CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i-ii
CONTENTS iii-v
LIST OF CASES vi-ix
ABBREVIATIONS x-xiv
CHAPTERS DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS 1-34
1.1 Emergency Powers – Its Origin and Evolution 3
1.2 Development of Concept of Emergency Provisions in India 5
1.3 Literature Review 14
1.3.1 Books 15
1.4 Objectives of Research 30
1.5 Research Hypothesis 30
1.6 Research Methodology 31
1.7 Plan of Study 31
CHAPTER – 2 EMERGENCY PROVISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 35-83
352 OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Historical Perspective – Emergency Provision 37
2.3 Emergency Under Article 352 of Indian Constitution 41
2.3.1 Proclamation of National Emergency under Article 352 – 45
In Chronological order
CHAPTER – 3 STATE EMEREGENCY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS 84-171
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 The Development of Article 356 86
3.3 Emergency Provision under Article 356 of Indian 93
Constitution.
iii
3.3.1 Similar Provision in other Constitution of the world 95
3.3.2 Article 356 of Indian Constitution – An Analysis 101
3.3.2.1 Failure of Constitutional Machinery: A Vague Expression 107
Proclamation of State emergency under 109
3.4 Article 356 – In chronological order
Various Recommendations of different 159
3.5 commissions and committees on - Article 356
3.5.1 The Administrative Reforms Commission Report (1968) 160
on - Article 356
3.5.2 The Governor’s Committee (Bhagwan Sahay Committee) 161
Report (1971) on - Article 356
3.5.3 Rajamannar Committee (1971) Report on - Article 356 162
3.5.4 Sarkaria Commission Recommendation (1988) on - 163
Article 356
3.5.5 Venkatachaliah Commission (The National Commission to 168
Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002)
Recommendations on - Article 356
3.5.6 Punchhi Commission Recommendations (2007) on - 170
Article 356
3.5.7 Recommendation of Inter - State Council – on Article 356 171
CHAPTER – 4 FINANCIAL EMERGENCY 172-
184
4.1 Introduction 172
4.2 Development of Article 360 173
4.3 Emergency Provision Under Article 360 of Indian 181
Constitution
CHAPTER – 5 VIOLATION OF RIGHTS DURING THE 185-232
EMERGENCIES
5.1 Introduction 185
5.2 Emergency Provisions vis-à-vis Fundamental Rights 188
5.3 Violation of Rights During Emergency 196
5.3.1 Imposing Censorship on Media 210
5.3.2 Five – Point terror Project 218
iv
CHAPTER – 6 JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS MISUSE 233-274
OF EMERGENCY
6.1 Introduction 233
6.2 Judicial Perspective Relating to Article 352 of the Indian Constitution 234
6.3 Judicial Perspective Relating to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution 239
CHAPTER – 7 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 275-302
7.1 Conclusion 275
Suggestions 300
7.2
BIBLIOGRAPHY 303-310
ANNEXURES ANNEXURE – I List of States under President Rule
in India – In Chronological order
ANNEXURE – II Text of Presidential Proclamation,
Ministry of Home Affairs, 1962 – Notification
ANNEXURE – III Text of Presidential Proclamation,
Ministry of Home Affairs, 1971 – Notification
ANNEXURE – IV Text of Presidential Proclamation,
Ministry of Home Affairs, 1975 – Notification
ANNEXURE – V Ministry of Home Affairs, Gazette
Notification 1975, imposing Censorship on
freedom of Press and media
ANNEXURE-VI
ANNEXURE-VII
ANNEXURE-VIII
ANNEXURE-IX
RESEARCH PAPERS
v
LIST OF CASES
A.D.M. Jabalpur v. S.Shukla, AIR 1976 SC 1207
A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 27
A.K.Roy v. Union of India, 1982 1 SCC 271
Air India v. Nargeesh Meerza, AIR 1981 SC 1829
Arun kumar Rai Chaudhary v. Union of India, AIR 1992 All.1
Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of West Bengal (2004) 3 SCC 349
B. R. Kapur v. State of Tamil Nadu and Anr, AIR 2001 SC 3435
Barium Chemical Ltd and Anr v. Company Law Board and Ors (1966)
Supl SCC 311
Bijayananda Patnaik and others v. President of India, AIR 1974 Ori 52
Bimanchandra v. Governor, west Bengal, AIR 1952 cal. 799.
Capt. Kanwaljit Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1991 pand. H. 54
Das v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1975 SC 550
DC Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987, SC 579
Dhronamraju Satya narayana v. N.T.Ramarao and others, AIR 1988
AP 69
Election Commission of India and Anr. v. Dr.Subrahmaniam Swamy
and Anr. (1996) 4 SCC 104.
Ghulam Sarwar v. Union of India, AIR 1967 SC 1335
Gokulananda Roy v. Tarapada Mukherjee and others, AIR 1973 Cal
233
vi
Golak Behari v. State of Orissa, AIR 1972 Ori.
Hanumantha Rao v. State of AP, (1975) 2 AWR 277.
Hardhan Saha v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1974 SC 2154
Hargovind Pant v. Raghukul Tilak, and ars. Al R 1979 SC 1109.
Harish Chandra Singh Rawat and another v. Union of India,
MANU/SC/0611/201
Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain & Anr, AIR 1975 SC 2299
Jyotirmony Bose v. Union of India, AIR 1971 cal 122
K.A Mathialagan and Ors. v. The Govemor of Tamil Nadu and Ors. AIR
1973 Mad.198.
K.K. Aboo v. Union of India, AIR 1965 ker229
Kallada Sukumaran. v. Union of India, AIR 1987 Ker. 212
Kanwaljit Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1991 P und H 55
Kehar Singh und Am v. Union of India, and Anr. (1989) I SCC 204.
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461
Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu and Ors (1992) Supp (2) SCC 651.
M.P. V. Sundararamier v. State of AP, (1958) SCR 1422.
M.R Deke v. N.E. Frontier Railways, AIR 1964, SC600
Mahabir Prasad Sharma v. Prafullachandra, AIR 1969 cal.198
Maharastra State v. Prabhakar, AIR 1966 SC 424
Makhan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1964 SC 381
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597
Mara Ram v. Union of India, (1989) I SCC107
vii
Minerva Mills v. Union of India. AIR 1967 S.C. 1335
Mohan Chowdhury v. Chief Commissioner Tripura, AIR 1964 SC 173
Mohd. Yaqub v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, AIR 1968 SC 765
MSM Sharma v. S.K. Sinha, AIR 1960, SC 1186
Muhammed Sharif v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 (Lah) 725.
N.P.Nathwani v. Commissioner of Police, (1976) 78 Bom LR 1
Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker and Others, 2016 SCC ONLINE SC
694
People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) and Anr. v. Union of India and
Anr. (2003) 4 SCC 399
Prem Shankar v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1980 SC 1535
Pritam Nath Hoon v. Union of India, AIR. 1981 SC 92
Ram Bahadur Rai v. State of Bihar, AIR 1975 SC 223
Ram Manohar Lohia v. State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 740
Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India, (2006) 2 SCC 1
Rao Birinder Singh v. the Union of India, AIR 1968 P&H 441
re Sreeramulu v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1974 AP 106
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, (1981) supp. SCC 87.
S.R. Bommai and others v. Union of India and others, AIR 1990 Kart .5
S.R. Bommai and others v. Union of India and others, AIR 1994 SC
1918
Saleh Mohommed v. Union of India, AIR 1981, S.C. 111
Sardari lal v. Union of India, 1971 SC (3) 461
Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1974 SC 2192.
viii
Shri Pratap singh Raoji rao Rane and ors v. The Governor of Goa and
ors, AIR 1999 Bom 53.
Sree Mohan Chowdhury v. Chief Commissioner, AIR 1964 SC 173
State of Punjab v. Satpal Dange, AIR 1969 SC 903
State of Rajasthan and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors.‚ AIR 1977 SC
1361.
State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain , 1975 SCR (3) 333
Sunder lal Patwa v. Union of India and others, AIR 1993 MP 214
Sunil Kumar v. Government of West Bengal, AIR 1950 cal. 274
Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms, (2002)5 SCC
294
Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P. AIR 1993 SC 2178
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABVP Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
ACHR American Convention on Human Rights
AGP Assam Gana Parishad
AIADMK All India Anna Dravida Munnetta Khazhagam
AIR All India Reporter
All. Allahabad
ALR Academy Law Review
Anr. Another
AP Andhra Pradesh
ARC Administrative Reforms Commission
AWR Andhra Weekly Reporter
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
BKD Bharatiya Kranti Dal
BSP Bahujan Samaj Party
CAD Constituent Assembly Debates
Cal. Calcutta.
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CJ Chief Justice
CM Chief Minister.
CPI Communist Party of India
CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist)
x
CRPF Central Reserve Police Force
CULR Cochin University Law Review
CWC Congress Working Committee
DIG Deputy Inspector General of Police
DIR Defense of India Rules
DMK Dravida Munnetta Kazhagam
DSP Deputy Superintendent of Police
DUSU Delhi University Students' Union
DUTA Delhi University Teachers’ Association
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
EPW Economic and Political Weekly
Gahu. Gauhati
HP Himachal Pradesh
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
IEEPA International Emergency Economic Powers Act
IIPA Indian Institute of Public Administration
INC Indian National Congress
ISDA Institute for Study of Developing Areas
ISS Islamic sevak Sangh
J&K Jammu and Kashmir
J. Justice
(J). Journal
JCPS Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary studies
xi
JD Janata Dal
JD (U) Janata Dal United
JD(S) Janata Dal (Secular)
JILI Journal of Indian Law Institute
Kart. Karnataka
Ker. Kerala
Lah. Lahore
LDF Left Democratic Front
LF Left Front
LJ Law Journal
LSD Lok Sabha Debates
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam
Mal. Malayalam
MISA Maintenance of Internal Security Act
MLA Members of Legislative Assembly
MP Madhya Pradesh
NC National Conference
NDA National Democratic Alliance
NEFA North-East Frontier Area
NF National Front
NNO Naga National Organization
NNP Naga National Party
Ori. Orissa
xii
Ors. Others
OUP Oxford University Press
P&H Punjab and Haryana
PAC Provincial Democratic Front
PC Privy Council
PDF Progressive Democratic Front
PEPSU Patiala and East Punjab States Union
PSP Praja Socialist Party
Punj. Punjab
PVD Progressive Vidhayak Dal
RJD Rashtriya Janata Dal
RSD Rajya Sabha Debates
RSP Revolutionary Socialist Party
RSS Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh
SC Supreme Court
SCC Supreme Court Cases
SHO Station House Officer
SP Samajwadi Party
SP Swatantra Party
Supp. Supplement
SVD Samyukta Vidhayak Dal
TDP Telungu Desam Party
UCJPS University College Journal of Political Science
xiii
UDF United Democratic Front
UF United Front
ULF United Liberation Front
ULFA United Liberation Front of Assam
UNI United News of India
UP Uttar Pradesh
UPA United Progressive Alliance
USA United States of America
v. Versus
VHP Vishva Hindu Parishad
xiv
