AUTOMATIC CROP PROTECTION FROM HEAVY

RAINFALL & PRESERVING RAIN WATER

USING IOT
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
NITHIMARAN G 113820108003
PREMKUMAR E 113820108005
SANTHOSHINI R 113820108007
VINOTH KUMAR C 113020108008

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

SRI JAYARAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELAVUR, NATHAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
MAY 2024
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC CROP PROTECTION FROM
HEAVY RAINFALL AND PRESERVING RAIN WATER USING IOT”
is the bonafide work by ”NITHIMARAN G(113820108003),
PREMKUMAR E(113820108005), SANTHOSHINI R(113820108007),
VINOTHKUMAR C(113820108007)” who carried out the project work under
my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Mrs. M.KARTHIKA M.E Mrs. M.KARTHIKA M.E

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Agriculture Engineering Agriculture Engineering

Sri Jayaram Institute Of Sri Jayaram Institute Of

Engineering and Technology Engineering and Technology

Submitted for the project work and viva-voice exam held on ……………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT

This paper presents the design and implementation of an IOT-based roof control

system aimed at optimizing environmental conditions within a nursery setting. The

system integrates various sensors to monitor crucial parameters such as

temperature, humidity, and light levels. Through real-time data analysis and

decision-making algorithms, the system autonomously adjusts roof parameters to

create an ideal growth environment for plants. Additionally, remote access and

control capabilities enable users to monitor and manage the system from anywhere,

ensuring efficient operation and plant health. The proposed system offers a cost-

effective and sustainable solution for enhancing nursery productivity while

minimizing manual intervention.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 IOT-INTERNET OF THINGS
1.3 IMPACT OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE
1.3.1 Accurate Data Analysis
1.3.2. Increased Farm Efficiency

1.3.3 Smart Farming

1.3.4 Real-Time Crop Planning and Forecasting

1.4 CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING IOT

1.4.1 High Initial Expenditures

1.4.2Restricted Connection in Remote Areas

1.4.3 Data Security and Privacy Concerns

1.4.4 Lack of Technical Knowledge

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.6 OBJECTIVE

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL
 2.2 DEFINITIONS

2.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.3 COMPONENTS

3.3.1 BC547 TRANSISTOR

3.3.2 5V SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY MODULE

3.3.3 5MM ROUND LED

3.3.4 NODE-MCU ESP8266

3.3.5 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR MODULE

3.3.6 16*2 LCD

3.3.7 RESISTOR

3.3.8 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC

3.3.9 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH

3.4 WORKING

3.5 APPLICATIONS

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
3.2 Circuit Diagram

3.3.1 BC547 Transistor

3.3.2 5v Single Channel Relay Module

3.3.3 5mm ROUND LED

(a) Led Pin Configuration

3.3.4 NODE MCU ESP8266

(a) Specification

3.3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor Module

(a) Specification

(b) How To Use Soil Sensor Module

3.3.6 16*2 LCD Module

(a) Single Character with All Its Pixels

3.3.7 Resistor

(a) Series and Parallel Combination

3.3.8 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

3.3.9 Push Button Switch

(a) How To Use Push Button Switch

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
3.3.1 BC547 Transistor Pin out Configuration

3.3.2 Single Channel Relay Module

Pin Description
3.3.3 LED Pin Configuration
(a) Voltage According To Color
3.3.4 Node MCU Development Board Pin out Configuration
3.3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor Module Pin out Configuration
3.3.8 LM7805 Pin out Configuration

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IOT) has revolutionized various industries by

enabling the seamless integration of physical devices and digital systems to create

intelligent and interconnected environments. One such application is in the field of

agriculture, where IOT technology offers promising solutions for optimizing crop

production and resource utilization. Specifically, within nursery settings, maintaining

optimal environmental conditions is crucial for ensuring the healthy growth of plants.

Traditional methods of controlling environmental parameters such as temperature,

humidity, and light levels often rely on manual intervention, leading to inefficiencies and

inconsistencies in maintaining ideal conditions.

1.2 IOT - INTERNET OF THINGS

To address these challenges, this paper introduces an IOT-based roof control system

designed specifically for nursery environments. The system utilizes a network of sensors

strategically deployed throughout the nursery to continuously monitor key environmental

parameters. By collecting real-time data, the system can analyze environmental trends

and dynamically adjust roof parameters to create an optimal growth environment for

plants.

1
The integration of IOT technology offers several advantages over conventional control

systems. Firstly, it enables remote access and control, allowing nursery managers to

monitor and manage the system from anywhere, at any time. This not only enhances
operational efficiency but also facilitates timely responses to environmental changes or

emergencies. Secondly, by leveraging data-driven insights and predictive analytics, the

system can optimize resource utilization and minimize waste, ultimately leading to

improved sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

In the following sections, we will delve into the design, implementation, and

functionality of the IOT-based roof control system, highlighting its components,

architecture, and operational principles. Additionally, we will discuss the potential

benefits and applications of such a system within nursery settings, emphasizing its role in

enhancing crop productivity, ensuring plant health, and advancing sustainable

agricultural practices.

1.3 IMPACT OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE

The growing adoption of IOT (Internet of Things) has enabled multiple connected

devices to penetrate every aspect of our lives. The technology has brought countless

advantages to every industry, including Agriculture. From optimizing resources and

increasing farm productivity to reducing overall wastage, smart agriculture backed by IoT

is making its way to every farmer worldwide. Those are briefly as follows

1.3.1Accurate Data Analysis

IOT-based solutions for agriculture have made way for numerous practical

applications like crop data analysis, weather forecasting, pest detection, etc. These
solutions can leverage machine learning combined with cloud technology and artificial

intelligence to analyze the data and statistics while offering accurate results. These

applications have enabled farmers to make informed decisions, thereby increasing

efficiency and productivity and promoting smart farming practices.

1.3.2. Increased Farm Efficiency

The use of IOT for agriculture has been increasing, resulting in a significant increase

in farm productivity and efficiency. This is possible with the help of multiple IOT

devices, such as soil moisture sensors, irrigation devices, and more, which can collect and

process data for analyzing crop health, temperature conditions, soil quality, and pest

detection. This data is then used to make timely decisions, increasing crop yields.

1.3.3 Smart Farming

The emergence of smart farming systems in various parts of the globe is attributed to

IOT. Smart farming is one of the major applications of IOT in agriculture automation that

allows users to manage and control the various aspects of the farm remotely and

automatically. It starts with the collection and storage of data with the help of an IOT

device.

1.3.4 Real-Time Crop Planning and Forecasting

 One of the most sought-after advantages of IOT in agriculture is real-time crop

planning and forecasting. The Internet of Things has redefined how farmers forecast crop

conditions and quality. Farmers can save time and money by utilizing IOT in farming, as

they won’t need to guess the best time to harvest their crops. They can make informed

decisions based on real-time data and would no longer need to wait an entire season

before analyzing the forecast data.

1.4 CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING IOT

Common challenges that farmers face while adopting and implementing IOT in

agriculture with its potential solutions:

1.4.1 High Initial Expenditures:

Few farmers find it difficult to adopt IOT technology due to the high upfront

expenditures, which include the cost of purchasing sensors and other devices.

Solution

Governments and agricultural organizations can help farmers get more access to IOT

technology by offering financial support, subsidies, or incentives.

4
1.4.2 Restricted Connection In Remote Areas:
 It can be difficult to build a strong network for IOT devices in many rural places due

to restricted connections. The smooth operation of IOT systems can be impeded by

inadequate connectivity.

Solution:

Investing in rural broadband efforts or other improvements to connectivity

infrastructure can help with issues relating to poor network availability in remote places.

1.4.3 Data Security and Privacy Concerns:

The gathering and sharing of private agriculture data raises data security and privacy

problems. Without guarantees of strong data protection protocols, farmers would be

reluctant to implement IOT technologies.

Solution:

Implementing robust data encryption and privacy measures can reduce concerns

about data security, fostering trust among farmers.

1.4.4 Lack of Technical Knowledge:

Many farmers lack the knowledge necessary to set up and maintain Internet of Things

systems. Support and training are necessary for broad adoption.

Solution:
 Programs aimed at teaching and preparing farmers to use IOT technology can improve

their technical know-how and confidence in adopting these solutions.

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

IOT is an acronym for Internet of Things It means accessing and controlling daily
usable devices and equipments using the Internet. The term "Things" in the Internet of
Things refers to anything and everything in day-to-day life which is accessed or
connected through the internet. IOT is an advanced automation and analytics system that
deals with artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging, etc., to
deliver complete systems for the product or services.

By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have reached about
10 billion. To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to marry technology and get
the best results. Agriculture is another important domain for IOT. IOT systems play an
important role for crop and soil monitoring and give a proper solution accordingly. IOT
leads to smart farming. Using IOT, farmers can minimize waste and increase
productivity. The system allows the monitoring of fields with the help of sensors.
Farmers can monitor the status of the area.

1.6 OBJECTIVE

The following are the objective of the study

 Create an IOT-based roof control system for nurseries to regulate environmental

conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light levels, ensuring optimal

 growth conditions for plants while minimizing manual intervention through

automated monitoring and adjustment capabilities.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL
 To obtain the objectives of the study, literature grouped under the following
headings were reviewed to understand the state-of-the-art chosen problem. The following
are related with IOT in farming and its premises.

2.2 DEFINITIONS

We've examined work on similar projects in the past and know how to do research.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, according to many ways. Agriculture
is the primary source of nourishment for us, making life impossible without it. However,
in the current situation, finding farm employees is difficult. Modern development is
prompted by the computerization of all industries. Up to a certain extent, the agricultural
process is automated here.

P.Goutham Goud et al [1] Rain sensor, a sophisticated microprocessor, and a DC

motor are used in a system where the deluge is recognized and a protective shield is
wrapped around the rooftop. The rain sensor of such a drying shed protects the harvest
from rain and wetness. To automate this task, a rainfall detects the downpour and sends
the information to the microcontroller. A defensive wrapper is wrapped over the rooftop
top, and the microcontroller forms the information and activates the DC motor control
circuit.

Dheekshith et al [2] developed a system for identifying precipitation by using a

downpour distinguishing sensor. The sensor is connected to a direct actuator motor and a
spread job that protects against rain. When the sensor detects rain, it goes to work and
pivots the spreading roll, which covers the gathered merchandise and protects the farmer
from losses.

Naveen K B et al [3] suggested a framework that was structured using the Proteus
programming language. When the rain sensor detects a deluge, the soil moisture sensor
determines dampness content, which is displayed on the LCD. . The value sent to the PIC
microcontroller is determined by the soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and rain
sensor. The automatic rainwater and crop saving system protect crops from excessive
rainwater by taking into consideration the attributes.

The current work entails preserving the unique resources that are available to
mankind. We can limit the flow of water and so eliminate waste by assessing the status of
the soil productively. Water stream can be obligated by substantially sending by knowing
the state of moistness, and temperature over with the use of unexpectedness and
temperature sensors. There are currently no effective frameworks available in the current
situation. The farmer must go to the drying region and cover the gathered fields, which is
particularly difficult if the farmer's location is distant from the harvest and the entire crop
would be pummeled by the downpour before the farmer arrives.

2.3Limitation of Existing Systems:

 The greenhouse has certain limitations such as it cannot be adjusted to climatic

conditions and it will not allow the sun to pass through the crop.
 Most of the existing systems concentrated on covering the crop from rainfall by
providing a roof over the crop rather than focusing on the water level required for
a particular crop.
 If the crop needs a certain amount of water in such case farmer needs to permit the
rain over the crop and once it’s having sufficient amount of water content then he
can protect the crop by covering it with a roof.
 Though we preserve the rainwater during rainfall, later if the farmer wants to use it
for the crops it consumes more electrical power.
 The rainwater still is a huge cause of soil erosion as the rainwater from the cover
still gets immersed in the soil.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
The significant objective of this paper is to keep the reaped crops from the
overwhelming precipitation and spare the downpour water. The rain sensor is utilized for
the working of the rooftop when there is precipitation. This section explains the detailed
procedure followed for the proposed study. It involves explanation of the components
used to built in and the working of study. The entire block diagram and circuit diagram is
presented below.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

To overcome the limitations of existing systems, we have proposed a framework that

covers the harvested crops from heavy precipitation and navigates this water to the
nearest storage chamber to avoid soil erosion and have the least impact on crop yield. The
method consists of ATMEGA328P Micro-controller, Node MCU module to control the
system from a nearby place, Soil Moisture Sensor, LCD which will give live readings to
the farmer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3.2
3.3 COMPONENTS
3.3.1BC547 TRANSISTOR

Figure 3.3.1 BC547 Transistor

BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse
biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a
signal is provided to base pin.

BC547 Equivalent Transistors

BC549, BC636, BC639, 2N2222 TO-92, 2N2222 TO-18,
2N2369, 2N3055, 2N3904, 2N3906, 2SC5200.
 Table 3.3.1 BC547 Transistor Pin out Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Collector Current flows in through

collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of

transistor

3 Emitter Current drains out through

emitter

BC547 Transistor Features

 Bi-Polar NPN Transistor

 DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
 Available in To-92 Package

Brief Description on BC547

BC547 transistor has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the
amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow
through the Collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more
than 100mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base
pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 100mA to flow
across the collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical
voltage allowed across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200
and 900 mV respectively. When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off,
this stage is called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around
660 mV.

BC547 as Switch
When a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off
Region as explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an Open switch during
Forward Bias and as a Closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved
by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned the biasing
current should maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor;
hence a resistor is always added in series with base pin. The value of this resistor (RB)
can be calculated using below formulae.

RB = VBE / IB

Where, the value of VBE should be 5V for BC547 and the Base current (IB depends
on the Collector current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA.

BC547 as Amplifier
A Transistors acts as an Amplifier when operating in Active Region. It can amplify
power, voltage and current at different configurations.

Some of the configurations used in amplifier circuits are

1. Common emitter amplifier

2. Common collector amplifier
3. Common base amplifier
 Of the above types common emitter type is the popular and mostly used configuration.
When uses as an Amplifier the DC current gain of the Transistor can be calculated by
using the below formulae

DC Current Gain = Collector Current (IC) / Base Current (IB)

Applications

 Driver Modules like Relay Driver, LED driver etc..

 Amplifier modules like Audio amplifiers, signal Amplifier etc..
 Darlington pair

3.3.2 5V SINGLE-CHANNEL RELAY MODULE

Figure 3.3.2

Relay is an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open or close the
contacts of a switch. The single-channel relay module is much more than just a plain
relay, it comprises of components that make switching and connection easier and act as
indicators to show if the module is powered and if the relay is active or not.
 Table 3.3.2 Single-Channel Relay Module Pin Description

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Relay Trigger Input to activate the relay
2 Ground 0V reference
3 VCC Supply input for powering
the relay coil
4 Normally Open Normally open terminal of
the relay
5 Common Common terminal of the
relay
6 Normally Closed Normally closed contact of
the relay

Single-Channel Relay Module Specifications

 Supply voltage – 3.75V to 6V

 Quiescent current: 2mA
 Current when the relay is active: ~70mA
 Relay maximum contact voltage – 250VAC or 30VDC
 Relay maximum current – 10A

Alternate Relay Modules

Dual-channel relay module, four-channel relay module, 8-channel relay module.

Components Present on a 5V Single Channel Relay Module

The following are the major components present on a relay module; we will get into
the details later in this article.
 5V Relay, Transistor, Diode, LEDs, Resistors, Male Header pins, 3-pin screw-type
terminal connector, etc.

Understanding 5V Single-Channel Relay Module

The single-channel relay module is much more than just a plain relay, it contains
components that make switching and connection easier and act as indicators to show if
the module is powered and if the relay is active.

First is the screw terminal block. This is the part of the module that is in contact with
mains so a reliable connection is needed. Adding screw terminals makes it easier to
connect thick mains cables, which might be difficult to solder directly. The three
connections on the terminal block are connected to the normally open, normally closed,
and common terminals of the relay.

The second is the relay itself, which, in this case, is a blue plastic case. Lots of
information can be gleaned from the markings on the relay itself. The part number of the
relay on the bottom says “05VDC”, which means that the relay coil is activated at 5V
minimum – any voltage lower than this will not be able to reliably close the contacts of
the relay. There are also voltage and current markings, which represent the maximum
voltage and current, the relay can switch. For example, the top left marking says “10A
250VAC”, which means the relay can switch a maximum load of 10A when connected to
a 250V mains circuit. The bottom left rating says “10A 30VDC”, meaning the relay can
switch a maximum current of 10A DC before the contacts get damaged.

The 'relay status LED' turns on whenever the relay is active and provides an indication
of current flowing through the relay coil.

The input jumper is used to supply power to the relay coil and LEDs. The jumper also
has the input pin, which when pulled high activates the relay. The switching transistor
takes an input that cannot supply enough current to directly drive the relay coil and
amplifies it using the supply voltage to drive the relay coil. This way, the input can be
driven from a microcontroller or sensor output. The freewheeling diode prevents voltage
spikes when the relay is switched off. The power LED is connected to VCC and turns on
whenever the module is powered.

How Does A Relay Work?

The relay uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. This is
usually done using the help of a coil that attracts the contacts of a switch and pulls them
together when activated, and a spring pushes them apart when the coil is not energized.

There are two advantages of this system – First, the current required to activate the
relay is much smaller than the current that relay contacts are capable of switching, and
second, the coil and the contacts are galvanically isolated, meaning there is no electrical
connection between them. This means that the relay can be used to switch mains current
through an isolated low voltage digital system like a microcontroller.

Internal Circuit Diagram for Single Channel Relay Module

The circuit on the PCB is quite simple. The extra components apart from the relay are
there since it would not be possible to drive the relay directly from the pins of a
microcontroller. digital logic or a sensor. This is because although the coil consumes
much less current than the currents it can switch, it still needs relatively significant
current – low power relays consume around 50mA while higher power relays consume
around 500mA. The coil is also an inductive load, so when the coil is switched off, a
large flyback voltage is developed which can damage the device turning it on and off. For
this reason, a flyback diode is added anti-parallel to the relay coil to clamp the flyback
voltage. LEDs can be added to this basic circuit to act as indicators, and sometimes even
optical isolation is added to the input to further improve the isolation.

How to use Single-Channel Relay Module

Relay modules like this one are commonly used to drive mains loads from a
microcontroller like the Arduino or a sensor. In cases like this, the common circuit
diagram would be as follows.
 For simple on/off applications, the relay can be connected as shown above. One
terminal of mains is connected to common, and the other is connected to NO or NC
depending on whether the load should be connected or disconnected when the relay is
active.

Check out the image below to see how the relay module is connected to a
microcontroller and mains source and load. The mains wiring is screwed to the terminal
block, and the microcontroller can be connected using jumper cables.

Single-Channel Relay Module Basic Trouble Shooting

If the relay does not switch on, i.e. no audible clicking sound is heard:

 The contacts might be stuck - Check by physically shaking the relay, if a light clicking
sound is not heard, then tap the relay hard, in most cases, this should ‘unstick’ both the
contacts.
 If the contacts do click when the relay is shaken, then the transistor or the flyback diode
might be damaged and must be replaced.

Single-Channel Relay Module Applications

 Mains switching
 High current switching
 Isolated power delivery
 Home automation

3.3.3 5MM ROUND LED

 Figure 3.3.3 5mm Round Led

Table 3.3.3 LED Pin Configuration

Pin Name Description

Positive terminal of LED

Anode
Negative terminal of LED
Cathode
 Figure 3.3.3(a) Led Pin Configuration

The forward voltage require to turn ON a LED, depends on the color of the LED. If
you are feeding the exact value of forward voltage then you can connect a LED directly
to the source. If the voltage is a higher than use a resistance in series with the LED, to
calculate the value of the resistance use formula:

R = (VS - VLED * X) / ILED

Where,

VS is the supply voltage

VLED is the forward voltage of LED

X is the number of LED connected in series

ILED is LED current

 Check the below table for forward voltage of the LED according to its color
Table 3.3.3(a)

LED Color Forward Voltage

Red 1.63 ~ 2.03V
Yellow 2.10 ~ 2.18V
Orange 2.03 ~ 2.10V
2.48 ~ 3.7V
Blue
Green 1.9 ~ 4.0V
Violet 2.76 ~ 4.0V
UV 3.1 ~ 4.4V
White 3.2 ~ 3.6V

Applications

 Indication
 Toys & Games
 Lighting Products
 Electronic projects

3.3.4 NODE-MCU ESP8266

Node-MCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially

targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
SOC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.
 Figure 3.3.4 Node-MCU ESP8266

TABLE 3.3.4 Node-MCU Development Board Pin out Configuration

PIN CATEGORY NAME DESCRIPTION

Power Micro-USB, 3.3V, GND, Micro-USB: Node-MCU

Vin can be powered through the
USB port
3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can
be supplied to this pin to
 power the board
GND: Ground pins
Vin: External Power
Supply

Control Pins EN, RST The pin and the button

resets the microcontroller

Analog Pin A0 Used to measure analog

voltage in the range of 0-
3.3V

GPIO Pins GPIO1 to GPIO16 Node-MCU has 16 general

purpose input-output pins
on its board

SPI Pins SD1, CMD, SD0, CLK Node-MCU has four pins
available for SPI
communication

UART Pins TXD0, RXD0, TXD2, Node-MCU has two UART

RXD2 interfaces, UART0 (RXD0
& TXD0) and UART1
(RXD1 & TXD1). UART1
is used to upload the
firmware/program.

I2C Pins Node-MCU has I2C

functionality support but
due to the internal
functionality of these pins,
you have to find which pin
is I2C.

Node-MCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IOT projects

Note: Complete technical information can be found in the Node-MCU ESP8266

Datasheet, linked at the bottom of this page.

Other Espressif Boards

ESP8266, ESP12E, ESP32
Other Development Boards
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PIC Development Board, AVR Development Board, MSP430
Launchpad, Intel Edison, Beagle Bone

Brief About NodeMCU ESP8266

The Node-MCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module
containing the ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz
adjustable clock frequency. Node-MCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to
store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and
Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IOT projects.
 Node-MCU can be powered using a Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply
Pin). It supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Programming Node-MCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

Figure 3.3.4(a) Specification

Programming Node-MCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

The Node-MCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE
since it is easy to use. Programming Node-MCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly take
5-10 minutes. All you need is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the Node-MCU board
itself.

Uploading your first program

Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with the computer
using the USB cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and choose the correct board by
selecting Tools>Boards>NodeMCU1.0 (ESP-12E Module), and choose the correct Port
by selecting Tools>Port. To get it started with the Node-MCU board and blink the built-
in LED, load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the
 example code is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar.
Once the upload is finished, you should see the built-in LED of the board blinking.

Applications

 Prototyping of IOT devices

 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities

3.3.5 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR MODULE

Figure 3.3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor Module

This soil moisture sensor module is used to detect the moisture of the soil. It measures
the volumetric content of water inside the soil and gives us the moisture level as
output. The module has both digital and analog outputs and a potentiometer to adjust the
threshold level.
 Table 3.3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor Module Pin-out Configuration

Pin Name Description

VCC The Vcc pin powers the module, typically
with +5V
GND Power Supply Ground
DO Digital Out Pin for Digital Output.
AO Analog Out Pin for Analog Output

Soil Moisture Sensor Module Features & Specifications

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC

 Operating Current: 15mA

 Output Digital - 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset

 Output Analog - 0V to 5V based on infrared radiation from fire flame falling on the
sensor

 LEDs indicating output and power

 PCB Size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm

 LM393 based design

 Easy to use with Microcontrollers or even with normal Digital/Analog IC

 Small, cheap and easily available

Alternate Sensor Modules

 IR Sensor Module , LDR Sensor Module, Flame Sensor Module, TP4056A Li-ion
Battery Charging/Discharging Module , DS3231 RTC Module,TMC2209 Stepper Motor
Driver Module , DRV8825 Stepper Motor Driver Module , A4988 Stepper Motor Driver
Module , NEO-6MV2 GPS Module, Joystick Module , EM18 - RFID Reader Module
ADXL335 Accelerometer Module, HMC5883L Magnetometer Module Related
Components: LM393 Comparator IC , 10K Potentiometer, Capacitor.

Brief about Soil Moisture Sensor Module

This Moisture sensor module consists of a Moisture sensor, Resistors, Capacitor,

Potentiometer, Comparator LM393 IC, Power and Status LED in an integrated circuit.

Figure 3.3.5(a) Soil Moisture Sensor Module Specification

LM393 IC
LM393 Comparator IC is used as a voltage comparator in this Moisture sensor module.
Pin 2 of LM393 is connected to Preset (10KΩ Pot) while pin 3 is connected to Moisture
sensor pin. The comparator IC will compare the threshold voltage set using the preset
(pin2) and the sensor pin (pin3).

Moisture Sensor
The moisture sensor consists of two probes that are used to detect the moisture of the
soil. The moisture sensor probes are coated with immersion gold that protects Nickel
from oxidation. These two probes are used to pass the current through the soil and then
the sensor reads the resistance to get the moisture values.

Preset (Trimmer pot)

Using the onboard preset you can adjust the threshold (sensitivity) of the digital
output.

How to Use Soil Moisture Sensor Module

Moisture sensor module consists of four pins i.e. VCC, GND, DO, AO. Digital out pin
is connected to the output pin of LM393 comparator IC while the analog pin is connected
to Moisture sensor. The internal Circuit diagram of the Moisture sensor module is given
below.

Figure 3.3.5(b) how to use soil moisture sensor

Using a Moisture sensor module with a microcontroller is very easy. Connect the
Analog/Digital Output pin of the module to the Analog/Digital pin of Microcontroller.
Connect VCC and GND pins to 5V and GND pins of Microcontroller. After that insert
the probe inside the soil. When there is more water presented in the soil, it will conduct
more electricity that means resistance will be low and the moisture level will be high.
 Applications of Soil Moisture Sensor

 Gardening
 Irrigation Systems
 Used in Controlled Environments.

3.3.6 16X2 LCD MODULE

Figure 3.3.6 16x2 LCD Module

 16x2 LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason
being its cheap price, availability, programmer friendly and available educational
resources.

HD44780 LCD Features and Technical Specifications

 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

 Current consumption is 1ma without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 It can also display any custom generated characters
 Available in Green and Blue Backlight

16x2 LCD Display Equivalents

Dot Matrix LED Display, 7-Segment LED Display, OLED Display, TFT LCD Screen
Display

Brief Description on LCD modules

 16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.

Figure 3.3.6(a) Single character with all its Pixels

Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we
will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed about the
Position of the Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything with the help of
MCU, hence an Interface IC like HD44780 is used, which is mounted on the backside
of the LCD Module itself. The function of this IC is to get the Commands and
Data from the MCU and process them to display meaningful information onto our LCD
Screen. You can learn how to interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you
are an advanced programmer and would like to create your own library for interfacing
your Microcontroller with this LCD module then you have to understand the HD44780
IC working and commands which can be found its datasheet.
 3.3.7 RESISTOR

Figure 3.3.7 Resistor

Pin Configuration
Resistors have two leads, there is no polarity for a resistor and hence can be connected in
both directions.

Note: This document refers only to the carbon film resistors, since they are the most
widely used ones for all electronic projects.

Features

 Carbon Film Resistor

 4-band Resistor
 Resistor value varies based on selected parameter
 Power rating varies based on selected parameter
Other Resistor based Components: Higher Power Resistor, Potentiometer (Variable
Resistor), LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), Thermistor.

Resistor parameters selection

Ever wondered what about the types of resistors available in market or how to select
one for your project read further. Resistors can be classified based on two main
parameters. One is their Resistance (R-ohms) itself and the other is its Power (P-
Watts) rating.

The value or resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of
current. The greater the resistor value the smaller the current will flow. Resistors are not
available in all values, there are only few standard values which are most used and they
are listed below.

Standard Resistor Values:

0Ω, 1Ω, 10Ω, 22Ω, 47Ω, 100Ω, 150Ω, 200Ω, 220Ω, 270Ω, 330Ω, 470Ω, 510Ω,
680Ω, 1KΩ, 2KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 5.1KΩ, 6.8KΩ, 8.2KΩ, 10KΩ, 20KΩ,
33KΩ, 39KΩ, 47KΩ, 51KΩ, 68KΩ, 100KΩ, 220KΩ, 300KΩ, 470KΩ, 680KΩ, 1MΩ.

Resistors are also classified based on how much current it can allow; this is called
Power (wattage) rating. The higher the power rating the bigger the resistor gets and it can
also more current. A Quarter Watt (1/8) resistor is used by default for all electronics
projects. However if you need otherwise, the following are the common options

Standard Power Ratings:

1/4 Watts,1/8 (Quarter) Watts, ½ (Half) Watt, 1 (One) Watts, 2 (Two) Watts, Higher
Watt resistor.

Identifying a Resistor
 In order to identify the resistance value of a Resistor, we have to look at its colour
code. Yeah! It would have been easy if the value was directly written, but still with little
practise from below we can start reading the resistor values. As said earlier, Resistors are
not available in all values. So if you project needs a particular value which is not
commonly available then you have to make up the value by using either series or parallel
combination as shown below.

Figure 3.3.7(a) Series And Parallel Combination

Resistor in Series:
The value of resistors get added up when they are placed in series.

Resistor in parallel:
The value of resistor gets inversely added up when they are parallel.
 Applications

 Current limiting Resistor

 To create voltage drop
 Pull up / Pull down Resistor
 Potential dividers
 To measure current as shunt resistor

3.3.8 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC

 Figure 3.3.8 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

TABLE 3.3.8 LM7805 Pin out Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Input (V+) Unregulated Input Voltage

2 Ground (Gnd) Connected to Ground

3 Output (Vo) Outputs Regulated +5V

7805 Regulator Features

 5V Positive Voltage Regulator

 Minimum Input Voltage is 7V
 Maximum Input Voltage is 25V
 Operating current(IQ) is 5mA
 Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.
 Junction Temperature maximum 125 degree Celsius
 Available in TO-220 and KTE package

Note: Complete Technical Details can be found at the 7805 datasheet given at the end of
this page

Other Voltage Regulators

LM7806, LM7809,LM7812, LM317, LM7905, LM7912, LM117V33, XC6206P332MR.

Brief Description of 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

 Voltage regulators are very common in electronic circuits. They provide a constant
output voltage for a varied input voltage. In our case the 7805 IC is an iconic regulator IC
that finds its application in most of the projects. The name 7805 signifies two meaning,
“78” means that it is a positive voltage regulator and “05” means that it provides 5V as
output. So our 7805 will provide a +5V output voltage.

The output current of this IC can go up to 1.5A. But, the IC suffers from heavy heat
loss hence a Heat sink is recommended for projects that consume more current. For
example if the input voltage is 12V and you are consuming 1A, then (12-5) * 1 = 7W.
This 7 Watts will be dissipated as heat.

7805 as +5V Voltage Regulator

This is a typical application circuit of the 7805 IC. We just need two capacitors of vale
33uf and 0.1uf to get this IC working.

The input capacitor 0.33uF is a ceramic capacitor that deals with input inductance
problem and the output capacitor 0.1uF is also a ceramic capacitor that adds to the
stability of the circuit. These capacitors should be placed close to the terminals for them
to work effectively. Also they should be of ceramic type, since ceramic capacitors are
faster than electrolytic.

7805 as adjustable output Regulator

 This IC can also act as an adjustable output voltage regulator, meaning you can also
control the output voltage for your desired value using the below circuit.

Here, the input voltage can be anywhere between 9V-25V, and the output voltage can
be adjusted using the value of resistance R1 and R2. The value can be calculated using
the below formulae.

Where, Vxx=5, IQ = 5*10-3

7805 Applications

 Constant +5V output regulator to power microcontrollers and sensors in most of the
projects
 Adjustable Output Regulator
 Current Limiter for certain applications
 Regulated Dual Supply
 Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit

3.3.9 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH

 Figure 3.3.9 Push Button Switch
Push Button Features

 Prevent flux rise by the insert-molded terminal

 Snap-in mount terminal
 Contact Bounce: MAX 5mS
 Crisp clicking by tactile feedback
 Dielectric Withstanding Voltage 250V AC for 1 minute

Technical Specifications
 Mode of Operation: Tactile feedback
 Power Rating: MAX 50mA 24V DC
 Insulation Resistance: 100Mohm at 100v
 Operating Force: 2.55±0.69 N
 Contact Resistance: MAX 100mOhm
 Operating Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃
 Storage Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃

Where to use push button?

Push Buttons are normally-open tactile switches. Push buttons allow us to power the
circuit or make any particular connection only when we press the button. Simply, it
makes the circuit connected when pressed and breaks when released. A push button is
also used for triggering of the SCR by gate terminal. These are the most common buttons
which we see in our daily life electronic equipment’s. Some of the applications of the
Push button are mentioned at the end of the article.

How to use a push button?

When connecting in between of supply and the circuit we should only connect the
wires with both the legs of the Push-Button as shown in the circuit below:

A Push-Button can also be used for the triggering purpose like of SCR. An SCR is a
gate controlled Switch which needs a triggering pulse. So, for this we can add a Push
button in the circuit to give a triggering pulse, as shown in the circuit below:
 Figure 3.3.9(a) How To Use Push Button

Applications

 Calculators
 Push-button telephones
 Kitchen appliances
 Magnetic locks
 Various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercials.

3.4 WORKING

The soil moisture actuates when the circuit between two electrodes is completed due
to the presence of water between them and sends the signal to the controller. The
controller then sends a signal to the Motor driver to unfurl the cloth/plastic over the
designated field area. The Node-MCU module gives precedence to farmers and
complete control over the automated system. The module is linked to a browser that
 shows the live reading of temperature and humidity with an ON/OFF switch to the
farmer.

3.5 APPLICATIONS

 Protection of harvested crop from rain.

 Protection of crop from insects.
 The proposed system works for longer period.
 The roof has flexibility to use whenever it is required.
 Preserved rainwater can be used for the crops or household and irrigation
purpose.

CHAPTER 4
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Using Arduino Uno as the controller, the proposed architecture addressed how the field
can be automatically protected from rain. With this proposed structure, we can
successfully rescue tens of thousands of hectares of farmland from destruction. If the
water in the soil is insufficient, the excess rain water can be stored and used for crops, as
well as for other needs such as household. As a result, the proposed system's findings
show that it is reliable and may be used efficiently by farmers.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

The problem we aim to address with our project, "Automatic Crop Protection from
Heavy Rain using IOT" lies at the intersection of agriculture, technology, and
climate change. It revolves around the vulnerability of crops to heavy rainfall
events and the limitations of traditional farming practices in mitigating the adverse
effects of such weather phenomena.

The problem at hand is to develop an innovative system that leverages iot and
cloud technology to address the vulnerability of crops to heavy rainfall. This
system must provide timely and automated responses to protect crops.

To automate the agriculture land and protects the land and crops using IOT This
system automates the agriculture land by supplying the water to the crops on the
basis of temperature and their requirement. It also monitors the removal of excess
water accumulated in the field.

The protection is provided to the land using IOT, Sensors are used to detect any
animals and birds entering the land and they are avoided.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Based on the study and the results the, following conclusions were drawn

 The "Automatic Crop Protection from Heavy Rain using IOT" project stands as a
testament to the power of innovation in agriculture. In an era where climate
change and extreme weather patterns threaten crop sustainability, this project
emerges as a beacon of hope for farmers worldwide.
 Through a combination of cutting-edge technology, data-driven decision-making,
and a commitment to resource efficiency, this project has not only achieved its
primary goal of protecting crops from heavy rainfall but has also paved the way
for a more sustainable and resilient future in agriculture.
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