Campion College 5th Form Mathematics

Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and
organizing data in a particular manner. Statistics is defined as the process of collection of data, classifying data,
representing the data for easy interpretation, and further analysis of data. Statistics also is referred to as arriving at
conclusions from the sample data that is collected using surveys or experiments.

Grouped and Ungrouped Data

Ungrouped Data

This is data given using individual points. The data is raw — that is, it’s not sorted into categories, classified, or
otherwise grouped. An ungrouped set of data is basically a list of numbers.

Grouped Data
Grouping of data plays a significant role when we must deal with large data. The data is formed by arranging
individual observations of a variable into groups.

The Frequency Table

A frequency distribution table is a method to organize the data given so that it makes it more meaningful and
easier to understand.

Example 1 (Ungrouped): Below are the scores of 35 students in a science test (out of 10). Draw a frequency
distribution table to represent the data.

5, 8, 7, 6, 10, 8, 2, 4, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 5, 1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 8, 4, 2, 6, 4, 2, 8, 9, 5, 4, 7, 5, 5, 8.

Example 2 (Grouped): Consider the marks of 50 students of class VII obtained in an examination. The maximum
marks of the exam are 50. Draw a frequency distribution table to represent the data.

23, 8, 13, 18, 32, 44, 19, 8, 25, 27, 10, 30, 22, 40, 39, 17, 25, 9, 15, 20, 30, 24, 29, 19, 16, 33, 38, 46, 43, 22, 37,
27, 17, 11, 34, 41, 35, 45, 31, 26, 42, 18, 28, 30, 22, 20, 33, 39, 40, 32

Measures of Central Tendency

To draw conclusions from data you compare summary values, a measure of average and a measure of spread. An
average indicates the typical value of a set of data. Mean, median and mode are all types of average. Range is a
measure of spread.

The mean
⮚ The mean is the average of the numbers: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.
⮚ To calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are.
Mean (𝑥) =sum of elements/number of elements

⮚ To calculate the mean from a table:

, where f – frequency, x is the variable and is summation.

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 Campion College 5th Form Mathematics
The median
The median is the middle number. To find the median number:
● Put all the numbers in numerical order.
● If there is an odd number of results, the median is the middle number.
● If there is an even number of results, the median will be the mean of the two central numbers.
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
● If the data is grouped, the median position must first be calculated using ( 2
) and then summing values
in the frequency column until the value is found. This will give the median class.

The mode
The mode is the number which occurs most often in a set of data. There can be more than one mode.

Range
Range is the difference between the lowest and highest values.

Statistical Diagrams
1. Pictograph
A Pictograph is a way of showing data using images. Each image stands for a certain number of
things.

2. Pie Chart
Pie charts are useful to compare different parts of a whole amount. A pie chart is a circular chart in
which the circle is divided into sectors.

Step 1 : Calculate the angle of each sector, using the formula

Step 2 : Draw a circle using a pair of compasses

Step 3 : Use a protractor to draw the angle for each sector.
Step 4 : Label the Pie Chart and all its sectors.

3. Line Graph
A line graph is often used to represent a set of data values in which a quantity varies with time.
These graphs are useful for finding trends.

x axis – Time for eg years y axis – Amount of an item for eg Income

4. Bar Chart
● Bar charts are often used to present data in a pictorial form to illustrate the information collected and
highlight important points.
● Bar charts are drawn with parallel bars placed vertically (or horizontally).
● The width of each bar and the spacing between the bars are kept the same to avoid giving a
misleading representation.
● The height of the bar is drawn to scale to represent the amount of the item.

x axis – Variable eg Favourite Sport y axis – Frequency

5. Frequency Polygon
● In a Frequency Polygon, a line graph is drawn by joining all the midpoints of each class.
● A frequency polygon gives the idea about the shape of the data distribution.
● The two end points of a frequency polygon always lie on the x-axis and they represent the
midpoint
of the class that would come before the first class and the midpoint of the class that would come
after the last class.

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 Campion College 5th Form Mathematics
x axis – Variable (Class Midpoint) y axis – Frequency

6. Histogram
● A Histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. Unlike the bar chart there
is no space between the bars.

x axis – Variable (Class boundaries) y axis – Frequency

Using the Histogram to find the Mode

7. Cumulative Frequency Curve

A Cumulative Frequency Graph is a graph plotted from a cumulative frequency table. A cumulative
frequency graph is also called an ogive.
x axis – Variable (Upper Class Boundaries) y axis – Cumulative Frequency

⮚ We know that the median divides the data into two halves. We also know that for a set of n ordered

numbers the median is the (n + 1) ÷ 2 th value.

⮚ The lower quartile divides the bottom half of the data into two halves, Lower quartile is the

(n + 1) ÷ 4 th value.

⮚ The upper quartile also divides the upper half of the data into two halves. Therefore Upper

quartile is the
3 (n + 1) ÷ 4 th value.
The interquartile range is the difference between the upper quartile and lower quartile.
Important Terms

1. Classes are the groups the data is organised into. They are also referred to as class intervals.
2. Class limits are the lower and upper limits of the class.
3. Each class has an upper-class boundary and lower-class boundary. For the lower-class boundaries, we
subtract 0.5 from the lower-class limit and for the upper-class boundaries; we add 0.5 to the upper class
limit.
4. The class width is the difference between the upper-class boundary and lower-class boundary.
5. The midpoint of the class is the middle of the upper and lower-class boundaries (i.e, the median).

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