IA present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs

praent simple: I Uw, he works. etc. present continuous: action and non-action verbs
be + verb + -ing
They work in a bank. A What are you cooking tonight?
Where do you live? A Who are you waiting for? B I'm making pasta.
He doesn't wear glasses. B I'm waiting for a friend. A Great! I really like pasta.
She usually has cereal for breakfast A What are you doing after
class? • Verbs which describe actions, e.g. make., cook,
I'm never late for work. can be used in the present simple or continuous.
B I'm going to the cafe.
• Use the present simple for things • Verbs which describe states or feelings (not
that are always true or happen • Usethep~ntoontinuous actions), e.g. like., want, be. are not normally
regularly. (not present simple) tor used in the present continuous.
actions in progress at the • Common non-action verbs are agree, be,
• Remember the spelling rules. e.g. time of speaking or for
lives, studies, watches. believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear,
future arrangements. know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer,
• Use ASI (auxiliary, subject, • Remember the spelling
infinitive) or QUASI (question realize. recognize, seem, suppose.
rules, e.g. living, studying,
word, auxiliary, subject, infinitive) gening.
to help you with word order in
A A few verbs have an action and a non-action
meaning. The most common is have.
questions.
I have a bigj1at. =possession (non-action)
• Put adverbs of frequency, e.g. I can't talk now. I'm having lunch.
usually, before the main verb and = an activity (action)
after be.

IB past tenses
past simple: worked, Slopped, went, had, etc. past perfect: had + past using narrative tenses together
participle
They got married last year. \Vhen John arrived. they had dinner.
What time did you wake up this morning? \Vhen they turned on (first John arrived, then they had
I didn't have time to do my homework. the TV, the match had dinner)
finished. When John arrived, they were having
· Use the past simple for finished past actions. I felt nervous because I
hadn't flown before.
dinner.
past continuous: was I were + verb + -ing (when John arrived they were in the
middle of dinner)
• Use the past perfect when
A What were you doing at six o'clock last night? When John arrivOO, they had had dinner.
you are talking about the
B I was watching TV. It was a cold night past and you want 10 talk (they had dinner ~ John arrived).
and it was raining. about an earlier past
• Remember Irregular verbs p.156.
· inUseprogress
the past continuous to describe an action
at a specific time in the past.
action.

IC future forms
be going to + infinitive present continuous: be + verb + -ing willI sI"d' + infinitive
future plans and intentions future arrangements I'll have the steak. (instant decision)
My sister's going to adopt a child. We're getting"married in October. I won't tell anybody where you are.
Are you going to buy a new car? They're meeting at 10.00. (promise)
I'm not going to go to New York She's leaving on Friday. I'D carry that bag for YOlL (offer)
next week. Shall I help you with your homework?
• You can usuaUy use present (offer)
Ered.ictions continuous or going to for future Shall we eat out tonight? (suggestion)
I think they're going to win. (They're plans I arrangements. You'll love the film! (prediction)
playing very well.) - going to shows that you have
It's going to rain. (The sky is very dark.) made a decision. • Use willI won't (NOT the present
We're going to get married in the simple) for instant decisions, promises,
• Use going to NOT willI won't when you summer. offers, and suggestions.
have already decided to do something. - Present continuous emphasizes that • Use shall (NOT wi1/) with I and we for
• With the verb go you can leave out the you have made the arrangements. offers and suggestions when they are
infinitive. We're getting married on July 12th questions.
I'm not going (to go) to New York. (e.g. we've booked the church). • Use will or going to for predictions.
 GRAMMAR BANK

lA
a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. b Write questions in the present continuous or present simple.
Ouch! You stand on my foot! You're standing_ A What are you eating? (you I eat) B A cheese sandwich.
They have always breakfast in bed on a Sunday morning. A Where lunch today? (you / have)
2 She can't corne to the phone now. She has a shower. B At home. My mum's making pasta.
3 We are needing an answer from you before Wednesday. 2 A What ? (he / do)
B He's an accountant
1 I'm studiog a lot now because I have exams next week.
3 A '._ this weekend? (you / go away)
S She don't eat meat at all.
B No, we're staying here.
6 They always are late.
4 A to eat out tonight? (you / want)
7 Do you go out tonight? B Yes, that would be nice. Where shall we go?
8 He never reply~ to my emails! 5 A What ? (she / cook)
9 A Are you going to the park this afternoon? B I don't know, but it smells good.
B I don't know. It's depending on the weather.

18
a Combine the two sentences. Use the verb in bold in the b Complete with the past simple, past continuous,
past continuous or past perfect. or past perfect.
Sarah had a siesta from 3.00 to 5.00. Peter picked up the tickets at 4.00. We didn't realize that we -'-"'''''-'''''''''''!.t.,. there before.
Peter picked up the tickets when Sarah -IDlS having _ a siesta. (not realize, be)
They watched TV from 7.00 until 9.00. I arrived at 7.30. A How _ ._ _ _ _ ? (the accident / happen)
When I arrived, they TV. B He .__ back from Manchester when
2 He left the office at 7.00. She phoned him at 8.00. be a tree. (drive, hit)
When she phoned him, he _ the office. 2 I _ _ _ _ _ cooking the meal when they
_ _ me to say they couldn't come.
3 I studied for the exam the night before. The exam didn't go well.
(already / start, call)
The exam didn't go well aJtbough I _ _ the night before.
3 When I got horne Twas reaOy tired, so 1 _
4 He cycled to work this morning. In the middle of his journey, he a shower and to bed. (have, go)
had an accident.
4 I arrived too late. The concert and
When he __ to work this morning, he had an accident. my friends home. (finish, go)
5 He only had five lessons. He passed his driving test. 5 The driver _ _ _ _ _ control of his car because
When he passed his driving test, be (only) five lessons. be on his mobile. (lose, talk)

Ie
a Circle the correct form. Tick (~) the sentence if both b Complete B's replies with a correct future form.
are possible. A Sorry. Ann's not in.
(j'm not goi!!iY I won't go to work tomorrow because B OK. I'll call back later. (caU back)
it's Saturday. A There's no milk..
1 I'm going to study I I'll study English here next year. B Don't worry, I some. (get)
2 A Shall we / Will we eat out tonight? 2 A Can we meet on Tuesday?
B Good idea. B Sorry, I can't. I to Brighton on
Tuesday. (go)
3 We'll go / We're going to Brazil next week. I can't wait.
3 A Can we have pizza for lunch?
4 What are you going to wear / are you wearing to the party?
B No, we chicken. I've already put
5 Do you think it will rain / it's going to rain tomorrow? it in the oven. (have)
6 A This is heavy. B I'll help / I help you. 4 A Is that the phone?
7 I'm meeting / I meet a friend this evening. B Yes, but don't get up.l __ .. it (answer)
8 I'm really sorry. I promise 1 won't do / I'm not going to do it again. 5 A Jane's put on a lot of weight!
B She's pregnant. She a baby in
9 They're getting J They're going to get married in May.
August. (have)

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lA present perfect and past simple
present perfect simple: have I htls + past participle (wor1ced, seen, etc.)
past experiences recent past actio ns with yet and already (for emphasis)
I've been to London. but I haven't been to Oxford. I've cut my finger! I've already done my homework. Can I watch TV?
She's never m et his ex-wife. He's just arrived at Have you finished yet?
Have you ever lost your credit card? the airport. My brother hasn't found a new job yet
• We often use ever and never when
we ask or talk about past experiences. unfinished states (non-action verbs) which • Use How long.. . ? + present perfect
They go before the main verb. start in the past and are still true now to ask about an unfinished period
• just and already go before the main of time (from the past until now).
verb in [±J sentences, yet goes at the end A They've known each other for 10 years. • Use for + a period of time, e.g. for
of the phrase in El sentences and ill. B How long have they been married? two weeks. or since with a point or
A Since 2004. time, e.g. since 1990.
• For irregular past participles see
Irregular verbs p.156.

present perfect or past simple?

I've been to Madrid twlce. ( = in my life lip to now)_ _ __ I~tthere in 1998 and 200?: (=:...Q!}.~ .s~c occasions
How long have you been married to Alan?~- How long were you married to Jake?
(=:. you are married to Alan [low) (= yo u are not married to Jake now)
I've (just) boughta ne':;computerl= 1don't say exactly when) - - I bought it on Saturda y.(; ·fsaywheny-
• Use the present perfect when there is a conn~tion • Use the past simple to ask or talk about finished actions
between the past and the present. in the past, when the time is mentioned or Wlderstood. We
often use a past time expression, e.g. January, last week, etc.

28 present perfect continuous praent perfect continuous

A With non-actionverbs (e.g. know, be,
for recent continuous actions
etc.) use the present perfect simple
present perfect continuous for unfinished
NOT the present perfect continuous A Your eyes are red. Have you
actions with for and since. been crying?
How long have you been learning English? I've known her for ages. NOT I've beet'! B No, I've been cutting onions.
He's been working here since April. krt8wing he ,fer Ilges.
With live and work you can use the • Use the present perfect
They've been going out together for three years. continuous for actions which
present perfect simple or continuous
• have I has been + verb + -ing with for and since. have been going on very recently
• Use the present perfect continuous with for I've been livmg here for six months. They have usually just stopped.
and since with action verbs (e.g. learn, go, etc.). I've lived here for six months.

2C comparatives and superlatives superlatives

wmparing two things (or actions) He's the taUest player in the team.
Oslo is the most expensive capital city in Europe.
My sister is a bit taller than me. T his book is the least difficult to understand.
London is more expensive than Edinburgh. She's the best student In the class.
This test is less difficult than the last one.
Who drives the most carefully in your family?
Olive oil is better for you than butter. That's the worst they've ever played.
You drive mOTe slowly than me.
Liverpool played worse today than last week. • Form superlatives like comparatives but use -est
instead or -er and most I least instead of more I less.
Flying isn't as comfortable as go ing by train.
• You normally use the before superlatives, but you
He doesn't smoke as much as she does. can also use possessive adjectives, e.g. my best friend,
Her new car looks the same as the old on e. their most famous song.
• Regular comparative adjectives I adverbs:
hard>harder, bipbigger, easy>easier, modern> more modern, difficult>more difficult, carefully>more carefully
• Irregular comparative adjectives I adverbs: good I well>better, bad I badly> worse, far>further
• After than or as we can use an object pronoun me, him. her, etc. or a subject pronoun (1, he, she) + auxiliary verb,
e.g. She's taller than me OR Shes taller than I am but NOT She's lalle, .t1MlH.
 GRAMMAR BANK

2A
a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. b Complete the dialogues with the past simple or present perfect.
I've never saw Star Wars. I've never seetl IlLulir£.a.d.r-s.e.m that fUm twice. (already / see)
He left quite early but he yet hasn't arrived. A How long at university? (you / be)
2 We don't see each other since we left school. BI two years ago. I'm in my third year now. (start)
3 Have you ever wrote a poem? A Do you live with your parents?
4 She have never been to Istanbul. B I with them for the first two years but then
I into a student hostel last September and
S I've lent him €50 last week, but he hasn't paid me I there since then. (live, move, live)
back yet.
2 A a job yet? (your brother / find)
6 I don't see them often but I've known them since B Yes, he work in a hotel. (just I start)
ten years .
3 A to Nobu - that new Japanese restaurant?
7 What year have you left school? (you / ever J be)
8 We're lost. We already have been down this road twice. B Yes, we there for my birthday. (go)
9 I sent her an email last week, but she doesn't reply yet . A What was it like?
10 ifhey live in that house since 1980. B The food fantastic but it _ _ _ __
a fortune! (be, cost)

28
a Make sentences with the present perfect b Complete with a verb from the list in the present perfect continuous.
continuous (and for / since if necessary).
bark cry do eat play shop not sleep watch
she / work tb~re / 2003 II)
She's been workitlg there since 2003. A Your sister's lost a lot of weight!
B Yes. She :sJz.eetl eating a lot Jess recently.
1 how Jong / they / go out together m 1 A Your eyes are red. you _ _ _ _ _ ?
2 I / study English / two years GJ
B Yes. I a sad film.
3 he I feel very well recently B
2 A It's very late. Why aren't you in bed?
4 you I read that book / months! [±]
B 1 can't sleep. That dog for the last two hOllrs.
5 you / wait / a long time m 3 A You look tired.
6 we I spend much time together G B I know. I well recently.
7 how long / she I live there m
4 A Wow! You've bought a lot of things!
8 I / rent this flat I three years. [±] B Yes, we all day.
9 the lift / work I 10 o'clock B S A You look hot! What you ?
10 she I work here I a long time rn B I in the garden with the children.

l.C
.a Complete with one word. b Complete with the comparative or superlative of the bold word.
She's much J1JM1:- intelligent than her brother. Mexican food is much spicier than American food . spicy
1 He's not as clever _ _ he thinks he is. 1 It's. than it was this time last year. hot
2 It's _ _ best book I've read for a long time. 2 Jan's of all my sisters. competitive
3 The journey took longer ___ we expected. 3 He's person in the office. lazy
4 I think it was the saddest fIlm I've _ __ seen. 4 He looks much with shorter hair. good
S Is Texas the biggest state the USA? S I sat next to person at the party! boring
6 He's the _ _ selfish person I've ever met. 6 Could we meet a bit tomorrow? early
7 Your watch is the same _ _ mine. 7 It was film I've seen this year. bad
S My father speaks _ _ quickly than I do. 8 Sue is member of my family. ambitious
9 We don't go swimming _ _ often as we did before. 9 The way to travel is by train. safe
10 Her brother's about 10 and she's a year younger 10 'The beach was _ _ _ from the hotel than far
than _ _ . we expected .

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3A must, have to, should (obligation)
obligation I necessity: have 10 I must (+ infinitive) no obligation I necessity: don't have to
You have to wear a seatbelt in a car. You don't have to pay for the tickets. They're free.
Do you have to work on Saturdays? You don't have to go to the party if you don't want to.
I had to wear a uniform at my primary school.
I'll have to get up early tomorrow. My interview is at 9.00. prohibition: mustn't (+ jnfinjtive)
I must remember to phone Emily tonight - it's her birthday. You mustn't eat that cake - it's for the party.
You must be on time for class tomorrow - there's a test. You mustn't touch that. It's dangerous.
• Must and have to have a very similar meaning.
Have to is more common for general. external obligations, • Don't have to and mustn't are completely different.
Compare:
for example rules and laws.
You mustn't drive along this street. = It's prohibited,
Must is more common for specific (i.e. on one occasion) against the law.
or personal obligations. You don't have to drive - we can get a train. =: You can
Compare: drive if you want to but it's not necessary J obligatory.
1 have to wear a shirt and tie at work (It's the rule in this company). • You can often use can't or fUJI allowed to instead of m!$I't.
1must buy a new shirt - this one is too old now (It's my own decision). You mustn't park here. You can't park here. You're not
• Have to is a nonnal verb and it exists in all tenses. allowed to park here.
• Must is a modal verb. The only forms are must and mustn't
• You can also use have to or must for strong recommendations, A Have got to is often used instead of have to in spoken
e.g. You have to / must see that film - ii's fantastic. English, e.g. I've got to go now. It's very late.

advice or opinion: should I shouldn't (+ infinitive)

You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin. • Should is not as strong as must I have to. We use it to say if we think
something is the right or wrong thing to do.
It might be cold at night.
• Should is a modal verb. The only forms are should and shouldn't.
I think the government should do something
• You can also use ought to and ought not to instead of shoilid I shouldn't.
about unemployment. You should take an umln"ella with you. Thu ought to take an umbrella with you.

38 must, may, might, con't (deduction)

when you are sure something is true: must when you are sure something is impossible I not true: can',
They must be out. There aren't any Ijghts on. He can't be ill. I saw him at the gym.
She must have a lot of money. She drives a Porsche. They can't be Italian. They're speaking {o each other in Spanish.
• We often use must, may I might, and can't to say how sure
when you think: something is possibly true: may I might or certain we are about something (based on the
His phone's switched off. He might be on the plane now. information we have).
She might not like that skirt. It's not her style. • In this context, the opposite of must is can't NOT mustR't.
She's not al home. She may be working.
He hasn't written. He may not have my address.

3C con, could, be able to (ability and possibility)

can I could be able to + infinitive
I can speak Spanish very well. J am able to accept your invitation.
She could play the violin when she was three. They weren't able to corne.
She can't come tonight. She's ill. I'll be able to practise my English in London.
They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry. She has been able to speak French since she was a child.
Could you open that door, please? [td like to be able to ski.
I'd love being able to sleep late at weekends.
• Can is a modal verb. It only has a present, past,
and conditional form (but can also be used
• You can use be able to in the present, past, future, present perfect,
with a future meaning).
and as a gerund or infinitive.
• For other tenses and forms use be able to.
• be able to in the present and past is more formal than can I could.
 GRAMMAR BANK

3A
a Circle the correct form. b Complete the second sentence with two or three
You shouldn't /l'm ustn'0 drink that water. It's not safe. words so it means the same as the first.

We mustn't / don't have to hurry. We have plenty of time. Smoking is prohibited here. You mustn't smoke. here.
2 You must / should remember to write the report. The boss 1 It isn't a good idea to go swimming after a big meal.
will be furions if you forget. You swimming after a big meal.
3 The exhibition was free so I hadn't to / didn't have to pay. 2 Was it necessary for them to pay cash?
4 Do you have to I Should you wear a uniform at ynur school? Did pay cash?
S We must I had to wait two hours at security and nearly 3 The meeting isn't obligatory.
missed our flight. You go to the meeting.
6 Had you to I Did you have to do a lot of homework when you 4 It's bad manners to talk loudly on a mobile on a train.
were at school?
People _~ quietly on their mobile
7 I think people who live in flats mustn't / shou/drl'r have dogs. ana train.
8 She's allergic to dairy products so she mustn't I doesn't have to S Lorries are not allowed to go on this road.
eat anything made from milk.
Lorries _ _ _ _ __ _~ on this road.

lB
a Match the sentences. b Complete with might (not), must, or can't.
He must be over 70. 1 A He hasn't seen me for ages. Tllis sauce is really spicy. It must have
2 He can't be at university. B He sometimes sends me emails. chilli in it.
3 He may not remember me. C He must be joking. 1 A What music is this?
4 He might like this book. D He's interested in history. B I'm not sure but it be Mozart.
S He must be very shy. E He sometimes works late. 2 She looks very young. She _ _ be more
than 16.
6 He can't be serious. F He gets up very early.
3 I'm not sure why she hasn't phoned. She
7 He may be in bed already. G He's only 16. _ _ _ _ have my new number.
8 He might not be at home yet. H He's not fit enough. 4 They ___ ~ _ _ have a lot of money. They live
9 He must have a computer. I He retired 10 years ago. in an enormous house.
10 He can't be a good footbal1er. r He never opens his nlouth. S He _ _ _ ~ be away. His car is outside his house.
6 1 be a size 44! I'm usually a 40 or 42.
7 It be true! I saw it on the news.

3C
a Complete with the correct form of be able to. b Complete with can / can't, or could / couldn't where
B l' ~ never beet! able to learn to swim. possible. If not, use a form of be able to.
El I send any emails since lunchtime. They told me that they couldn't do anything about the noise.
2 [±J She lIsed to speak Gennan really well. 1 I_ talk to you now. I'm too busy.
3 El I do my homework until tomorrow. 2 When 1 lived in Rome I speak Italian quite well.
4 lB I'd really like dance well. 3 I would love play tennis very well.
S rn you come to our wedding? 4 If we don't hurry up. we catch the last train.
It's on May lOth. S My mother see much better now with her
6 l+J If J spoke better English, I __ _ __ get a job in a new glasses.
hotel. 6 To do this job you need _ _ _~ speak at least two
7 [:t: When I've saved another € 1000, I buy a languages.
new car. 7 I help you tonight if you want.
8 B She hates .____ do what she wants. 8 They _ __ ~ find a flat yet. They're still looking.

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4A first conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc.
first conditional sentencer. if(or unless) + present simple,
will J won't + infinitive future time clauses
if you don't do more wo rk, you'll fail the exam. As soon as you get your exam results, call me.
He'll be late for work if he doesn't hurry up. We'll have dinner when your father gets home.
She won't get into university unless she gets good grades. I won't go to bed until you come home.
I'll have lunch before I leave.
• Use the present tense (NOT the future) after ifin first
conditional sentences. After r finish university, I'll probably take a year off
• unless = if. .. not and traveL
I won't go unless she invites me. = I won't go if she doesn't o Use the present simple (NOT the future) after when,
invite me. as SOOn as, unti~ before, and after to talk about the future.
• You can also use an imperative instead of the will clause. o a.s soon as = at the moment when, e.g.
e.g. Come and see us next week if you have time. I'll call you as soon as I arrive.

4B second conditional
second conditional sentences: if+ past simple,
would I wouldn't + infinitive would I wouldn't + infinitive
If I had more money, l'd buy a bigger house. My ideal holiday would be a week in the Bahamas.
If he spoke English, he could get a job in a hotel. £'d never buy a car as big as yours.
I wouJd get on better with my parents if J didn't live with them.
• You can also use would I wouldn't + infinitive
I wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary. (without an ifclause) when you talk about
If I were you, I'd buy a new computer. imaginary situations.
o The contraction of would is'd.
• Use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical I
imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequence.
Compare:
A Remember the difference between first and
second conditionals.
I don't have much money, so I can't buy a bigger house (real
situation). If 1 have time, I'll help you.
If I had more money, I'd buy a bigger house (hypothetical I = a possible situation. I may have time.
imaginary situation). If I had time, I'd help you.
• Use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I'd ... to give ;;;;; an imaginary I hypothetical situation.
advice. Here you can't use If I was you. I don't I won't have time.

4C usually and used to

present habits and states past habits and states
I usually get up at 8.00 on school days. We used to be dose friends but we don't see each other any more.
r don't usually go out during the week. I used to go out with that girl when I was at school.
Houses in the suburbs usually have gardens. Did you use to wear glasses?
Do you usually walk (0 work? She didn't use to have fair hair. She had dark hair before.

• For present habits use usually or normally + present simple.

o For past habits use used to I didn't use to + infinitive. Used to does not exist in the present tense.

o We use used to for things that were true over a period of time in the past. It usually refers

to something which is not true now.

I used to smoke. = I smoked for a period time in the past but now [ don't.
o Used to I didn't use to can be used with action verbs (e.g. wear. go out) and
nOD-action verbs (e.g. be, have).
• We often use not... any more I any longer (= not now) with the present simple to contrast
with used to.
I used to go to the gym but I don't any more J any longer.
 GRAMMA~ BANK

4A
a Complete with a word or expression from the list. b Complete with the present simple or will.
at'teF as soon as before if unless until when I'll give him your message when I ~ him. (see)
Don't forget to tum off the lights before you _ _ .
After we have dinner, we could go for a drink.
(leave)
r must write the date in my diary I forget jt. 2 Go to bed when the film _ _ . (finish)
2 Let's wait under the tree it stops raining. 3 They _ _ married until they find a place to live. (not get)
3 This job is very urgent so please do it __ you can. 4 If I see Emma, I _ _ her you are looking for her. (tell)
4 We won't get a table in the restaurant _ we don't book 5 I'll call you as soon as I __ ____at the hotel. (arrive)
5 I'll pay you back I get my first salary. 6 You won't be able to park unless you _ _ there early. (get)
6 I can't go you pay for my ticket. I'm broke.
7 As soon it stops raining, we _ _ out. (go)
7 They'll he really happy they hear your news.
8 She won't like curry if she _ _ spicy food. (not like)
8 r want to go on working I'm 60. Then I'll retire.
9 Don't write anything untill _ _ ___ you. (tell)
9 I must renew my passport _ _ _ _ I go to New York.
10 When she finds out what he's done, she _ _ furious. (be)
10 you work harder, you won't pass the final exam.

48
a Write second conditional sentences. b First or second conditional? Complete the sentences.
If you I speak to your boss, I'm sure he / understand. If you tell her anything, she.1lte1L everybody in the office. (leU)
If you spoke to your boss, I'm sure lie would understand. We'd have a dog if we --.hm;L a garden_ (have)
It I be better for me jf we I meet tomorrow. It'll be quicker if we _ _ a taxi to the airport. (get)
2 She I not treat him like that jf she really I love him. 2 If you stopped smoking, you _ _ better. (feel)
3 If I / can live anywhere in the world, I I live in 3 What would you do if you _ _ your job? (lose)
New Zealand
4 If you buy the food, [ _ _ tonight. (cook)
4 The kitchen / look bigger if we J paint it white.
5 I think he'd be happier ifhe _ _ alone. (nollive)
S I / not buy that house if I I be you.
6 I'U be very surprised if Marina _ _ coming here. (not get lost)
6 He I be more attractive if he I wear nicer clothes.
7 Where will he live if he _ _ the job in Moscow? (get)
7 Ifwe I not have children, we / travel more.
8 If she didn't have to look after her mother, she _ _ life more. (enjoy)
S What / you do in this situation if you / be me?

4C
a Correct the mistakes in the h ighlighted phrases. b Complete with used to in [±], El, or ? and a verb from the list.
Sbe wasn't use to be so shy. She didn't use to be argue be (x2) ge have (xl) like live play work
.
1 ] use to get up at 6.30, but I don't any mOre.
El I didn't us.e..1Q.gQ to the theatre much but now I go twice a month.
2 Did she always used to have long hair?
3 Do you use to have breakfast before you go to work? 1 [±] Kirsty ____ _ _ _ in Bristol but she moved to London last year.
4 They didn't used to have a car, they used to cycle 2 IT] you a moustache? You look different
everywhere. 3 El I _ _ _ __ my boss but now we get on quite well.
5 He doesn't like coffee, so he use to drink tea in 4 [±] We . _ _ _ _ really close but now we hardly ever meet.
the morning. 5 [II Where _ __ __ you before you started with
6 He used be a teacher, but now he works for this compaoy?
Greerlpeace. 6 I±I She tennis professionally but she retired last year.
7 Do usually you wear trousers or skirts? 7 [£) When I lived in Paris, I always breakfast in a cafe.
8 Last year we used to go to Prague in August. 8 m you with your parents when you were
9 Does she use to live near you when you were children? a teenager?
10 At school we don't use to wear a uniform. We wore 9 El He _ _ _ _ _ so slim. In fact, he was quite overweight before.
what we liked .

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5A quantifiers
large quantities small quantities zero quantity
T hey have a lot of money. A Do you want some ice cream? B Just a little. There isn't any room in the car.
She has lots of friends. The town only has a few cinemas. There's no room in tbe car.
He eats a lot. Hurry up. We have very little time. A How much money do you have?
There aren't many cafes near here. I have very few close friends. B None.
~----------~----------~
Do you watch much TV? • Use little + uncountable nouns, few + plural • Use any fm zero quantit~ilh
Don't run. We have plenty of time. countable nouns. a El verb. Use no with a l"!J verb.
• a little and a few = some, but not a lot, • Use none (without a noun) in
• Use a lot ofllots of in + sentences. =
• very little and very few not much I many. short answers.
• Use a lot when there is no noun,
e.g. He talks a lot. more than you need or want less than you need
• Much I many are normally used 1 don't like this city. It's too hig. There aren't enough parks.
in El sentences and [7~, but a lot of
can also be used. There's too much traffic. The buses aren't frequent enough.
• Use plenty of in .:tI sentences to There are too many tourists.
mean as mucll as we IIeed or more. • Use roo + adjective, 100 much + uncountable noun, too many + plural countable nouns.
• Use enough before a noun but after an adjective.

58 articles: a / an, the, no article

Use a I an with singular countable nouns Don't use the
- the first hme you mention a thing I person. I saw an old man with a dog. - when you are speaking in ~neral
- when you say what something is. It's a nice house. (with plural and uncounta Ie nouns).
- when you say what somebody does. She's a lawyer. Women talk more than men.
- in exclamations with What ... ! What an awful day! Love is more important than money.
- .in expressions like ... three times a week - with some nouns (e.g. home, work,
I school, church) after at / to I from,
Use the She's not at home today.
- when we talk about something I saw an old man with a dog, r get back from work at 5.30.
we've already mentioned. and the dog was barking.
- before meals, days, and months.
- when there's only one of something. The moon goes rowld the sun. I never have breakfast on Sunday.
- when it's dear what you're referring to. He opened the door.
- with places in a town, e.g. cinema and theatre. I'm go.ing to the cinema. - before next I last + days, week, etc.
- with superlatives. It's the best restaurant in town. See you .next Friday.

SC gerunds and infinitives

Use the gerund (verb + -ing) • Gerunds and infinitives form the
negative with not, e.g. not to be,
1 after prepositions and phrasal verbs. I'm very good at remembering names. not being.
She's given up smoking.
2 as the subject of a sentence. Eating out is quite cheap bere. • More verbs take the infinitive
3 after some verbs, e.g. hate, spend, don't mind. I don't mind getting up early. than the gerund.
• These common verbs can take
Common verbs which take the gerund include: enjoy, hate, finish,like, love, mind, either the gerund or infinitive
practise. spend, stop, suggest and phrasal verbs, e.g. give up, go on, etc. with no difference in meaning:
begin, continue, prefer, start.
Use the infinitive (+ to)
I after adjectives. My flat is easy to find . A These verbs can take a gerund or
2 to express a reason or purpose. He's saving money to buy a new car. an infinitive but the meaning is
3 after some verbs, e.g. wallt, need, learn. She's never learnt to drive. different.
Try not to make a noise. Try to be on time.
Common verbs which take the infinitive (with to) include: (can't) afford, agree, :.. make an effort to be on time.
decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend. promise, Try doing yoga.
refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like =do it to see if you like it.
Use the infinitive (without to) Remember to phone him.
1 after most modal and auxiliary verbs I can't drive. We must hurry. ::0 Don't forget to do it.
2 after make and let. My parents don't let me go out much. I remember meetitlg him yenTs ago.
Sbe always makes me laugh. =I have a memory of it.
 GRAMMAR BAN K

5A
a Circle the correct answer. Tick (If') if both are possible. b Right (If') or wrong (Jt). Correct the wrong sentences.
I think this restaurant is 81 too much expensive. She drives too much fast. too fast

There are too much / too many people in my salsa class. 1 Slow down! We have plenty time.
2 Nobody likes him. He has very little / very few friends. 2 We have too many work at the moment.
3 We've had a lot of/lots of rain recently. 3 I think r made a few mistakes in the letter.
4 There aren't enough car parks / car parks enough in the city centre. 4 He isn't enough old to understand.
S I have no / I don't have any time. S We can't go tomorrow. We're too busy .
6 He works a lot' / much At least ten hours a day. 6 We have very little time to do this.
7 A Do you speak French? B Yes, a little / a few. 7 A How many eggs are there? B Any.
8 I don't have no time / a1lY time for myself. 8 He's retired so he has much free time.

58
b Complete with a J an, the, or - (= no article).
a Circle the correct answer.
Can you give me -----.a._ lift to ~ station?
Did you see news l(fhe news) on TV last night?
I want to catch ...1h.L 6.00 train.
1 Did you lock door I the door when you left a house / the house?
We went to _ _ cinema _ _ last night.
2 My brother is married to Russian I a Russian. She's lawyer / We saw .__ great film.
a lawyer.
3 We go to theatre / the theatre about once a month / the month.
2 A Do you like ._ _ sport? B It depends. ,
I hate _ _ football. r think ____ footballers
4 What beautiful/ a beautiful day! Let's have breakfast on earn too much money.
a terrace I the .terrace.
3 He always wears _ _ expensive clothes and
S I love classical music I the classical music and Italian food /
drives _ _ expensive car.
the Italian food.
4 Jake's ._ _ musician and _ _ artist.
6 Who is a girl/the girl by a window I the window?
S They've changed _ _ dale of __ meeting.
7 r leave home I the home at 8.00 and get to work / the work at 9.00. It's _ _ next Tuesday now.
8 Mer! / The men aren't normally as sensitive as women / the women.
6 We walked to _ _ city centre but we got
9 We usuaUy have dinner I the dimler at 8.00 and go to bed I
_ _ taxi back to _. __ hotel.
the bed at about 11.30.
10 She has a lovely face J the lovely face and the attractive eyes /
attractiye eyes.

5C
a Complete with the gerund or infinitive. b Complete the sentences with work, to work, or working.
Smoki!1g. is banned in all public places. (smoke) I regret not workin~ harder when I was at school.
1 It's very expensive a flat in the centre. (rent) 1 I spent all weekend on the computer.
2 Are you afraid of ? (fly) 2 I've decided . abroad next year.
3 I called the restaurant a table for tonight. (book) 3 You must harder if you want to gel promoted.
4 Be careful . a noise when you come home 4 My boss often makes me late.
tonight. (not make) S He isn't very good at . in a team.
5 She's worried about the exam. (fail) 6 I don't mind on Saturdays if I can have a day
6 Everybody went on until after midnight. (dance) off during the week.
7 an only child is a bit bor ing. (be) 7 He's gone to the UK . in his uncle's shop.
8 It's easy the way if you look at the map. (find) 8 with members of your family can be quite
9 He's terrible at languages. (learn) difficult.
10 A Why are you leaming Spanish? 9 My husband promised not on my birthday.
B talk to my in-laws. They're Argentinian, 10 I lIsed in a restaurant when I was a student.
and they don't speak English. (be able to)

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 6A reported speech: statements and questions
direct statements reported statements A • Must changes to had to BUf mustn'tstays the same
'I like shopping.' She said (that) she liked shopping. 'YOu must"t touch it.' She said I mustn't touch it.
'I'm going tomorrow.' He told her he was going the next day. • You usually have to change the pronouns.
,
'I'll always love you. He said he would always love me. 'I like ... '>She said she liked ...
'1 passed the exam!' She told him she had passed the exam. • Using that after said and told is optional.
'I've forgotten my keys.' H e said he had forgotten his keys. • If you report what someone said on a different
,
'I can't come. She said she couldn't come. day or in a different place, some time and place
'1 may be late.' He said he might be late . words can change, e.g. tomorrow>the next day,
'I must go.' She said she had to go. here>there, this>that, etc.
'I'll meet you here tomorrow~>He said he'd meet me
• Tenses usually change like this: present>past; will>would; there the next day.
past simple I present perfect>past perfect
I AAfter said don't use a person or pronoun.
• Some modal verbs change. e.g. can>could, may>might,
must>had to. Other modal verbs stay the same, e.g. could, might, I He said he was tired NOT He said me ...
should, etc. After told you must use a person or pronoun.
He told me he was tired. NOT He-tokl he was •..
direct questions reported questions • When you report a question, the tenses change as in
'Are you married?' She asked him if he was married. reported statements.
'Did she phone?' He asked me whether she had phoned. • When a question begins with a verb (not a question
'What's your name?' I asked him what his name was. word), add if(or whether}.
'Where do you live?' They asked me where I lived. • You also have to change the word order to subject + verb,
and not use do I did.

reported speech: commands

direct speech reported speech I A You can't use said in these sentences.
NOT She 5{I;Q him--t-o-ge-1HWIY-
i
'Go away.' She told him to go away.
'Don't worry.' The doctor told me not to worry.
'Can / Could you help me?' I asked the shop assistant to help me.
• To report an imperative or request. use told or asked + person + the infinitive with to.
• To report a negative imperative, use a negative infinitive (e.g. not to do).

6B the passive: be + past participle

A lot of films are shot on location. My bike has been stolen. • We often use the passive when it's not clear
or important who does an action, e.g.
My car is being repaired today. You'll be picked up at the airport.
My bike has been stolen (= Somebody has
Death in Venice was directed by VlSConti. This bill has to be paid tomorrow.
She died when the film was being made. .stolen my bike. 1 don't know who.)
If you want to say who did the action, use by•

6e relative clauses • T-o give important information about a person. place, or thing use
a relative clause (= a relative pronoun + subject + verb).
defining relative clauses • Use the relative pronouns who for people, which for things, and where
Julia's the woman who I that works with me. for places. Use whose to mean 'of who / of which'.
It's a book which I that tells you how to ..elax. • You can use that instead of who or which.
That's the house where I was born.
That's the boy whose father plays for Real Madrid · Who, which. and that can be omitted when the verbs in the main clause
and the relative clause have a different subject, e.g. He's the man 1 met
He's the man (who I that) I met on the plane. on the plane. (The subject of met is I, so it's not necessary to put who.)
non-defining relative clauses • If a ~lative clause ~ves extra. non-essential information
(the sentence rna es sense without it), you must put
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth £2 million.
it between commaS (or a comma and a full stop).
Last week I visited my aunt , who's neMly 90 years old.
• In these clauses, you can't leave out the relative
Burford, where my mother was born, is a beautiful town. pronoun (who, which, etc.).
My neighbour. whose son goes to my son's school, has just re-married. • In these clauses, you can't use that instead of who I which.
.,
 GRAMMAIl BAN K

6A
a Complete the sentences using reported speech. b Complete the reported imperatives and requests.
'The hotel is full.' The receptionist told me 'Don't stop here: The traffic warden told us not to stop there.
the hotel wasfull. 1 'Be quiet!' The teacher told us _ _ _ __
I 'I'll call the manager.' The waiter said ._ __ 2 'Please don't stUoke!' I asked the taxi driver _ _ __ _
2 'I've passed all my exams.' Jack said . _ _ __ 3 'Open your mouth.' The dentist told me _ _ _ _ _
3 'You should get to the airport early.' They said that 4 'Don't tell anyone!' Melinda told us _ _ _ __
we _ _ __
S 'Could you show me your driving licence?' The policeman
4 'r may be lale.' Jack said_ _ __ asked me .
5 'I didn't tell anybody!' Mary said _____ . 6 'Please switch off your mobiles.' The flight attendant
6 'Can you help me?' She asked us _ _ __ told us _ _____ .
7 'Do you want to dance?' He asked me _ _ _ 7 'Don't eat with your mouth open!' I told my daughter _ __ __
8 'Have you been here before?' 1 asked her _ _ _ 8 'Can you bring me the bill, please?' He asked the waiter _ _ __ _
9 'What music do you like?' She asked me _ _ __ 9 'Get off at the next stop.' The bus driver told me _ _ _ __
10 'Wherc's the nearest bank?' I asked her 10 'Don't wait: Our friends told us _ _ _ __

68
a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. b Rewrite the sentences with the passive.
Lada cars made in Russia. are rna UzLRussia. They sell cold drinks here. Cold drinks are sold her,
1 A new moto(Way is being build at the moment. They subtitle a lot of foreign films.
2 The fIlm based on a famous novel. A lot of foreign films _ __ _ _ __
3 This programme were watched by millions of people. 2 Someone threw the letters away by mistake.
The letters _ _ __ _ _ _
4 My bag was stole when I was ll.) Florida.
3 Some people are painting my house.
5 The Harry Potter books were written for JK Rowling. My house _ _ __ _ _ __
6 1 couldn't send you an email because my computer
4 They have sold all the tickets for the concert.
was repairing.
All the tickets for the concert _ _ _ __ _ __
7 You will taken to your hotel by taxi.
5 They will play the match tomorrow.
8 Oh no! Our flight has being cancelled. The match _ __ _ _ __
9 English is spoke in this restaurant. 6 Somebody must pay this bill tomorrow.
10 Seat belts must wear at all times. This bill _ __ __ __

6C
a Complete with who, which, where, or whose. c Are the highlighted phrases right (V') or wrong (Jt)?
The IDan whose car I crashed into is taking me to court. Correct the wrong ones.
We drove past the house . we used to live. After Rome we went to Venice, that we loved . )t
~bich ~e loved_
2 The girl _ ___ was talking to you is the boss's daughter.
3 Look! TIlat's the man son pJays for Chelsea. 1 Is that the girl you used to go out with ?
4 The car was an invention _~_ changed the world. 2 My bratlIer, that you met at my wedding,
S That's the restaurant ___ ._ _ I told you about. is getting divorced.
6 Is this the shop . you bought your camera? 3 It's a machine that makes sweets .
7 What was the name of your friend wife is an actress? 4 He lives in Valencia, that is on the east coast of Spain .
8 The woman called this morning didn't leave a message. 5 Our neighbour, who garden is s~er than ours,
9 It's the film won all the Oscars last year. has an enormous dog.
10 This is the book everybody is reading at the moment. 6 Jerry, who I work with, is completely bilingual.
7 The film I saw last niglJl was fantastic.
b Tick (V') the sentences in a where you could leave out the
8 I met some people who they come from the same
relative pronoun. village as me .

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7A third conditional
third conditional sentences: if+ had + past partidple, • Use third conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical!
would + have + past participle. imaginary situation in the past (which didn't happen) and its
consequence. Compare:
If I'd known ahout the meeting, Twould have gone. Yesterday Tgot up ~te and missed my train (= the real situation~
If I hadn't gone to that party, I wouldn't have met my wife. If I hadn't got up late yesterday, 1wouldn't have misstd my train
You wouldn't have been late if you'd got up earlier. (= the hypothetical! imaginary situation).
We would have arrived at 6.00 if we hadn't got lost. • To make a third conditional, use if + past perfect and would
have + past participle.
• The contraction of IJad is 'd.

7B question tags, indirect questions

question tags

positive verb, negative tag negative verb,j)ositive ta& • Question tags are often used to check
something you already think is true.
It's cold today, isn't it? She isn't here today, is she? Your name's Maria, isn't it?
You're Polish, aren't you? You aren't happy, are you? • To form a question tag use:
They live in Ankara, don't they? They don't smoke, do they? - the correct auxiliary verb, e.g. do I does for
The match finishes at 8.00, doesn't it? She doesn't eat meat, does she? the present. wiJI / won't for the future, etc.
She worked in a bank, didn't she? You didn't like the film, did you? - a pronoun, e.g. he, it, they, etc.
Weve met before, haven't we? She hasn't been to Rome before, has she? - a negative tag if the sentence is positive,
You'll be OK, won't you? You won't teU anyone, will you? and a positive tag if the sentence is negative.

indirect questions

direct question indirect question • If the question begins with an auxiliary verb,
add ij(or whether) after Quid YOII tell me.. '?1
Where's the bank? Could you tell me where the bank is? Do you know... ?
What time do the shops dose? Do you know what time the shops close? • We also use this structure after Can you
Is there a bus stop near here? Do you know if there's a bus stop near here? remember. .. 1, e.g. Can you remember where
Does this train go to Victoria? Could you tell me if this train goes to Victoria? he lives?
.-
• To make a question more polite we often begin Could you tell me... ?or
Do you know. .. ? The word order changes to subject + verb, e.g. Do you know
where the post office is? NOT De yeli Ime.... whefe is, 1he-pe5l-eff~

7C phrasal verbs
group 1: no object - verb and up, on, etc. can't be separated. • A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a
particle (= an adverb or preposition).
Come on! Hurry up! We're late.
• Sometimes the meaning of the phrasal verb is
The plane took off two hours late. obvious from the verb and the particle. e.g. sit
Go away and never come back! down, come back.
• Sometimes the meaning is not obvious, e.g.
group 2: with objea - verb and up, on, etc- can't be separated. give up smoking (= stop smoking), carry on talking
(- continue taJking).
I'm looking for my keys. NOT I'm looking my I<e'(s fur.
• In group 3, where the verb and particle can be
I asked for chicken, not steak
separated, if the object is a pronoun, it must go
Please look after the baby. between the verb and particle.
I don't get on with my sister. Switch it off. NOT ~if.
I'm looking forward to the party. Throw them away. NOT ·1Mow-RWtly them,

group 3: with object - verb and up, on, etc. can be separated. A Sometimes a phrasal verb has more than one
Please switch off your phone. I Please switch your phone off. meaning, e.g. The plane took off. He took off
Can you fill in this form, please? I Can you filllhis form in, please?
They've set up a new company. ! They've set a new company up.
L his shoes.

Don't throwaway those papers. / Don't throw those papers away.

 GRAMMAR BANK

7A
a Match the phrases. c Complete the third conditional sentences
I If you hadn't reminded me, 1 A if you'd seen what happened. with the correct form of the verbs.
2 This wouldn't have happened B we wouldn't have got lost. If you had.tiLb.e1/led me, I wouldn't.hq~efinjshed
3 If they hadn't worn their seat belts, C if it hadn't rained. on time. (not help, not finish)
4 We wouldn't have been late D you would have seen them. I We if our best player
_ _ _ _ _ injured. (win, not be)
5 We would have gone to the beach E if I'd known you didn't like it.
2 If she he was so mean, she
6 If you hadn't told me it was him, F if we'd bought tickets on the Internet. _ _ _ __ him. (know, not marry)
7 You would have laughed G if you'd been more careful. 3 I you some money if you
8 r wouldn't have bought it H they would have been killed. _ _ __ me. (lend, ask)
9 If you'd arrived two minutes earlier, I I would have forgotten . 4 If we more time, we _ _ __
10 If you hadn't forgotten the map, T 1wouldn't have recognized him. another day in London. (have, spend)
11 It would have been cheaper K if we hadn't missed the bus. 5 I to help you if you
_ _ _ __ me about it earlier. (be able, tell)
b Cover A-K. Look at 1-9 and try to remember the end of the sentence. 6 If YOll me yesterday,
r my plans. (ask, change)
7 You the weekend if you
_ _ _ __ with us. (enjoy, come)

78
a O:Jlnplete with a que!.1ion tag (are you?, isn't it?, etc.) b Make indirect questions.
Your name's Mark, ..li ' i ? Where's the station? Could you tell me where the station is?
1 You don't take sugar in your coffee, ~ 1 Where do they live? Do you know _ _ _ __
2 They're on holiday this week, ? 2 Is there a bank near here? Can you tell me ?
3 He can' t be serious, 3 Where can I buy some stamps? Do you know ?
4 She eats meat, ? 4 Does this bus go to the castle? Could you tell me _ _ __ _
5 You won't be late, 5 What time do the shops open? Do you know ?
6 She was- married to Tom Cruise, ? 6 Where are the toilets? Could you tell me ?
7 We've seen this film before, 7 Is Susan at work today? Do you know _ _ _ __
8 You didn't tell anybody, 8 Did Milan win last night? Do you know _ __ __
9 You would like to come, ? 9 Where did we park the car? Can you remember ?
10 It's hot today, ? 10 What's the time? Could you tell me ?

7C
a Complete with the right particle (in, on, etc.). b Rewrite the sentences. Replace the object with a
What time did you get - UI>- this morning? pronoun. Change the word order where necessary.
I Could you turn __ the radio? I can't hear it. Turn on the TV. Turn it on,
2 I'm in a meeting. Could you call __ later, say in half an hour? I Take off your shoes.
3 Hurry _ ! We'll be Late. 2 Could you look after the children?
4 The match is __ .. _! Brazil have won. 3 Do you get on with your sister?
4 Switch off your mobiles.
S How long has she been going __ with him?
5 I'm looking for my glasses.
6 Are we having dinner at bome or are we eating _ _ ?
6 Please pick up that towel.
7 Athletes always warm __ before a race.
7 Turn down the music!
8 I didn't wake __ until 8.30 this morning.
8 Fm really looking forward to the trip.
9 If you don't know the word, look it __ in a dictionary. 9 Can I tryon this dress?
10 I went online to find _ _ what time the trains were. 10 Don't throwaway that letter.

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