0% found this document useful (0 votes)
130 views7 pages

Semantics Chapter 4,5,6

Uploaded by

Alex Diep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
130 views7 pages

Semantics Chapter 4,5,6

Uploaded by

Alex Diep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

REVIEW: CHAPTER 4,5,6

PART 1: THEORY
Task 1: T or F?
1. A deictic word is one which takes some element of its meaning from the situation (i.e. the speaker, the
addressee, the time and the place) of the utterance in which it is used. T
2. All personal pronouns are definite. T
3. Proper names are indefinite noun phrases. F → definite
4. The addressee forms the deictic center. F → speaker
5. “here, there” are time deixes. False (place deixis)
6. Presuppositions are what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows. T
7. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests: negation test and question
test. True
8. Presuppositions of a sentence will be different under its negation and interrogation. F → THE SAME
9. The sentences “I like his painting.” and “I don’t like his painting.” have the same presuppositions. T
10. Presuppositions of a sentence are the truth conditions of that sentence. FALSE => ARE NOT
11. The same attribute cannot at the time both belong and not belong to the same subject in the same respect.
T
12. In a given CoU, with a given reading, a declarative sentence is either true, false or both. F → TRUE OR
FALSE
13. Negation reverses the truth value of a sentence. T
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is contingent iff it is true in all CoUs. False -> LOGICALLY TRUE
15. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically true iff it is true in some CoUs. False -> (all CoUs)
16. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically false iff it is false in all CoUs. True
17. The sentence “It’s raining.” logically entails the sentence “It’s raining heavily.” F
18. The sentence “It isn’t raining.” logically entails the sentence “It isn’t raining heavily.” TRUE
19. The logical relationship between 2 sentences “Today is Monday” and “Tomorrow is Tuesday” is mutual
entailment. T
20. We swap the 2 sides of an entailment if we negate both sides. T
21. The 2 sentences “The bottle is half empty.” and “The bottle is half full.” are logically equivalent. T
22. The logical relation between 2 sentences “The room is large.” and “The room is small.” is logical
contradiction. F -> CONTRARIETY
23. The 2 sentences “It’s late.” and “It’s not late.” are logical contradictories. T
24. The 2 sentences “Everyone will win” and “Someone will lose” are logical contradictories. T
25. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are logically equivalent iff they necessarily yield the same truth
value for the same arguments. T
26. Two predicate terms A and B are logically complementary if they cannot both be true of the same
arguments. False -> incompatible
27. A predicate term A is a logical subordinate of B iff B is true of some arguments whenever A is true of
them. True
28. Negation of a declarative sentence A is true whenever A is False and false whenever A is true. T
29. Logical subordination is the relationship between a general term and a specific term. T
30. “beautiful” and “gorgeous” are total synonyms. F partial
31. “horse” is the hyperonym of “animals”. False -> hyponym
32. Two expressions are antonyms iff they express the same relation between 2 entities, but with reversed
roles. F converses
33. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express two opposite extremes out of a range of
possibilities. F -> antonyms
34. Two expressions are converses iff they express opposite cases with respect to a common axis. F -
>directional opposites
Task 2: Complete
1. “This, that” are ___demonstratives________________.
2. Pronominal demonstratives are __definite__________ noun phrases.
3. “Nobody, somebody, something” are _indefinite pronouns______________
4. 3rd person pronouns are mainly used __anaphorically_________________: they refer to something that
has been mentioned before.
5. In the sentence “If you like the dress, I will buy it for you”, the dress is the _antecedent____________, it
is the _anaphor___________.
6. ___place deixis___________ relates to the spatial situation in which an utterance takes place.
7. ____time deixis___________ relates to the time when an utterance is produced.
8. “Now, then, yesterday” are ______time deixis____________.
9. The most salient linguistic means of person deixis is the system of _____personal
pronouns_______________.
10. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests: The negation test, The
question test
11.______Presuppositions______________ of a sentence are those conditions pertaining to the CoU which
it must meet in order for an utterance of the sentence TO MAKE SENSE in that CoU.
12. A sentence (in a given reading) is ___contingent___________ iff it is true in some CoUs and false in
others.
13. A sentence (in a given reading) is ______logically true____________ iff it is true in all CoUs.
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is ____logically false____________ iff it is false in all CoUs.
15. The sentence “ Two times seven equals fourteen.” is ___logically true______________.
16. The sentence “Duck are plants.” is ___logically false ________ .
17. The sentence “There is a cat in the garden.” is contingent ____________.
18. According to ________ law of contradiction_______________, the same attribute cannot at the time
both belong and not belong to the same subject in the same respect.
19. According to the ____principle of polarity_________________, in a given CoU, with a given reading,
a declarative sentence is either true or false.
20. A ____logically entails____ B iff: necessarily, if A is True, B is True.
21. The logical relation between 2 sentences “He bought a red bike” and “He bought a bike” is
_________logical entailment______________.
22. A and B are logically equivalent iff: necessarily, A and B have ___equal_____ truth values.
23. The 2 sentences “He’s the father of my mother” and “He’s my maternal grandfather” are ____logical
equivalence______________.
24. A is logically contrary to B iff: necessarily, A and B are not both __true___
25. The logical relation between 2 sentences “It’s cold.” and “It’s hot.” is ______logical
contrariety______________.
26. The 2 sentences “He’s dead.” and “He’s alive.” are ____ logical contradictories______
27. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are ____logically equivalent____ iff they necessarily yield the
same truth value for the same arguments.
28. A predicate term A is a _____logical subordinate_____________ of B iff B is true of some arguments
whenever A is true of them.
29. Two predicate terms A and B are ___logically incompatible_________ if they cannot both be true of the
same argument.
30. Two predicate term A and B are ____logically complementary____________ if they necessarily have
opposite truth values for all arguments.
31. ____Synonymy________ is a relation in which various words have different (written & sound) forms
but have the same or nearly the same meaning
32. ______Hyponymy__________ is relation in which the referent of a word is totally included in the
referent of another word.
33. Two expressions are _______antonyms________ iff they express two opposite out of a range of
possibilities.
34. Two expressions are _______directional opposites_____iff (if and only if) they express opposite cases
with respect to a common axis.
35. Two expressions are ___complementaries__________________ iff they express an either-or alternative
in some domain.
36. Two expressions are ______converses________ of each other iff they express the same relation between
two entities, but with reversed roles.
37. The word “carrots” is the _____hyponym________ of the word “vegetables”.
38. The meaning relation between broad and wide is ____synonymy____________.
39. The meaning relation between single and married is complementary opposition
40. {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday …} is a LEXICAL FIELD
41. Two expressions are ANTONYMS iff they express opposite extremes out of a range of possibilities.
42. Two expressions are DIRECTIONAL OPPOSITES iff they express opposite cases with respect to a
common axis.
43. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express an COMPLEMENTARIES alternative in some
domain.
44. Expressions are HETERONYMS iff they denote alternatives in some domain of more than 2
possibilities.
45. Two expressions are converses iff they express the same relation between 2 entities, but with
REVERSED ROLES
PART 2: PRACTICE
Task 1: Identify the presupposition(s) of the following utterances.
1. ‘John’s sister has been in hospital for a week.’
John has a sister;
2. ‘Could you come to our party this weekend?’
we are going to have a party this weekend
3. ‘The book you gave me is worth reading.
you have the book and you gave it to me
4. ‘We imagined that we were in Hawaii.’
we were not in Hawaii
5. ‘He pretends to be ill.
He is not ill
6. ‘I don’t know why I’ve got an average mark.
I’ve got an average mark
7. If I had enough money, I would buy that house.
I don’t have enough money
Task 2: State the logical relations between these pairs of sentences.
1. a. The girl kissed the boy. logical 11 a. The exercise is logical contrariety
equivalence easy.
b. The boy was kissed by
the girl. b. The exercise is
difficult.

2. a. The room is free. logical 12 a. Ann is younger logical contrariety


contradiction than Mary.
b. The room is occupied.
b. Ann is older than
Mary.

3 a. Some boys ran down logical 13 a. It’s a duck. logical contrariety


the street. entailment
b. It’s a swan.
(a=>b)
b. Some kids ran down
the street.

4 a. John sold the book to logical 14 a. The ball is red. logical


David. equivalence
b. The ball is contrariety
b. David bought the book
orange.
from John.

5 a. Alfred saw a bear. logical 15 a. John is the Logical


entailment father of Neil. contrariety
b. Alfred saw an animal.
b. Neil is the
father of John

6 a. Paul borrowed a car logical 16 a. Max ate the logical entailment


from Sue. equivalence pizza.

b. Sue lent a car to Paul. b. Max did


something to the
pizza.

7 a. Eliza plays the flute. logical 17 a.Jack is here. logical


entailment contradiction
b. Eliza plays a musical b. Jack is not here.
instrument.

8 a. Alan planted roses. logical 18 a. It is 50 miles to logical


b. Someone planted entailment the nearest service equivalence
flowers. station.
b. The nearest
service station is 50
miles away.

9 a. He is the father of my logical 19 a. Kevin boiled an logical entailment


mother. equivalence egg.
b. Kevin cooked an
b. He is my maternal
egg.
grandfather.

10 a. He is alive. logical 20 a. Today is Monday. logical


contradiction . equivalence
b. He is dead. b. Yesterday was
Sunday.
Task 3: State the logical relations between these pairs of words/expressions.
1. woman --female adult -> logical
equivalence
2. bird --duck -> logical subordination
3. duck --swan - Logical incompatibility
4. member -- non-member -> logical
complementarity
5. shrink – change -> logical
subordination
6. cost a lot – be expensive -> logical
equivalence
7. bachelor – unmarried man → Logical
equivalence

Task 4: What is the relationship between the words in the following pairs? (Hyponymy, Synonymy,
Meronymy, Oppositions). If the words are oppositions, specify what type of oppositions they are
(antonymy, complementary opposition, converses, directional opposition)
Pairs of words Relations Pairs of words Relations
1. married - unmarried ANTONYMY 17. war – peace ANTONYMY
2. fat - overweight SYNONYMY 18. forward – backward DIRECTIONAL
OPPOSITION
3. old -- young ANTONYMY 19. doctor – patient CONVERSES
4. permit - allow SYNONYMY 20. hotter -- colder CONVERSES
5. appear -- disappear DIRECTIONAL 21. hand – arm MERONYMY
OPPOSITION
6. landlord - tenant CONVERSES 22. beer - beverage HYPONYMY
7. possible – impossible COMPLEMENTA 23. dress - undress DIRECTIONAL
RY OPPOSITION
8. legal – illegal COMPLEMENTA 24. brave – courageous SYNONYMY
RY OPPOSITION
9. interesting – boring ANTONYMY 25. interviewer - interviewee CONVERSES
10. thin – thick ANTONYMY 26. wing—bird MERONYMY
11. old – new ANTONYMY 27. collar - shirt MERONYMY
12. retreat -advance DIRECTIONAL 28. car - vehicle HYPONYMY
OPPOSITION
13. free – occupied COMPLEMENTA 29. branch- tree MERONYMY
RY OPPOSITION
14. arrive – depart DIRECTIONAL 30. wrap -- unwrap DIRECTIONAL
OPPOSITION OPPOSITION
15. even - odd COMPLEMENTA 31. encourage - discourage ANTONYMY
RY OPPOSITION
16. member – non- COMPLEMENTA 32. ceiling - house MERONYMY
member RY OPPOSITION

You might also like