Research

RESEARCH APTITUDE

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Research

Meaning of Research
• The term research includes two words specifically ‘re’ and Rational way of thinking
'search'. By and large, 're' signifies again and 'search'
R
Expert and exhaustive treat-
signifies to discover. As indicated by Creswell, 'research is
a procedure of steps used to gather and analyze
E
information to increase our understanding of a particular S Search and solution
topic or issue’. Exactness
E
• Research is careful investigation or inquiry specially to Analysis
search new facts in any branch of knowledge.
A
• Research is fundamentally logical in nature to give a
R Relationnship of factss

Critical Observations
target, which is a fair-minded assessment of information. C
There is not at all an informal research approach, even in Honest
the event of sociologies. H

Research Objectives
The objectives of research are-
1. Investigate some existing situation or problem.

2. Build or make another method or framework.

3. Generate new knowledge.

4. Explore and analyze more general issues.

5. Offer a solution to a problem.

6. Review and synthesize the existing knowledge.

7. Gain familiarity with a new phenomenon or develop new insight into a phenomenon.
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Characteristics of Research
It means research with no inclination. Scientists, as a rule, avoid the potential risk that
OBJECTIVITY outcomes are not influenced by their very own quality, conduct and frame of mind.
They critically examine the research method to avoid any bias.

Reliability with regards to research is consistency. It alludes to the degree to which an

examination produces predictable outcomes. It can also be termed as verifiability. If
RELIABILITY any research yields similar results each time, then it is undertaken with a similar
population in the given context and with similar procedures, it is said to be termed as
verifiability.

Here, validity in research mainly stands for accuracy of procedures, research

instruments, tests, etc. The idea of legitimacy can likewise be comprehended by
VALIDITY
suggesting a conversation starter, 'are we estimating or ready to quantify what we
initially proposed to gauge'.

It is firmly identified with legitimacy. It is likewise how much research procedures,

instruments and devices are identified with one another. Precision additionally
ACCURACY
measures whether the exploration apparatuses have been chosen in the most ideal
way and research methodology suits the examination issue or not.

It is the utilization of the best wellspring of data and the best techniques in the
exploration. The utilization of optional information spares time and decreases cost. Be
that as it may, the over the top dependence on auxiliary information when the
CREDIBILITY
alternative of essential information is accessible involves the danger of diminishing the
validity of the exploration. Hence, it has to be a trade-off between primary data and
secondary data.

It is firmly identified with legitimacy. It alludes to how much research discoveries can
be connected to a bigger population. The sample considered is the representative of
GENERALIZABILITY
the whole population so the findings should also be applicable to the whole
population.

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For an exploration to be powerful, it must be deliberate. It is the main way to deal with
embracing any examination work and each progression must pursue the other. There
SYSTEMATIC are a set of procedures that have been tested over a period of time and are, thus,
suitable to use in research. Therefore, each research should follow a definite
procedure.

It is based on real-life experiences, direct experiences or observations by the

EMPIRICAL researcher. It suggests that examination is connected essentially to at least one part of
RESEARCH a genuine circumstance and manages solid information that gives a premise to outer
legitimacy to the aftereffects of the exploration.

In real-life experiences, there is always more than one factor that affects the outcome
CONTROLLED of an event. Similarly, in research, various factors may affect the outcome and some
FACTORS are taken as controlled factors, whereas the others are tested for the possible
outcome.

Research is a repetitive procedure since it begins with an issue and finishes with an
CYCLICAL
issue.

The statement, great research is coherent, infers that examination is guided by the
LOGICAL standards of sensible thinking. Enlistment and conclusion are of incredible incentive in
research.

This characteristic allows the results of the research to be confirmed by repeating the
REPLICABLE
study and after that building a sound basis for making decisions.

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Posivitism and Post Positivism Approach to Research

Positivism and post-positivism have to be viewed as philosophies used in science for scientific inquiry. These
have to be viewed as two independent philosophies that are different from one another. Positivism is the
philosophy that stresses empiricism. It highlights the importance of objectivity and the necessity to study
observable components. However, in the 20th century, there has been a shift that was brought about by post-
positivism. Post-positivism is a philosophy that rejects positivism and presents new assumptions in order to
unravel the truth.

POSITIVISM
RESEARCH
POST-
POSITIVISM

Positivism
What is Positivism?
Positivism originates from the thinking of the French philosophers and sociologists Henri de Saint-Simon, Au-
guste Comte, and Emile Durkheim, but branched off into German-Austrian and American traditions in the
19th century.

• Positivism highlights that scientific inquiry should rely on observable and measurable facts rather than
on subjective experiences.

• Positivism is a philosophical stance that highlights the importance of objectivity and the necessity to study
observable components. Positivists are realists.

• According to this epistemological stance, what counts as knowledge can be captured through sensory
information. If knowledge goes beyond this into subjective boundaries, such information does not qualify
as knowledge. Positivists believed that science was the medium through which truth could be unraveled.
However, according to positivists, only the natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology were
counted as science.
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• To a positivist, science is the single-most important route to knowledge, and only questions that can be
approached by the application of the scientific method should concern us.The social sciences such
as sociology and political science did not fall within this positivist framework, mainly because in social
sciences knowledge was derived from subjective experiences of individuals, which could not be measured
and observed.

Post-Positivism
What is Post-positivism?
Thomas Kuhn is credited with having popularized and at least in part originated the post-empiricist
philosophy of science. Postpositivism (also called post empiricism) is a metatheoretical stance that critiques
and amends positivism. While positivists believe that the researcher and the researched person are
independent of each other, post positivists accept that theories, background, knowledge and values of the
researcher can influence what is observed

Postpositivism is not a rejection of the scientific method, but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these
critiques.

• Post-positivism came about in the 20th century. This was not a mere revision of positivism, but a
complete rejection of the core values of positivism.

• Post-positivism is a philosophy that rejects positivism and presents new assumptions in order to unravel
the truth. Post-positivists are critical realists. Post Positivists believe that human knowledge is based not
on unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations, but rather upon human conjectures.

• Post-positivism points out that scientific reasoning is quite similar to our common sense reasoning. This
denotes that our individual understanding of day to day life is similar to the understanding of the scientist.
The only difference is that a scientist would use a procedure in order to arrive at conclusions, unlike a lay
person.

• Unlike positivists, post-positivists point out that our observations cannot always be relied upon as they
can also be subjected to error. This is why post-positivists are considered as critical realists, who are
critical of the reality that they study.

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