs:
 The horizontal platform provided between
two flights of a stair is called landing.
 It enables us to change the direction of stairs
so that these may be accommodated in
lengthwise smaller space.
 Sunshade:
Sunshade is sloping or horizontal R.C.C. cantilever slab provided over openings on
external walls to provide protection from sun and rain.
 Balcony:
Balcony is horizontal projection including a handrail or balustrade to serve as
passage or sitting out place.
 Portico:
Portico or porch canopy is covered surface supported on pillars or otherwise for
the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach. Generally the height of portico
slab shall be 2.1m.
Foundation:
 The portion of a structure under columns and walls which
transfers load of a structure to the soil underneath in a safe way
without excessive settlement is called foundation.
 The function of a foundation is to re-distribute the load over a
larger area reducing the load per unit area.
 In case of stepped foundation, brick wall is expanded below ground
level in different steps. The increase in thickness of the wall in one
step should be 2.25 in on either side with a total of 4.5 in.
 The height of each step may vary in multiples of 3-in depending
upon the required depth of the foundation from the ground level.
 At the bottom of each foundation, lean concrete or a compacted
mixture of brick-ballast with 25% sand is to be provided.
 Depth of foundation from the G.L. must be sufficient so that
foundation reach to hard and durable strata within the minimum of
2-ft to take care of possible erosion by the rain and for stability.
Foundation:
 The portion of the building constructed above the ground level is super
structure and below the ground level is substructure or foundation, which
will distribute the structural load over the large area. In the case of load
bearing walled structure, the size of wall is increased by means of footings
of stone masonry or brick masonry and finally rest on concrete bed of
required size.
 Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding ground
level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the ground is
termed as plinth.The level of the plinth is usually called as plinth level and
the built up area at the floor level is known as plinth area.
The depth of the foundation depends upon
 1. Bearing capacity
 2. Shrinkage and swelling properties of soil
 3. Depth of water-table
 4. Depth of frost penetration
Terminology for different Views:
Plan:
 In architectural or building drawing, top view is
always drawn as a sectional top view formed by
assuming an imaginary horizontal cutting plane
just above the sill level.
 The view is drawn after removing the upper part
and is termed as plan.
 Plan shows the position and the size of different
elements of a building like wall thicknesses,
position of beams, doors windows, almirahs and
ventilators, etc.
Elevation:
 Simple orthographic view used to show the
appearance of the finished building is called as
elevation which is equivalent to front view in the
model drawing.
 Elevation is only drawn for the super-structure. A
thick line is drawn at the bottom showing ground
level.
 This view is used only to communicate the
appearance; hence, dimensioning is avoided in it.
 More than one elevation may also be drawn for
the building namely front elevation, rear elevation,
left elevation and right elevation.
Section:
 Section, in building drawing, is a term used for the
sectional front view or end view of a building
drawn to a suitably bigger scale showing both the
super-structure and sub-structure.
 Maximum details and all the dimensions are given
in it.
 Vertical cutting is assumed starting from the top
of the parapet wall right up to the bottom of the
foundation exposing all the hidden details like
wall thicknesses, floor layers, roof layers, beams
and lintels.
 Further heights of doors, windows, and
ventilators as well as ceiling heights for various
parts of building are also shown.
 If the details are more complicated, more than
one section may be drawn.
 Plan and section are completely dimensioned for
each and every part.
 Before starting with a particular section, its path
of cutting must be shown in plan otherwise it will
become meaningless.
 Direction of vision to obtain a sectional view is
also shown on the cutting plane by arrows,
triangles or some other suitable means.
 Each cutting plane and its associated section may
be denoted by different letters or numbers.
 Sections are drawn for clarity and to show
even the smallest details in a way that these
are easy to be read hence, usually bigger scale
is used for them.
 Sometimes sections are drawn on the same
scale as that of the plan and elevation but are
never drawn on a reduced scale.
 Double scale for the sections is the most
common practice.
Dashed lines in Building drawing:
 In building drawing, hidden features are only
shown by the method of sections, and dashed line
is not usually used to show them.
 Dash line is used to show certain important
features in plan like beams, sunshades, lintels, etc.,
which are above the horizontal cutting plane and
are removed with the upper part during the
sectioning.
 These features which are removed with the
upper part are not hidden features because these
are not present inside the remaining part of the
object after cutting.
Typical Features Present in a Building
Windows:
 When window is cut horizontally, as in plan of
the building, an empty space is obtained between
two ends of the solid wall. Symbol of brickwork
in section will come in the solid wall but not in
the space for the window.
 Further from behind the cutting plane, two ends
of the sill will be visible.
 Windows is always shown in closed position
meaning that two lines representing the thickness
of the window itself are to be drawn. These lines
may be drawn any where in the thickness of the
wall with any suitable spacing in-between, not
according to the scale.
 These four lines will serve the purpose of
symbol for window in section.
 If sun shade is to be added on top of the
window, as in external walls to protect the
window from rain and sun, it must be shown
by dashed line in plan, because it is actually
removed with the upper part of the building
during cutting assumed.
 Each type and size of the window is denoted
by different numbers like W1, W2, W3, etc.
Ventilator:
 Ventilator is denoted by letter “V” and is shown in vertical section, plan
and elevation just like a window except that it would be shown by
dashed lines.
Door:
 Door is denoted by letter D and is shown in vertical section in
closed position like a window.
 At the bottom of the door, the top floor finish layer will be
continuous over the brick wall underneath.
 D.P.C. is not provided under the doors and all such openings which
start from the floor level like verandah opening, etc.
 In plan the door is shown in open position.
 The space between two ends of the solid wall is left exactly
according to the dimensions of the door.
 Frame of the door is then drawn symbolically without the actual
dimensions.
 Double-leaf door is preferred for wide door and for the doors
present away from the corners of the rooms.
 Single leaf door should preferably be accommodated near the
corner of the building leaving a gap of about 4.5” from the other
wall.
D.P.C:
 D.P.C is provided inside all the walls which are
continuous above the plinth level.