MODULE FOR CO2 CAPTURE FROM

BIOENERGY COMBUSTION

Document Prepared by:

Perspectives Climate Group GmbH and South Pole Carbon Asset

Management Ltd

Title Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Version Draft for Public Consultation

Date of Issue 29-Feb-2024

☒ Module
Type
☐ Tool

Sectoral Scope 16. Carbon Capture and Storage

Developer CCS+ Initiative

Contact [email protected]
CONTENTS
1 SOURCES .............................................................................................................. 3

2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE ......................................................... 4

3 DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................... 4

4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS .............................................................................. 5

5 MODULE BOUNDARY........................................................................................... 6

6 BASELINE SCENARIO ........................................................................................... 9

7 QUANTIFICATION PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 10

7.1 Quantification of Project Emissions ................................................................................ 10
7.2 Quantification of Leakage .............................................................................................. 13

8 DATA AND PARAMETERS................................................................................... 19

8.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation ............................................................ 19
8.2 Data and Parameters Monitored ................................................................................... 23

9 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 41

APPENDIX 1: DETERMINATION OF MARKET LEAKAGE................................................ 43

APPENDIX 2: SECONDARY EMISSIONS DATA SOURCES ............................................ 44

A1.1 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in the United States ....................... 44
A1.2 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in the EU ......................................... 46
A1.3 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in Canada ..................................... 46
 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

1 SOURCES
This module is used in combination with the latest version of the following methodologies,
modules, and tools:

• VM00XX Methodology for Carbon Capture and Storage

Capture Modules

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Air (Direct Air Capture)

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Bioproduction Processes

• VMD00XX Module for CO2 Capture from Post combustion Flue Gases in Fossil Fuel
Power and Heat Generation

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Industrial Processes

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Oil and Gas Production and Processing

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Precombustion Processes in Fossil Fuel Power
and Heat Generation

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Capture from Oxyfuel Combustion in Fossil Fuel Power and
Heat Generation
Transport Module(s)

• VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Transport

Storage Modules

• VMD00XX Module for CO2 Storage in Saline Aquifers and Depleted Hydrocarbon
Reservoirs
Other Modules/Tools

• VT00XX Tool for Differentiating Reductions and Removals in CCS Projects

• VT00XX Tool for Non-VCS CO2 in Carbon Capture and Storage Projects

• VMD0033 Estimation of Emissions from Market Leakage

• GCS Non-Permanence Risk Tool

VCS Program Requirements

• Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) Requirements

This methodology uses the latest versions of the following CDM tools:

• CDM TOOL16 Project and leakage emissions from biomass

• CDM TOOL12 Project and leakage emissions from transportation of freight

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE

MODULE
This module calculates project emissions (PECap,y) and leakage emissions (LECap,y) from eligible
bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) project activities that result in the capture of
carbon dioxide from facilities that generate heat and power using sustainable biomass
feedstocks.

This module establishes applicability conditions, defines the project baseline and the module
boundary to determine the material project emission sources for quantification, and provides
associated monitoring procedures.

3 DEFINITIONS
In addition to the definitions set out in the VCS Program Definitions and VM00XX Methodology
for Carbon Capture and Storage, the following definitions apply to this module.

Anaerobic digestion
The microbial breakdown of organic material in the absence of oxygen. Organic compounds
emitted during anaerobic decomposition are mainly methane (CH 4) and lesser amounts of
carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Capture materials
The chemicals and media used by a bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process to
capture CO2. Depending on the technology, this may include capture solvents, solid sorbents,
membranes or catalysts, which may have to be replaced periodically due to loss or degradation
over time. Examples include aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and amine supported on
activated carbon.

Existing bioenergy source facility

A facility that generates power, or co-generates heat and power, from biomass or the biomass
component of a mixed feedstock, and from which CO2 originates, that started operation more
than 12 months before the project start date.

High ILUC risk biomass

Biomass that is determined to have high indirect land-use change (ILUC) according to the
criteria in Article 3 of the Delegated Regulation on indirect land-use change ((EU) 2019/807)1.
High ILUC-risk biomass is ineligible for use in this module.

1
Article 3 - Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 of 13 March 2019 supplementing Directive (EU)
2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of high indirect land-use change-

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Ineligible biomass
Biomass feedstocks that meet the definition of high ILUC risk biomass, do not fall into an
acceptable biomass category as defined in Appendix 1 of VT00XX Tool for Differentiating
Reductions and Removals in CCS Projects, or that cannot meet cascading use and LULUCF
criteria.

New bioenergy source facility

A facility that generates power, or co-generates heat and power, from biomass or the biomass
component of a mixed feedstock, and from which CO 2 originates, that started operation less
than 12 months before the project start date.

Non-traceable biomass
Biomass feedstocks that do not meet the definition of “sustainable biomass” due to a failure to
meet the traceability requirements outlined in Appendix 2 of VT00XX Tool for Differentiating
Reductions and Removals in CCS Projects.

Sustainable biomass
Biomass feedstocks that meet the sustainability principles and traceability requirements
outlined in Appendix 2 of VT00XX Tool for Differentiating Reductions and Removals in CCS
Projects.

4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS
This module applies to project activities that capture CO 2 from the flue gas of facilities
generating, or co-generating, heat and power from biomass or the biomass component of a
mixed feedstock.

This module is applicable under the following conditions:

1) Project activities must capture CO 2 from flue gas from a bioenergy source facility.
Capture must occur using one, or a combination of, the following processes:
a. Chemical or physical absorption or adsorption, with liquid solvents or solid
sorbents (e.g., amines);
b. Membrane processes;
c. Electrochemical processes; or
d. Cryogenic processes.
2) Project activities must regenerate the primary capture fluid or media, such that it is not
a one-time use or disposable material, and that a concentrated CO 2 stream is

risk feedstock for which a significant expansion of the production area into land with high carbon stock is observed and the
certification of low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

recovered from regeneration and available for subsequent transport (where applicable)
and storage.
3) Project activities must include at least one of the following:
a. Installation and operation of a new capture facility at a new or existing
bioenergy source facility,
b. Refurbishment of an existing capture facility at an existing bioenergy source
facility that would otherwise be decommissioned prior to the project start date,
or
c. Expansion of the existing capture capacity at an existing bioenergy source
facility.
4) The project activity must transfer biogenic carbon from short-term to long-term carbon
pools.

This module is not applicable under either of the following conditions:

1) Project activities use oxy-fuel combustion capture for power generation.

2) Project activities comprise upgrades to existing BECCS facilities or changes in

operational practices leading to improved capture efficiency.

3) Project activities that use ineligible biomass.

5 MODULE BOUNDARY
The spatial extent of the module boundary includes the capture facility (Figure 1).

Commonly used equipment and processes include:

1) Equipment used to direct airflow to the capture process (e.g., fans);

2) Capture of CO2 in contactors, beds or vessels by absorption, adsorption or other

processes;

3) Regeneration processes to generate a CO2 stream and recover captured fluid or media;

4) Conditioning of CO 2 to allow further processing of CO2 along the carbon capture and
storage (CCS) segments (namely transport and storage); and

5) Co-located utilities for the CO 2 capture process (e.g., air separation units, water
treatment systems, steam systems).

Transportation segments are not considered in this module. Please refer to the latest version of
VMD00XX Module for CO 2 Transport for further details of the module boundary of the capture
and transport segments.

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Figure 1: Module Boundary for Capture from Biogenic Sources

Sources of GHG emissions for this module that must be accounted for as project and leakage
emissions are depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Project and Leakage Emissions Boundary for CO2 Capture from Biogenic Sources

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

The greenhouse gases included in and excluded from the module boundary are depicted in
Table 1.

Table 1: GHG Sources Included or Excluded from the Project Boundary

Source Gas Included? Justification/Explanation

CO2 Yes CO2 captured under the project

activity would not have been
captured in the absence of the
project.
Baseline

CO2 emitted into the CH4 No Only CO2 is considered under the
atmosphere baseline. This is conservative.

N 2O No Only CO2 is considered under the

baseline. This is conservative.

Other No Only CO2 is considered under the

baseline. This is conservative.

CO2 Yes Major emission source

CH4 Yes Significant upstream emission

source
Electricity consumption
N 2O Yes Included for completeness

Other No Excluded for simplicity, emissions

are considered negligible.

CO2 Yes Major emission source

CH4 Yes Significant upstream emission

source
Project

Fuel consumption
N 2O Yes Included for completeness

Other No Excluded for simplicity, emissions

are considered negligible.

CO2 Yes Included. Any loss of CO 2 due to

fugitive emissions or venting during
capture is inherently deducted from
Fugitive and venting the overall calculation of GHG
emissions from CO 2 emission reductions since only
stream processing injected CO2 volumes are quantified
as the baseline emissions.
Excluded from the baseline since
CH4 No only CO2 is considered for

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

permanent geological
sequestration.
Excluded from the baseline since
N 2O No only CO2 is considered for
permanent geological
sequestration.
Excluded from the baseline since
Other No only CO2 is considered for
permanent geological
sequestration.
Major emission source
Fugitive and venting CO2 Yes
emissions from on-site Significant emission source
fuel use CH4 Yes
Included for completeness
N 2O Yes
Excluded for simplicity, emissions
Other No are considered negligible.

6 BASELINE SCENARIO
Project proponents must accurately determine the activities and GHG emissions that would
have occurred in the absence of the project activity.

Baseline B1: CO2 would not be emitted into the atmosphere in the flue gas of a bioenergy
source facility. Carbon stored in biomass feedstocks that would have been relevant to the
project remain in a fast carbon cycle, decaying and remitting to the atmosphere in the short-
term.

Projects must justify the use of the B1 baseline by providing credible evidence to demonstrate
that in the absence of the project activity, one of the following scenarios would have most likely
occurred.

1) No bioenergy source facility would exist and therefore, no new capture facility would be
installed.
2) An existing capture facility would be decommissioned.
Baseline B2: CO2 would have been emitted to the atmosphere in the flue gas of an existing
bioenergy source facility from the combustion of the biomass feedstocks that would have been
relevant to the project.

Projects must justify the use of the B2 baseline by providing credible evidence to demonstrate
that in the absence of the project activity, one of the following scenarios would have most likely
occurred.

1) There would be no increase in the capture capacity of the existing capture facility.
2) No new capture facility would be installed at the existing source facility.
Waste Heat: If heat is considered wasted in the baseline scenario, the proponent must
demonstrates that all the following apply:

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

a) The heat source originates from the bioenergy source facility or offsite;

b) The heat was not otherwise used at the heat source, or was not delivered, sold, or
used by a consumer prior to the project start date; and

c) The heat was dissipated to ambient heat sinks prior to the project start date.

7 QUANTIFICATION PROCEDURES
The process for quantifying project emissions PEcap,y and leakage emissions LEcap,y for capture
from bioenergy source facilities for BECCS is outlined in the following sections.

7.1 Quantification of Project Emissions

Equation (1) calculates total project emissions.

𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦 = 𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦 + 𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦 + 𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦 − 𝑃𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑂2,𝑦 (1)

Where:

PECap,y = Project emissions from capture in year y (t CO2e)

PEComb_Fuel,y = Project emissions from on-site fuel combustion in year y (t CO2e)
PEFuel_FV,y = Project emissions from fugitive, venting and other operational emissions
related to on-site fuel use (e.g., natural gas use) in the physical boundary of
the capture facility in year y (t CO2e)
PEElec,y = Project emissions from electricity consumption to operate capture and
conditioning processes in year y (t CO2e)
PEnonVCS CO2,y = Project emissions associated with non-VCS sources in year y determined
using the latest version of VT00XX Tool for Non-VCS-CO2 in Carbon Capture
and Storage Projects; for projects without non-VCS CO2, PEnonVCS CO2,y= 0
(t CO2e)

7.1.1 Project Emissions from Fuel Combustion

Equation (2) calculates project emissions from fossil fuel combustion for mobile equipment,
and off-site heat and power generation.

𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 ,𝑦 = ∑(∆𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖 )

(2)
𝑖
+ ∑(∆𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖 ) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
𝑖
+ ∑(∆𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖 ) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
𝑖

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Where:

PEComb_Fuel,y = Project emissions from fuel combustion to operate equipment for capture
and conditioning processes in year y (t CO2e)
ΔQFuel,i,y = Change in quantity of fuel type i used to operate on-site and/or third-party
(for off-site heat/steam supply) equipment in year y relative to the
baseline (m3 or kg or GJ)
EFFuel,CO2,i = CO2 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y (t CO2/m3 or t CO2/kg
or t CO2/GJ)
EFFuel,CH4,i = CH4 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y (t CH4/m3 or t CH4/kg
or t CH4/GJ)
EFFuel,N2O,i = N20 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y (t N20/m3 or
t N20/kg or t N20/GJ)
GWP = Global warming potential

∆𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 = max(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑦 − 𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑖 , 0) (3)

Where:

QFuel,project,i,y = Quantity of fuel type i used in capture facility equipment and/or third
party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in year y in project activities (m3
or kg or GJ)
QFuel,base,i = Quantity of fuel type i used in capture facility equipment and/or third
party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in the absence of the project;
for baseline B1, QFuel,base,i = 0 (m3 or kg or GJ)

Off-site Fuel Consumption

The quantity of power or heat supplied from a directly connected off-site facility, QFuel,i,y, is
determined using Equation (4). For baseline B2, Equation (4) must be calculated for project
activities (i.e., QFuel,project,i,y) and for the pre-project period (i.e., QFuel,base,i,y) for use in Equation
(3).

(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐵𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆,𝑦 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐵𝐸𝐶𝐶𝑆,𝑦 )
𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 = 𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦 × (4)
(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦 )

Where:

QFuel,i,y = Mass of fuel type i used by a third-party energy source to provide

electricity and/or thermal energy to the capture facility in year y (t/yr)
QFuel_cogen,i,y = Total mass of fuel type i used by the energy unit to generate electricity
and/or heat in year y (t/yr)
HeatBECCS,y = Quantity of useful thermal energy supplied to the capture facility by
the energy facility unit in year y (MWh/yr)

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ElectricityBECCS,y = Quantity of electricity supplied to the capture facility by the facility unit
in year y (MWh/yr)
Heatcogen,y = Total quantity of useful thermal energy produced by the energy facility
unit in year y (MWh/yr)
Electricitycogen,y = Total quantity of electricity produced by the energy facility unit in year y
(MWh/yr)

On-site Fuel Combustion

Projects capturing CO2 from on-site fossil fuel combustion in addition to biogenic CO2 must follow
the guidance provided by the latest version of VT00XX Tool for Differentiating Reductions and
Removals in CCS Projects.

Waste Heat
Project emissions from the consumption of heat may be assumed to be zero for heat sources
that meet the criteria of waste heat in the baseline section.

Biogenic Fuel Sources

Emissions from sustainable biomass are considered zero as defined in the latest version of
VT00XX Tool for Differentiating Reductions and Removals in CCS Projects.

7.1.2 Fugitive and Venting Emissions from On-Site Fuel Use

Equation (5) calculates fugitive and venting emissions for BECCS projects that use gaseous
fuels on-site.

𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦 = (∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑛,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛 × 𝑇𝑛,𝑦 × 0.001 + ∑ 𝑉𝑚 ) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 (5)

𝑛 𝑚

Where:

PEFuel_FV,y = Fugitive and venting emissions from on-site fuel use in year y
(t CO2e)
Countn,y = Total number of nth components at the facility in use during year y
(unitless)
EFcomponent n = Emission factor of fugitive emissions for component n.
Tn,y = Pressurized time of component n in year y (hr)
Vm = Vented CH4 emissions for mth venting event (t CH4/event)
0.001 = Conversion from kg to t

7.1.3 Project Emissions from Electricity Consumption

Project emissions from electricity consumption may be derived from on-site and off-site
sources. For on-site or directly connected off-site electricity generation, the emissions related to

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electricity consumption must be determined based on the related fuel consumption considering
project and leakage emissions as described in this module.

Note: This section is subject to change upon the release of Verra’s Electricity Tool and is
included for completeness only.

Project emissions from electricity consumption are calculated using Equation (6)

𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦 = ∑ ∆𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑠,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑠

(6)
𝑠

Where:

PEElec,y = Project emissions from electricity consumption to operate equipment in

the BECCS module in year y (t CO2e)
ΔQElec,y = Change in electricity consumption between the project and pre-project
period in year y (MWh/yr)
EFElec,s = Emissions factor for electricity generation from source s, including
upstream emissions from electricity generation and transport
(t CO2e/MWh)

∆𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑠,𝑦 = max(𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑠,𝑦 − 𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑠, , 0) (7)

Where:

QElec,project,s,y = Total electricity from source s used to operate equipment in the

capture facility in year y for project activities (MWh/yr)
QElec,base,s, = Total electricity from source s used to operate equipment in the
capture facility at maximum capture capacity in baseline; for
baseline B1, QElec,base,s = 0 (MWh/yr)

7.2 Quantification of Leakage

The approach to determining leakage emissions in the following sections depends on the
baseline scenario.

For B1, there is no consumption of energy, materials, or biomass in the absence of the project,
so leakage emissions are based on the total amount of consumption in the project for all
categories.

For B2, energy, materials and biomass may have been consumed in the absence of the project,
so leakage emission calculations are based on the increase in consumption in the project

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relative to the period before the project. Where there is no increase in consumption in the
project relative to the pre-project period, leakage emissions for all categories are set to zero.

Equation (8) calculates the leakage emissions associated with the project.

𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦 = 𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑐,𝑦 (8)

− 𝐿𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑂2,𝑦

Where:

LECap,y = Leakage emissions from capture in year y (tCO2e)

LEFuel,y = Leakage emissions from fuel consumption to operate equipment in the
capture facility in year y (t CO2e)
LEElec,y = Leakage emissions from electricity consumption to operate equipment in
the capture facility in year y (t CO2e)
LEMat,y = Leakage emissions from capture materials used in the BECCS process in
year y (t CO2e)
LEbiomass,y = Leakage emissions from biomass supply to the source facility in year y
(t CO2e)
LEnon-biogenic,y = Leakage emissions from non-biogenic fuel supply to the source facility in
year y calculated using VMD00XX Module for CO2 Capture from Post-
combustion Flue Gases in Fossil Fuel Power and Heat Generation
(t CO2e)
LEnonVCS CO2,y = Leakage emissions from processes and equipment related to non-VCS
sources in year y determined as per the latest version of VT00XX Tool for
non-VCS-CO2 in Carbon Capture and Storage Projects; for projects
without non-VCS CO2, LEnonVCS CO2,y= 0 (t CO2e)

7.2.1 Leakage Emissions from Fuel Consumption

Upstream emissions related to fuel for use at the capture facility or fuel use by a third-party
supplying heat or steam to the capture facility are calculated using Equation (9).

𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦 = ∑( ∆𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦 )

(9)
𝑖

Where:

LEFuel,y = Leakage emissions from upstream sources related to fuel consumed

in on-site equipment in year y (t CO2e)
ΔQFuel,i,y = Change in quantity of fuel type i used in capture facility equipment
and/or by a third party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in year y as
determined in Equation (3 (m3 or kg or GJ)

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EFUpstream_Fuel,i,y = Emission factor for upstream sources related to fuel type i used in
capture facility and/or by a third party (for off-site heat/steam
supply) in year y (t CO2e/m3 or t CO2e/kg or t CO2e/GJ)

In cases of heat or steam supply by a third party, ∆QFuel,i,y denotes only the proportion of fuel
used to generate heat or steam for the capture facility. This quantity must be calculated using
the allocation principle outlined in Equation (4).

7.2.2 Leakage Emissions from Upstream Fuels for Electricity Consumption

Leakage emissions from electricity consumption are calculated according to Equation (10).

𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦 = ∑(∆𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐 ) (10)

𝑖

Where:
LEElec,y = Leakage emissions from electricity consumption to operate equipment in
capture facility in year y (t CO2e)
∆QElec,y = Change in quantity of electricity usage to operate equipment in the
capture facility in year y as determined in Equation (7 (MWh/yr)
EFUpstream_Elec = Emissions factor for upstream GHG sources related to electricity
generation (t CO2e/MWh)

7.2.3 Leakage Emissions from Consumption of Capture Materials

Leakage emissions from the replacement of capture materials are calculated per Equation
(11).

𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦 = ∑(∆𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑗,𝑦 × 𝐸𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑗 ) (11)

𝑗

Where:
LEMat,y = Leakage emissions from consumption of a capture material in the capture
facility in year y (t CO2e)
ΔQMat,j,y = Change in quantity of make-up capture material j consumed by capture
facility in year y (kg or m3 or units)
EFMat,j = GHG emissions from the production of capture material j (t CO2e/kg or
t CO2e/m3 or t CO2e/unit)

∆𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑗,𝑦 = max(𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑗,𝑦 − 𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑗 , 0) (12)

Where:

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QMat,project,j,y = Quantity of capture material j consumed by capture facility in year y in

project activities (kg or m3 or units)
QMat,base,i = Quantity of make-up capture material j consumed by capture facility in
the absence of the project; for baseline B1, QMat,base,j = 0 (kg or m3 or
units)

7.2.4 Leakage Emissions from Biomass Feedstock Supply to the Source Facility
Leakage emissions from biomass feedstock supply (LEbiomass,y) are calculated as per Equation
(13).

𝐿𝐸𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑦 = 𝐿𝐸𝐵𝐶,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝐵𝑅,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝐵𝑇,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝐵𝑀,𝑦 + 𝐿𝐸𝑃𝑟,𝑦 (13)

Where:

LEbiomass,y = Leakage emissions from biomass feedstock supply to the source facility in
year y (t CO2e)
LEBC,y = Leakage emissions from the cultivation of biomass feedstock in a
dedicated plantation in year y (t CO2e)
LEBT,y = Leakage emissions from the transportation of biomass feedstock to a
source facility in year y (t CO2e)
LEBM,y = Leakage emissions from market leakage from the use of biomass
feedstock in year y determined in accordance with Appendix 1 (t CO2e).
LEPr,y = Leakage emissions from the processing of biomass in year y (t CO2e)

7.2.4.1 Calculating Increase in Biomass Consumption

Leakage emissions from biomass consumption are based on the relative change in biomass
consumption between the project and the baseline.

Equation (14) calculates the total increase in biomass consumption in the project activities.

∆𝑄𝐵𝑖𝑜,𝑦 = ∑ max(𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑏,𝑦 − 𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑏 , 0)

𝑏 (14)
+ ∑ max(𝑚𝑛𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑏,𝑦 − 𝑚𝑛𝑡,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑏 , 0)
𝑏

Where:

ΔQBio,y = Change in mass of total biomass consumed relative to the pre-

project period in year y (t)

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msb,project,b,y = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used after the project start
date in year y (t)
msb,base,b = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used in the absence of the
project; for baseline B1, msb,base,b= 0 (t)
mnt,project,b,y = Mass of non-traceable biomass type b used after the project start
date in year y (t)
mnt,base,b = Mass of non-traceable biomass type b used in the absence of the
project; for baseline B1, mnt,base,b = 0 (t)

If ΔQBio,y = 0, then LEbiomass,y is set to zero and no further leakage calculations are required.

7.2.4.2 Calculating Leakage from Biomass Cultivation in a Dedicated Plantation

There are two options for calculating leakage emissions from the cultivation of biomass in a
dedicated plantation.

Option 1: Embodied Emissions Factor

Use an embodied emissions factor determined through a lifecycle assessment (LCA) in
Equation (15) to calculate leakage emissions from cultivation.

𝐿𝐸𝐵𝐶,𝑦 = (𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑏,𝑦 − 𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑏 ) × 𝐸𝐹𝑏 (15)

Where:

LEBC,y = Leakage emissions resulting from cultivation of biomass feedstock

in a dedicated plantation in year y (t CO2e)
msb,project,b,y = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used after the project start
date in year y (t)
msb,base,b = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used in the absence of the
project; for baseline B1, msb,base,b = 0 (t)
EFb = Embodied emissions factor for biomass b

Option 2: Calculate Leakage Emissions

Calculate leakage emissions using CDM TOOL162 as follows:

1) Use Equation (16) to calculate the area of land required to produce the mass of
biomass b consumed by the project activities (Areacultivation,b,y).

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑏,𝑦 = (𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑏,𝑦 − 𝑚𝑠𝑏,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑏 ) × 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑏,𝑦 (16)

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Where:

Areacultivation,b,y = Area required to produce amount of biomass b consumed

in year y (ha)
msb,project,b,y = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used after the project
start date in year y (t).
msb,base,b = Mass of sustainable biomass type b used in the absence of
the project (t). For baseline B1, msb,base,b = 0.
Yieldb,y = Mass of biomass produced per unit of area for biomass
type b obtained from biomass supplier in year y (t/ha).

2) Use Areacultivation,b,y or relevant emissions data reported under a regulatory framework

(e.g., the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive, RED III) to calculate the
emissions resulting from biomass cultivation projects using Section 5.1 of CDM
TOOL16.
3) Use Equation (17) to assign the emissions resulting from biomass cultivation projects
as leakage.

𝐿𝐸𝐵𝐶,𝑦 = ∑ 𝑃𝐸𝐵𝐶,𝑏,𝑦 (17)

𝑏

Where:

LEBC,y = Leakage emissions resulting from cultivation of biomass feedstock

in a dedicated plantation in year y (t CO2e)
PEBC,b,y = Emissions resulting from cultivation of biomass b in a dedicated
plantation in year y calculated using Section 5.1 of CDM TOOL16

Note – Section 5.1 of CDM TOOL16 quantifies project emissions resulting from the cultivation
of biomass at a dedicated plantation. The project emissions from biomass cultivation, rather
than the leakage attributed to leakage in Section 6.1 of TOOL16, are included here as this
approach provides a more conservative accounting of the emissions that are directly
attributable to the BECCS project. Therefore, PEBC,y determined in TOOL16 equals LEBC,,y in this
module.

7.2.4.3 Calculating Leakage from Transportation to an Emissions Source Facility

Proponents must use CDM TOOL12 Project and leakage emissions from transportation of
freight3 to determine leakage emissions from the transportation of biomass. TOOL12 provides
the option to use a default emissions factor or fuel consumption data to determine

3 Available at: https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-12-v1.pdf

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transportation emissions. Proponents reporting fuel consumption or transportation emissions

under a regulatory framework (e.g., EU-RED III) must use that reported data in TOOL12.

Equation (18) assigns the emissions determined using TOOL12 to leakage in this module.

𝐿𝐸𝐵𝑇,𝑦 = 𝐿𝐸𝑇𝑅,𝑚 (18)

Where:

LEBT,y = Leakage emissions from the transportation of biomass resulting

from project activities in year y (t CO2e)
LETR,m = Emissions from the transportation of biomass resulting from
project activities in year y calculated using CDM TOOL12 (t CO2e)

7.2.4.4 Calculating Leakage from Processing of Biomass

Typical processing of biomass and its residues can include mechanical (e.g., sorting, grinding),
thermo-chemical (e.g., drying, vapor explosion, acid or alkali treatments), and biological
process. Proponents must use CDM TOOL16 Project and leakage emissions from biomass4 to
determine leakage emissions from the processing of biomass, LE Pr, according to Equation (19)

𝑃𝐸𝐵𝑃,𝑦
𝐿𝐸𝑃𝑟,𝑦 = { (19)
𝑃𝐸𝐵𝑅𝑃,𝑦

Where:

LEPr,y = Leakage emissions from the processing of biomass in year y (t

CO2e)
PEBP,y = Emissions due to processing of biomass outside the project
boundary in year y calculated using CDM TOOL16 (t CO2e)
PEBRP,y = Emissions due to processing of biomass residues outside the
project boundary in year y calculated using CDM TOOL16 (t CO2e)

8 DATA AND PARAMETERS

8.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation

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Additional data and parameters are defined in VM00XX Methodology for Carbon Capture and
Storage and related tools (VCS and CDM) as applicable.

Data/Parameter GWPCH4

Data unit t CO2e/t CH4

Description Global warming potential for CH 4

Equations (2)

Source of data Most recent version of the VCS Standard

Value applied See the most recent version of the VCS Standard.

Justification of choice of Unless otherwise directed by the VCS Program, the most recent version
data or description of of the VCS Standard requires that CH 4 must be converted using the
measurement methods 100-year global warming potential derived from the IPCC Fourth
and procedures applied Assessment Report.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Comments

Data/Parameter GWPN2O

Data unit t CO2e/t N2O

Description Global warming potential for N2O

Equations (2)

Source of data The most recent version of the VCS Standard

Value applied See the most recent version of the VCS Standard.

Justification of choice of Unless otherwise directed by the VCS Program, the VCS Standard
data or description of requires that N2O must be converted using the 100-year global warming
measurement methods potential derived from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
and procedures applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Comments

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Data/Parameter QFuel,base,i

Data unit m3, kg or GJ

Description Quantity of fuel type i used in capture facility equipment and/or by a

third party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in the absence of the project

Equations (3

Source of data On-site measurements

Valued applied N/A

Justification of choice of Measured from flow meters or calculated from fuel receipts or invoices.
data or description of
Quantity of fuel type i is calculated as the average annual fuel
measurement methods consumption during the three years immediately prior to the start date
and procedures applied of the project activity. Where a project has been operational for less
than three years, the average consumption of fuel may be calculated
over the actual operational period.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions

Comments

Data/Parameter msb,base,b

Data unit t

Description Mass of sustainable biomass type b used in the absence of the project

Equations (14) (15) (16)

Source of data On-site measurements

Value applied N/A

Justification of choice of Measured from belt weigher/weigh bridge or calculated from

data or description of receipts/invoices.
measurement methods
Mass of biomass consumption is calculated as the average annual
and procedures applied biomass consumption during the three years immediately prior to the
start date of the project activity. Where a project has been operational
for less than three years, the average consumption of biomass may be
calculated over the actual operational period.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions from increased biomass consumption

in existing source facilities

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Comments N/A

Data/Parameter mnt,base,b

Data unit t

Description Mass of non-traceable biomass type b used in the absence of the

project

Equations (14)

Source of data On-site measurements

Value applied N/A

Justification of choice of Measured from belt weigher/weigh bridge or calculated from

data or description of receipts/invoices.
measurement methods
Mass of biomass consumption is calculated as the average annual
and procedures applied biomass consumption during the three years immediately prior to the
start date of the project activity. Where a project has been operational
for less than three years, the average consumption of biomass may be
calculated over the actual operational period.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions from increased biomass consumption

in existing source facilities

Comments N/A

Data/Parameter QElec,base,s

Data unit MWh

Description Quantity of total electricity from source s used to operate equipment in

the capture facility at maximum capture capacity in baseline

Equations (7)

Source of data On-site measurements or Estimation from system design specifications

Valued applied N/A

Justification of choice of Measured from electricity meters or calculated from receipts/invoices.

data or description of
Engineering estimates based on equipment size and manufacturer
measurement methods
efficiency estimates may be used for equipment where it is
and procedures applied

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

demonstrated that the specific electricity consumption of the

equipment is less than 1 percent of total electricity consumption.

Quantity of total electricity is calculated as the electricity consumption

of the capture facility at maximum capture capacity.

Purpose of data Calculation of project and leakage emissions

Comments Take into consideration the uncertainty associated with determination

of electricity consumption. For further guidance project proponent may
refer to instructions provided in the VCS Electricity tool.

Data/Parameter QMat,base,j

Data unit t

Description Quantity of capture material j consumed by the capture facility in the

absence of the project

Equations (12

Source of data On-site measurements

Value applied N/A

Justification of choice of Measured from material flow meters or weighing equipment or

data or description of calculated from receipts or invoices.
measurement methods
Mass of capture material consumption is calculated as the average
and procedures applied annual material consumption during the three years immediately prior
to the start date of the project activity. Where a project has been
operational for less than three years, the average consumption of
capture material may be calculated over the actual operational period.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions

Comments N/A

8.2 Data and Parameters Monitored

Additional data and parameters are defined in VM00XX Methodology for Carbon Capture and
Storage and related tools (VCS and CDM) as applicable.

Data/Parameter EFb

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Data unit t CH4/m3, t CH4/kg or t CH4/GJ

Description Embodied emissions factor for biomass b

Equations (15)

Source of data Output of LCA modelling tool

Description of The LCA must be performed by a qualified third party, in accordance

measurement methods with the latest version of ISO 14040 using a functional unit appropriate
and procedures to be to the form of biomass (i.e., solid, gaseous or liquid).
applied A sensitivity analysis of the LCA results must be conducted to identify
the lifecycle stages, material, or energy inputs (sensitive parameters)
that have the most significant impact on overall emissions intensity and
to identify the threshold of materiality for changes in those sensitive
parameters.

Emissions factors determined in this manner must be updated at least

every three years or when there is a material change in any of the
sensitive parameters.

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be N/A

applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter EFFuel,CO2,i

Data unit t CO2/m3, t CO2/kg or t CO2/GJ

Description CO2 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y

Equations (2)

Source of data The following data sources may be used:

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

1) Emission factor from IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2 Stationary
Combustion, Table 2.25

2) Emission factors published by US EPA (2023)6 or similar source;

or

3) Data provided by the fuel supplier.

Description of Use the most recent data published by the above sources when
measurement methods reporting project emissions.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be N/A

applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter EFFuel,CH4,i

Data unit t CH4/m3, t CH4/kg or t CH4/GJ

Description CH4 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y

Equations (2)

Source of data The following data sources may be used:

1) Emission factor from IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2 Stationary
Combustion, Table 2.2;

2) Emission factors published by US EPA (2023) or similar source;

or

3) Data provided by the fuel supplier.

5 Available at : https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf
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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Description of Use the most recent data published by the above sources when
measurement methods reporting project emissions.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be N/A

applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter EFFuel,N20,i

Data unit t N2O/m3, t N2O/kg or t N2O/GJ

Description N20 emission factor for combustion of fuel i in year y

Equations (2)

Source of data The following data sources may be used:

1) Emission factor from IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Chapter 2 Stationary
Combustion, Table 2.2;

2) Emission factors published by US EPA (2023) or similar source;

or

3) Data provided by the fuel supplier.

Description of Use the most recent data published by the above sources at the time of
measurement methods reporting project emissions.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be N/A

applied

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter EFUpstream_Fuel,i,y

Data unit t CO2e/m3, t CO2e/kg or t CO2e/GJ

Description Emission factor for upstream sources related to fuel type i used in the
capture facility and/or by a third party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in
year y

Equations (9)

Source of data The following data sources may be used:

1) An LCA conducted by a qualified third party in accordance with

the most recent version of ISO 14040, that uses either primary
or published and peer-reviewed data;

2) Calculations of embodied emission factor for each fuel type,

using regional compliance market-approved methods or
equivalent (e.g., CA-GREET in the California Low Carbon Fuel
Standard and GHGenius in the British Colombia Renewable and
Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Regulation), or

3) Emission factors published in peer-reviewed literature that are

representative of the BECCS plant operation both temporally
and geographically.

Description of Use the most recent data published by the sources when reporting
measurement methods project emissions.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent data published by the above sources when
applied reporting project emissions.

In the case of peer-reviewed literature, the literature must have been

published within a year of reporting project emissions and must be
temporally and geographically representative of the capture facility.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter QFuel_cogen,i,y

Data unit t/yr

Description Total mass of fuel type i used by the energy unit to generate electricity
and/or heat in year y

Equations (4)

Source of data Fuel receipts/invoices or flow meter readings, as applicable

Description of Measured from flow meters or calculated from fuel receipts or invoices
measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Measuring equipment (e.g., flow meters, weighing scale) must operate
applied within the manufacturer's specified operating conditions and must be
routinely calibrated, inspected, and maintained according to
manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Monthly fuel consumption is determined by summing the quantities

from calibrated device readings or fuel receipts/invoices.

Comments Invoices and/or contracts with the third party must be in place to allow
proper data collection.

Data/Parameter HeatBECCS,y

Data unit MWh/yr

Description Quantity of useful thermal energy supplied to the capture facility by the
energy facility unit in year y

Equations (4)

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Source of data Utility receipts/invoices or metered data for heat usage

Description of Measured from calorimeters or calculated from receipts/invoices,

measurement methods considering energy content in steam and condensate return as
and procedures to be applicable based on steam properties
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be The calorimeter must be routinely calibrated, inspected, and

applied maintained according to manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Monthly supplied heat is determined by summing the quantities from
calibrated device readings or fuel receipts/invoices.

Comments Invoices and/or contracts with the third party must be in place to allow
proper data collection.

Data/Parameter ElectricityBECCS,y

Data unit MWh/yr

Description Quantity of electricity supplied to the capture facility by the facility unit
in year y

Equations (4)

Source of data Utility receipts/invoices or metered data for electricity use

Description of Measured from electricity meters or calculated from receipts/invoices

measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Electricity meters must be routinely calibrated, inspected and

applied maintained according to manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Monthly supplied electricity is determined by summing the quantities

from calibrated device readings or fuel receipts/invoices.

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Comments Invoices and/or contracts with the third party must be in place to allow
proper data collection.

Data/Parameter HeatCogen,y

Data unit MWh/yr

Description Total quantity of useful thermal energy produced by the energy facility
unit in year y

Equations (4)

Source of data Utility receipts/invoices or metered data for heat produced

Description of Measured from flowmeters or calculated from receipts or invoices

measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Calorimeters must be routinely calibrated, inspected and maintained

applied according to manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Monthly heat production is determined by summing the quantities from
calibrated device readings

Comments Invoices and/or contracts with the third party must be in place to allow
proper data collection.

Data/Parameter ElectricityCogen,y

Data unit MWh/yr

Description Total quantity of electricity produced by the energy facility unit in year y

Equations (4)

Source of data Utility receipts/invoices or metered data for off-grid use

Description of Measured from electricity meters or calculated from receipts or invoices

measurement methods

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Electricity meters must be routinely calibrated, inspected and

applied maintained according to manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Monthly electricity production is determined by summing the quantities

from calibrated device readings

Comments Invoices and/or contracts with the third party must be in place to allow
proper data collection.

Data/Parameter EFelec,s

Data unit t CO2e/MWh

Description Emissions factor for electricity generation for source s, including

upstream emissions from electricity generation and transport

Equations (6)

Source of data For grid electricity consumption, regional emission factors from
compliance tools and data published by state or national governments
must be used. Examples of such tools/sources are listed in Appendix 2.

For electricity consumption from a dedicated geothermal power plant,

CO2 emissions from the release of non-condensable gases must be
considered in the emission factor as provided by the operator of the
geothermal power plant.

Renewable energy (i.e., wind, solar, hydro) from a dedicated/off-grid

captive source is deemed to have no emissions.

Description of In line with data sources used

measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent published data or tools by the sources when
applied reporting project emissions.

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter QFuel,Project,i,y

Data unit m3, kg or GJ

Description Quantity of fuel type i used in capture facility equipment and/or by a

third party (for off-site heat/steam supply) in year yin project activities
(m3 or kg or GJ)

Equations (3)

Source of data Fuel receipts/invoices or flow meter readings

Description of Measured from flow meters or calculated from fuel receipts or invoices
measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Continuously
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Measuring equipment (e.g. flow meters, weighing scale) must operate
applied within the manufacturer's specified operating conditions and must be
routinely calibrated, inspected and maintained according to the
manufacturer's specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project and leakage emissions

Calculation method Monthly fuel consumption is determined by summing the quantities

from calibrated device readings or fuel receipts/invoices.

Comments

Data/Parameter EFUpstream_Elec

Data unit t CO2e/MWh

Description Emissions factor for upstream GHG sources related to electricity

generation

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Equations (10)

Source of data For grid electricity consumption, regional emission factors from
compliance tools and data published by state or national government
must be used. Examples of such tools/sources are listed in Appendix 2.

For electricity consumption from a dedicated geothermal power plant,

CO2 emissions from the release of non-condensable gases must be
considered in the emission factor as provided by the operator of the
geothermal power plant.

Renewable energy (i.e., wind, solar, hydro) from a dedicated/off-grid

captive source is deemed to have no emissions.

Description of In line with data sources used

measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent published data or tools by the sources when
applied reporting project emissions.

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter QElec,project,s,y

Data unit MWh/yr

Description Quantity of total metered electricity from source s used to operate

equipment in capture facility in year y in project activities (MWh/yr)

Equations (7)

Source of data Utility receipts/invoices or metered data for off-grid use7

Description of Measured from electricity meters or calculated from receipts or invoices

measurement methods
Engineering estimates based on equipment size and manufacturer
efficiency estimates may be used for equipment where it is

7 For PPAs, separate guidelines to be developed (in progress).

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

and procedures to be demonstrated that the specific electricity consumption of the

applied equipment is less than 1 percent of the total electricity consumption.

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Electricity meters must be routinely calibrated, inspected and

applied maintained according to manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of project and leakage emissions

Calculation method Aggregate annual electricity use from source s through calibrated meter
readings or utility receipts/invoices.

Comments

Data/Parameter QMat,project,j,y

Data unit kg or m3 or units

Description Quantity of capture material j consumed by the capture facility in year y

Equations (12)

Source of data Receipts/invoices or flow meter or weighing scale/equipment readings,

as applicable

Description of Measured from material flow meters or weighing equipment or

measurement methods calculated from receipts or invoices
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording
As per the flow meter or weighing equipment specification by the
manufacturer. Manufacturers must be compliant with ISO standards.

Alternatively, the sum of all receipts/invoices for capture materials over

year y may be used.

QA/QC procedures to be Measuring equipment (e.g., flow meters, weighing scale) must be
applied routinely calibrated, inspected and maintained according to
manufacturer specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions

Calculation method Annually sum the quantity of make-up capture material 'i' using
calibrated flow meters, weighing scales, or receipts/invoices.

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Comments

Data/Parameter EFMat,j

Data unit t CO2/kg, t CO2/m3 or t CO2/units

Description GHG emissions from the production of capture material j

Equations (11)

Source of data Emissions from the production of capture material must be calculated
using one of the following sources:

1) A compliance market-approved tool; open-source compliance

tools include CA-GREET8 and GHGenius9

2) A third-party audited assessment that aligns with ISO 14044

guidelines

3) Data published in peer-reviewed literature, such as scientific

journals

Description of In line with sources of data

measurement methods
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent data published by the above sources when
applied reporting project emissions.

In the case of peer-reviewed literature, the literature must have been

published within a year of reporting project emissions.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions

Calculation method Use the latest compliance tool (e.g., CA-GREET, GHGenius) or third-party
ISO 14044 audited assessment for GHG emissions from capture
material 'i' production.

Comments

8Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) model. Available at:
https://greet.es.anl.gov/
9 Model for Life Cycle Assessment of Transportation Fuels. Available at: https://www.ghgenius.ca/

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Data/Parameter Countn,y

Data unit Number

Description Total number of nth components at the facility in use during year y

Equations (5)

Source of data Records of capture facility (e.g., pipe and instrument drawing, parts
lists)

Description of Counting based on capture facility records as per Title 40 – Protection

measurement methods of Environment, Chapter I – Environmental Protection Agency
and procedures to be Subchapter C Part 98 Subpart W § 98.233
applied https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-
98/subpart-W/section-98.233#p-98.233(a)(1)

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent data available from the capture facility.
applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Annually count all nth components in use at the facility from facility
records (e.g., drawings, parts lists).

Comments The potential sources for fugitive emissions in the capture facility
include components such as valves, pipe fittings/connectors, open-
ended pipes, pressure relief valves, flanges, meters and instruments.

Data/Parameter Tn,y

Data unit hours

Description Pressurized time of component n in year y

Equations (5)

Source of data Records of capture facility (e.g., control systems, recorded operational
data)

Description of Data from capture facility records

measurement methods

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Use the most recent data available from the capture facility.
applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Use annual operational records to determine Tn,y of component n.

Comments

Data/Parameter Vm

Data unit t CH4/event

Description Vented CH4 emissions for mth venting event

Equations (5)

Source of data Data from the capture facility

Description of Option 1: Direct measurement of venting

measurement methods
Option 2: Estimated based on isolated volumes of pipes and equipment
and procedures to be
applied Option 3: Estimated based on non-isolated volumes of pipes and
equipment. The proponent must determine the quantity of vented CH 4
by transient flow rate calculations for compressible fluids appropriate
for the expected evolving conditions in the pipeline or component based
on the approximate geometry of the escaping flow and
pipelines/components connected to the venting.

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Cross-checked based on energy balance related to metered fuel use
applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method Determine V_i by direct measurement, or estimate using isolated or

non-isolated volumes of pipes and equipment. Use appropriate
transient flow rate calculations for CH4 venting events.

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Comments

Data/Parameter EFcomponent,n

Data unit kg CH4/hr/component

Description Emission factor of fugitive emissions for component used at the facility

Equations (2)

Source of data Emission factor derived from subpart W of US EPA (2023), Mandatory
GHG Reporting Program10, or equivalent nationally appropriate
regulations

Description of Use the most recent data published by the above sources at the time of
measurement methods reporting project emissions.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Annual
monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be N/A

applied

Purpose of data Calculation of project emissions

Calculation method N/A

Comments

Data/Parameter msb,project,b,y

Data unit t

Description Mass of sustainable biomass type b used after the project start date in
year y

Equations (14), (15), (16)

Source of data On-site measurement

10 For more information see: https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/subpart-w-petroleum-and-natural-gas-systems

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Description of Measured from belt weigher/weigh bridge or calculated from receipts or

measurement methods invoices.
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Flow or weight meters must be operated within the manufacturer’s
applied specified operating conditions and must be routinely calibrated,
inspected and maintained according to the manufacturer's
specifications.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions from increased biomass consumption

in existing source facilities

Calculation method Load cells measure the feedstock weight on the belt and send a signal
to the integrator, which receives the input in the form of electrical
pulses from a belt speed sensor. From the data sources of weight and
speed, the mass rate of feedstock is calculated and the total mass of
feedstock in the whole year is obtained.

Comments N/A

Data/Parameter mnt,project,b,y

Data unit t

Description Mass of non-traceable biomass type b used after the project start date
in year y

Equations (14)

Source of data On-site measurement

Description of Measured from belt weigher/weigh bridge or calculated from receipts or

measurement methods invoices
and procedures to be
applied

Frequency of Aggregated annually

monitoring/recording

QA/QC procedures to be Flow or weight meters must be operated within the manufacturer’s
applied specified operating conditions and must be routinely calibrated,
inspected and maintained according to the manufacturer's
specifications.

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions from increased biomass consumption

in existing source facilities

Calculation method Load cells measure the feedstock weight on the belt and send a signal
to the integrator, which receives the input in the form of electrical
pulses from a belt speed sensor. From the data sources of weight and
speed, the mass rate of feedstock is calculated and the total mass of
feedstock in the whole year is obtained.

Comments N/A

Data/Parameter Yieldb,y

Data unit t/ha

Description Mass of biomass produced per unit of area for biomass type b obtained
from biomass supplier in year y

Equations (16

Source of data Yield data for individual feedstock provided by feedstock producer

Description of Yield data should be obtained through direct measurements or

measurement methods estimates based on historical yield data, adjusted for known factors
and procedures to be affecting yield (e.g., weather conditions, agronomic practices). Where
applied direct measurements are not feasible, estimates should be derived
from comparable regions or cultivation practices.

Frequency of Annually, at the end of each growing season, to capture the yield data
monitoring/recording for that year's harvest.

QA/QC procedures to be Yield data provided by feedstock producers should be verified through a
applied combination of random sampling and comparison with regional
averages or historical data for similar biomass types and cultivation
conditions. Any significant deviations should be investigated and
justified.

Purpose of data Calculation of leakage emissions from the cultivation of biomass

Calculated by dividing the total harvested biomass by the cultivated
Calculation method area for each biomass type b. This should reflect the actual yield
realized during the year, incorporating any adjustments for losses or
gains in biomass quality or quantity.

Comments

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

9 REFERENCES
American Carbon Registry (2021). Methodology for the quantification, monitoring, reporting,
and verification of greenhouse gas emissions reductions and removals from carbon capture
and storage projects. ACR, Winrock International. Available at: https://acrcarbon.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/03/ACR-CCS-v1.1.pdf

California Air Resources Board (2018). Carbon capture and sequestration protocol under the
Low Carbon Fuel Standard. California Air Resources Board. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/CCS_Protocol_Under_LCFS_8-13-
18_ada.pdf

EU (2009). Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April
2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC,
European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC,
2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC, and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006. Official Journal of the
European Union, 5.6.2009, L140–114-35.

EU (2018) Directive 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11

December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal
of the European Union, 21.12.2018, L328/82–L328/209.

European Commission (2022). Impact Assessment Report Part 1/2 and Part 2/2.
Accompanying documents to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the
Council establishing a Union certification framework for carbon removals, EU Commission Staff
Working Document 52022SC0377. European Commission. Available at: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=SWD:2022:377:FIN

Forbes, S. M., Verma, P., Curry, T. E., Friedmann, S. J., & Wade, S. M. (2008). Guidelines for
carbon capture, transport and storage. World Resources Institute. Available at:
https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/pdf/ccs_guidelines.pdf

IETA (2022). High-level criteria for carbon geostorage activities. Provisional version 1.0.
PowerPoint Presentation (ieta.org)

International Organization for Standardization (2017). ISO/TR27915:2017 Carbon dioxide

capture, transportation and geological storage — Quantification and verification. International
Organization for Standardization.

IPCC (2005). IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. Prepared by Working
Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, B., Davidson, O., H. de
Coninck, H., Loos, M., &Meyer, L. A. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf

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 Draft Module for CO2 Capture from Bioenergy Combustion

US EPA (2023). GHG Emission Factors Hub. https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-

emission-factors-hub

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APPENDIX 1: DETERMINATION OF
MARKET LEAKAGE
Emissions from market leakage must be determined for each biomass feedstock generating CO 2
captured through the project activities.

Proponents must use one of following approaches based on how each feedstock consumed is
categorized in Table 5 of Appendix 1 of VT00XX Tool for Differentiating Reductions and Removals in
CCS Projects.

As High-ILUC biomass is ineligible for projects using this module, it is not considered here.

Categories: Forest and Agricultural Primary

Market leakage is considered zero (i.e., LEBM,y = 0) if:

1. The biomass can be demonstrated to comply with a regulatory scheme which includes
provisions to prevent market leakage, (e.g., EU RED III); if not, then,
2. The biomass has been certified in accordance with a certification scheme which includes
provisions to prevent market leakage, (e.g., Sustainable Biomass Program (SBP), International
Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC), etc.).
For biomass feedstocks that do not meet the requirements in Approaches 1 and 2, market leakage
(LEBM,y) must be determined using VMD0033 Estimation of Emissions from Market Leakage.11

Categories: All waste, residues, and non-forest or non-agricultural primary

biomass
The risk of market leakage from these categories is considered negligible and therefore LEBM,y = 0.

11 Available at: https://verra.org/methodologies/vmd0033-estimation-of-emissions-from-market-leakage/

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APPENDIX 2: SECONDARY EMISSIONS

DATA SOURCES
A1.1 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in the United States
Many secondary emission datasets (also known as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data sources) exist in both
the public and commercial (e.g., ecoinvent, GaBi) sectors. Public data sources from the United States
Department of Energy (DOE) and the Federal Government are provided below for reference:

• National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)

o NETL’s Upstream Natural Gas LCA Modeling: https://netl.doe.gov/energy-

analysis/details?id=0bf24fd4-3d4c-47cd-bac4-90787d4a4c1f
o Gate-to-grave saline aquifer storage model: https://netl.doe.gov/energy-
analysis/details?id=94309bc8-0539-42d3-9c13-01f2f34f27e3
• U.S. electricity baseline

o Grid Mix Explorer Excel tool: https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=f0f94954-

3627-4e9b-a5c0-c29cfe419d1c
o openLCA unit processes: https://www.lcacommons.gov/lca-
collaboration/Federal_LCA_Commons/US_electricity_baseline/datasets
• Unit Process Library: https://netl.doe.gov/node/2573
• Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use
in Technologies (GREET) model: https://greet.es.anl.gov/
• United States Federal Life Cycle Analysis Commons: https://www.lcacommons.gov/lca-
collaboration
• National Renewable Energy Lab United States Life Cycle Inventory Database (USLCI):
https://www.nrel.gov/lci/
• United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO)
Models: https://www.epa.gov/land-research/us-environmentally-extended-input-output-useeio-
models

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Table 2. Key Secondary Emissions Data Collection Processes, Parameters, and Data Sources
Modified from Cooney DOE (2022)

Data Category Parameters DOE and Other Federal Resources

Project Operation Inputs and outputs associated with facility Unique to each project – user input
operations, including any on-site emissions based on the engineering model

Consumables – Electricity Consumption mix technology contributions by U.S. Electricity Baseline (NETL) –
generation type regionalized consumption mixes with
options to customize technological
Inclusive of both generation facility emissions representation
and fuel and material supply chains, where
applicable ANL GREET

Future grid mixes based on the proposed year

of deployment using data provided in EIA's
Annual Energy Outlook Reference Case

Consumables – Heat For on-site combustion: direct emissions must NETL

be included in BECCS operation, but the fuel
supply chain (e.g., natural gas) is accounted for ANL GREET
separately. Federal LCA Commons
For off-site combustion: both fuel combustion
and fuel supply chain must be accounted.

Non-Consumables – Amounts (mass or dollar value) of key Process-based LCA may be conducted
Construction/Capital materials (e.g., steel, concrete, aluminum, with material LCI data from NETL,
Activities copper, plastics) for process equipment and GREET, Federal LCA Commons
site infrastructure
Alternatively, estimating data based
on purchasing may leverage the US
EEIO approach

Consumables – Process Inclusive of initial system charges as well as Highly dependent on the chemical –
Chemicals and Water any required routine make-up over the life of some data are available from NETL,
the facility (e.g., solvents, sorbents) GREET and US LCI

Alternatively, estimating data based

on purchasing may leverage the US
EEIO approach

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CO2 compression, Initial on-site compression of the captured CO 2 NETL gate-to-grave assessment of
transport, injection, must be included in the BECCS site electricity saline aquifer storage of CO 2
Monitoring, Reporting and consumption but required boost compression
Verification and transport are included here.

Storage site activities include site preparation,

well construction, injection and brine
management – these all vary by site and may
be parameterized if desired to evaluate
geographic/geologic variability

Waste management Handling, transporting, and managing process US LCI for landfilling or incineration;
wastes from BECCS operations GREET or NETL for transport

Land use change Site disturbance/clearing to facilitate BECCS GREET and NETL have land use
operations and infrastructure change/conversion factors

Decommissioning Deconstruction, waste disposal, material Proxy industrial facility for these
recycling impacts (e.g., power plant
decommissioning is included in some
of the NETL LCAs)

A1.2 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in the EU

• European Commission Joint Research Centre, Definition of Input Data to Assess GHG Default
Emissions from Biofuels in EU legislation, most recent edition:
https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7d6dd4ba-720a-11e9-9f05-
01aa75ed71a1

A1.3 Established Tools and Datasets for CCS Projects in Canada

• Environment and Climate Change Canada, Fuel Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Model Database
and Methodology, most recent edition: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-
change/services/managing-pollution/fuel-life-cycle-assessment-model.html#toc0

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